Israel: ane chimiro hurumende uye administrative hurongwa

Pakati ano inoti 14/05/1948 gore uye akapinda Israeri. The chehurumende pano - mumwe zvokuvhoterwa yeparamende. nyika iyi ndiyo unitary, yakavakirwa UN nokugadziriswa November 1947, apo yakanga yabviswa ne British murayiro pamusoro kuParestina, ane ndima yakanga huviri akazvimirira inoti - imwe Arab uye mumwe vechiJudha.

polity

Israeri, chimiro hurumende iyo hurumende mamiriro vari unitary mhando, rakakamurwa matanhatu administrative maruwa. simba kwava nemamwe. Kubvira muna 1996, nyika iri nemamwe munyika, apo mutungamiri akasarudzwa neparamende, uye mutungamiriri wehurumende akasarudzwa dzakakurumbira, zvakananga vagari pachavo.

Pano democratic hurumende enyika. The Constitution asina kutamba basa chiito pamutemo uye hakuna pamutemo simba huru. Asi izvozvo vamwe anonzi Basic Mutemo. The Knesset, pamusoro nyika nehurumende purezidhendi, upfumi, guta guru reJerusaremu, hondo, napamusoro sarudzo uye nezvakatongwa hurongwa - kubva 1955, uye vapfumbamwe mabasa aya zviri pamutemo vakagamuchirwa pamusoro 1988 vakasuwa Knesset (anonzi paramende). Israel, nzira hurumende iyo chinosiyanisa kubva zvose anozivikanwa nyika, Rinotarisira mitemo mipfumbamwe.

mitemo

Basic Mitemo Kusiyana Constitution kuti pasi hapana ezvinhu haagoni umbomiswa, Akave nokuvandudza mirau, kunyange zvikuru mamiriro ezvinhu. Sezvo chikamu mitemo yaiva nyaya inonzi "akakomberedzwa" umo unogona kuchinja, asi zviri kusimba zvakaoma kuita. Kuti izvi zvidaro, Israel, muchimiro hurumende iyo inoda kwete chete kubvumirana, asi nemhedziso vazhinji mavhoti ose nhengo Knesset, anopedza refu uye nezvakawanda kuvhota maitirwe ezvinhu. Saka yakanga kamwe, kana paiva mubvunzo pamusoro sarudzo dzeparamende Ukuwo, zviri Proportional zano.

Kwenguva refu mitemo zvisina kukasawedzerwa, asi muna 1992 itsva mbiri kunge kwariri. Izvi Basic Law pamusoro rusununguko ounyanzvi hwokugadzira uye kuremekedzwa kwevanhu. Yokutanga rakapera refu uye yokupedzisira shanduro akasunungurwa chete muna 1994, zvino akavakirirwa chose. Mumakore gumi adarika akatorwa uye mimwe mitemo, asi havana kuva huru, kunyange zvazvo ari kugutsikana zviri kwavari kunogona kunzi. The chehurumende muIsraeri iri kuramba ichiva democratic.

Zvikonzero nokushayikwa reMitemo

Munyika ino pane pfungwa mbiri dziri zvakaratidzwa siyana ehurumende, chaiyo nokuti mapato hazvina kumisa kushorwa uye havagoni chero nzira kuguma zviviri zvakasiyana nemaonero rwakafanana dhinomineta. Kune Vanotsigira pfungwa hurumende, iyo waitsigira kuitwa reMitemo, apo vavengi vavo - theocrats -otritsayut vanoda imwe mitemo kunze Torah. Basa chitendero chakasimba, saka chimiro bhodhi muIsraeri yakasiyana zvikuru nedzimwe nyika.

Paramende - ari Knesset - iri unicameral uye ine zana namakumi maviri nhengo, uyo vanosarudzwa kwemakore mana. All zvemitemo simba kusimbiswa ake. It unoshanda suffrage Proportional Representation gadziriro. Kusvikira 1996, Prime Minister kusarudzwa mubato, ipapo sarudzo nokuti Knesset akatanga zvasangana zvakananga sarudzo mukuru mutungamiriri wehurumende. Panguva iyo Prime Minister chikomborero wokuparadza Knesset, kana anoona kuti ruzhinji dzimwe nhengo dzeParamende vanopikisa nayo. Ndizvo chimiro mamiriro. hurumende. Israel panyaya mberi vamwe.

simba

Legislative simba haungoratidzwi zvachose, kuti vava mitemo kurambidza hazvigoni kunzi, havangatendi akadzima kunyange Supreme Court. The Knesset anewo paupamhi-siyana nemasimba, inotungamirira uye kutarisira hurumende uye ayo zviito. It iripo mune dzimwe nyika, asi kwete vose, pasinei chii muchimiro hurumende.

Israeri akaita zvose zvinogoneka kuti mitemo kugona vazowana tapedza. Knesset hunotendera bhajeti raitarisirwa zvose mabasa hurumende tichibatsirwa Mutevedzeri chikumbiro kuna Ushumiri, yava inoitwa uye kuferefeta dzeparamende. The Knesset anekodzero vanoti hurumende, kana ukaratidza munhu kuvhota chivimbo.

Parliament uye Government

Chehurumende muIsraeri kwave akakweretwa kubva muenzaniso yeBritain, apo zvemitemo chirongwa anotakura kunyanya hurumende. mutemo yose nevamwe vazhinji vevatariri varipo (zviya, zvachose nhamba ipi kare vanoumba cheVaapositori).

The anosiyiwa mitemo kuti kuchinja kuti nesarudzo hurongwa kana zvokuita Basic Mitemo. Muzviitiko izvi unofanira neMhedziso vakawanda, mumwe maererano nomutemo.

mutungamiriri wenyika

Musoro wehurumende ari kusarudzwa Knesset kwemakore mashanu. Mutungamiri uyu, mamiriro ayo anosarudza chikuru mutemo, rakabudiswa muna 1964. Anopfuura maviri anotevedzana mashoko President haana kodzero yokushanda. Zvisinei, zviri - munhu anenge chezita, anoita pakuzvichenesa mabasa enyika uremu munyika hauna.

Masimba wenyika vari akaurayiwa kunenge ari Vashumiri State: Iye akasaina zvemarudzi ose zvibvumirano kuti kare vakanyorerana pasi Knesset, uyewo mitemo regai chokuita murayiro wake.

Heino chehurumende, Israel, zvisinei, runoonekwa kuti purezidhendi zvokuvhoterwa. Mune dzimwe nyika, vakuru vane kodzero kurambidza, purezidhendi Israeli - kwete. Vave vamiririri nedzenyu uye nokugamuchira chinoratidza ake, asi varikutonga asingadi nhaka.

Prime Minister

Asi murume uyu ari musoro wehurumende, uye iye kusarudzwa kwevanhu zvakananga. The musarudzo dziri kumhanya imwe kana kupfuura mapati, vasina asingasviki gumi zvigaro zviri Knesset, kana unganidza zviuru makumi mashanu vakasaina.

Musarudzo nokuti wehurumende havagoni kuva pasi pemakore makumi matatu, uye vanofanira kutungamirira bato mazita. Anopfuura makore maviri sezvo wehurumende, hapana anogona kuchengeta. Musoro wehurumende chaizvoizvo rinorayira uye vavatorwa mudzimba mutemo wenyika, zvisinei, zvisarudzo zvose zvinokosha vanofanira kutanga dzinobvumira Knesset.

nekuvhota kwe hapana chivimbo

Ndizvo chehurumende muIsraeri panguva. With akabvumirwa Knesset, Prime Minister aigona kugadza kana akudubure hurumende. Zvisinei, hurumende iri basa reparamende. Kana sarudzo vasina chivimbo anofanira kuitwa zvakakwana mune zvose matanhatu chete mavhoti zvinopfuura vakawanda kuti chiito kwainzi svershonnym.

Zvadaro kuchengeta zvakare sarudzo - uye Knesset uye Prime Minister. Knesset kuzivisa achipokana pasina chivimbo kuti Prime Minister, unofanira dhayira ruzhinji makumi masere-imwe sarudzo, uye kubvisa kuti Somuenzaniso, tsika uye zvetsika zvine mhosva, kazhinji vazhinji matanhatu chete vhoti yeparamende. Zvadaro chete kuzodzosera akasarudzwa Prime Minister.

pamutemo hurongwa

The pamutemo hurongwa yakavhenganiswa munyika, nekuti pane zvinhu uye mutemo Continental (Roman-German) uye-Saxon. Uyezve, pane vanobatwawo zviviri zvakasiyana zvachose mugadziriro mutemo zvechitendero - vaMuslim nevaJudha, zvinowanzodavirwa kushandiswa mukati mumasangano asingagoni kuyanana Israeri. The chehurumende uye administrative hurongwa kunoenderana nyaya paumbwe hurumende.

Kusvikira 1918, nzvimbo idzi vaiva Turkey, uko Pakutangatanga inoumbwa kurudyi hweOttoman Empire. Nheyo mutemo uyu, izvo kushanda muParestina, zvakare, dzine anopa zvakasiyana mavambo. Kurudyi tenzi yakataurwa Code akaita "Mecelle" - (Hanafi chikoro) Islamic mutemo. Mhuri uye kuroorana uye nhaka dzakanga aibata uncodified mutemo Islamic, uye zvokutengeserana nharaunda kudzorwa nemitemo, vauye vokuTurkey iri French zvinyorwa.

England

Muna 1922, muUK ave achiwana murayiro pamusoro League of Nations kuburikidza iyo akamhanya kusvikira 1947 Palestine. Panguva iyoyo akanga chirevo maererano iyo zvose matare nharaunda vakaramba kushandisa mitemo hweOttoman mamiriro ose zvawo - uye avo vaiva chaizvoizvo pamberi February 1914, uye mitemo akapfuura gare gare, uye zviri pamutemo mabasa, vakatora simba muPalestine.

It vakavhura uye zvatinosiita dzayaitonga tsika - matare abvumirwa pasina mutemo kuita mitemo zvakafanira kwakavakirwa zvinodavirwa muchitendero zvakafanana mutemo uye zvakarurama. Saka , mutemo Chirungu zvishoma nezvishoma kuribvisa kuti Franco-hweOttoman. Uye akadzinga.

Israel mitemo

Apo Palestine zvikazara zviuru vaJudha, rechitendero mutemo wechiJudha aiedza kuponesa vamwe, nekuti chirevo yakatsigirwa huripo mitemo, kwete dzisingapindirani kuzivisa rusununguko uye mitemo kuti dzakwidzwa vakagamuchirwa nokuda Knesset. Izvi ndizvo zvichiri ichishanda, sezvo mitemo hweOttoman Empire uye mitemo yakawanda murayiro nguva asi dziripo.

Kwemakore, yakaumbwa pachishandiswa Repamusorosoro zvasarudzwa rinokosha akagadzirwa kodzero dzevanhu - nyaya-mutemo: rusununguko nokuwadzana, okuti, chitendero, kuenzana pamberi mutemo. tsika izvi zvinogona kuva zvakarurama kudada vaIsraeri. The chehurumende uye mamiriro nemamiriro nyika kwakaita kuti mitemo inoshanda, pasinei zvavo zvakasiyana.

State Controller

Pane imwe nzvimbo, kubvumirwa muna 1949, kupa vehurumende mutoro kune vanhu. This State Controller - Dare odhita Institution, ine hurumende. Israel State Comptroller Anokumbira kuti ritsigire legality, kushanda zvakanaka, zvinobudirira, kunyange chokuita parutivi nezviito kwokubatsira uye machinda ose.

Kubvira muna 1971, State Comptroller basa mashandiro ari Ombudsman, kureva Commissioner ari Parliamentary, iyo inoongorora zvichemo vagari '. Munhu akadaro akasarudzwa kwemakore mashanu zvakavanzika nokuvhota nhengo dzese Knesset uye kuzvidavirira kwaari chete. State Comptroller anogona kuongorora chero nyaya, zvinyorwa uye vashandi zvinyorwa chero zvivako, muganhu kuiwana. It achaongorora hushumiri, hurumende masangano, kudzivirira kwezvivako, chero mitumbi omunharaunda uye ehurumende masimba, hurumende makambani, emakambani ehurumende, mune shoko - zvose, kusanganisira mapato ezvematongerwo enyika uye chero nemishumo zvavo zvemari.

chitendero

Kubva chitendero wehurumende hauna vakaparadzana, ndosaka munyika yose vane zvitendero matare akakosha akaumbwa chete vanhu vafundisi, izvo Last vakagadzwa nezviremera zvomunzvimbo, Chief Rabbinate uye Rezvechitendero. The chikuru mashandiro anoita makanzuru kwakadaro, sezvo pose pose, vaitarira mabasa echitendero, asi pano, mukuwedzera, akadai Poland, chitendero kanzuru anekodzero kupa minamato chokuita vehurumende chinzvimbo mabasa. Kureva, vaviri havaendi mabharani uye mutemberi imomo gwaro muchato.

Panguva iyoyowo, Israeri democratic mamiriro, uye saka kodzero pamusoro ndima nevaJudha vane kwemarudzi uye zvitendero zvakawanda nemapoka. Izvi Arab vaMuslim nevaKristu Arab, vokuArmenia, Bedouins, Druze, vaSamariya nevamwe vazhinji. Pamutemo, hapana Zvisinei, hapana chitendero mamiriro ariko, uye chitendero wehurumende haisi kuparadzaniswa. mutemo wechiJudha muIsraeri haina rakapa nekuti pane kusawirirana munharaunda pamusoro ukama chitendero kuti hurumende wayo basa rehurumende. Izvi chakataurwa pamusoro. Hapana zviripo zvitendero munyika hauna zvaunoda hweHIV. Zvinonzi nhaka sezvo mhosva hurongwa tsika British.