Ultraviolet chiedza: kushandiswa, oparesheni uye dziviriro kubva

Solar simba riri remagetsi mafungu, izvo rakakamurwa akawanda zvikamu chakarondedzera:

• Maekisirei - pamwe pfupi wavelength (pazasi 2 nm);
• UV chinozunguzirwa kureba kubva 2 kusvika 400 nm;
• chikamu chinooneka chiedza akabatwa yevanhu ziso nemhuka (400-750 nm);
• inodziya oxidative (michini) nemwaranzi (pamusoro 750 nm).

chidimbu chimwe nechimwe anowana kushanda kwayo uye kwakakosha muupenyu panyika uye zvose zvayo biomass. We funga kuti mwaranzi vari zvinobva nm 2 kusvika 400, apo vari kushandiswa uye chii muchinangwa hwevanhu.

History of kuwanikwa UV mwaranzi

Wekutanga magwaro ndeyemunguva XIII remakore ari dzeurongwa muzivi kubva kuIndia. Akanyora pamusoro risingaoneki ziso Violet chiedza, zvavakaudzwa dzakaonekwa. Zvisinei, mashoko hwokugadzira nezvaanogona nguva kushaiwa zvakajeka kuti asimbise ichi experimentally uye akadzidza zvizere.

It akakwanisa sezvazvakaita mazana mashanu gare gare, yefizikisi kubva Germany Ritter. Ndiye akaita kwakaita sirivha chloride kubva kuora kwayo pasi pokudzora remagetsi mwaranzi. Scientist akawana kuti nokukurumidza kwacho hakusi mune chiedza, raiva ipapo kare akasvinudzwa uye inonzi michini, asi zvakasiyana. Zvakazozivikanwa kuti iri nzvimbo itsva, usati kuongororwa.

Saka, ultraviolet nemwaranzi rakaonekwa muna 1842, zvivako uye mafomu vakazochinja ndavhiyiwa kwazvo ongororo uye chidzidzo nevatsvakurudzi siyana. A mupiro mukuru uyu akaita nevanhu vakaita Alexander Becquerel, Varshaver, Danzig, Macedonio Melloni, Frank, Parfenov, Galanin nevamwe.

General unhu

Chii UV nemwaranzi, kushandiswa nhasi iri zvikuru kushandiswa muminda mabasa evanhu siyana? Chekutanga, zvinokosha kunan'anura zvinooneka kushingaira chimiro chakarondedzera chiedza chete panguva yakakwirira chaizvo kutonhora zviri 1500 kusvika 2000 ⁰ C. Zviri ichi Range UV yepamusoro basa migumisiro.

Pakazosvika omuzvarirwo iyi remagetsi wave, wakareba kunosiyana-siyana ari panzvimbo siyana - kubva 10 (dzimwe nguva kubva 2) kusvika 400 nm. The Range yose nemwaranzi rakakamurwa zviviri:

1. Middle siyana. Totaura pasi kuburikidza mhepo uye ozone rukoko kubva zuva. Wavelength - 380-200 nm.
2. Kure (vacuum). Achishingaira kunyura ozone, okisijeni, ratinoona zvinoriumba. Study chete kushandisa chaiyo Vacuum mazano, yaakanga apiwa zita rake. Wavelength - 200-2 nm.

Rine yayo kupatsanura kwemarudzi, inova ultraviolet nemwaranzi. Properties uye mafomu ndomumwe wavo.

1. The Middle.
2. Far.
3. Extreme.
4. Avhareji.
5. Vacuum.
6. Long-wave chiedza dema (UV-A).
7. Germicidal orangy (UV-C).
8. Svikiro chinozunguzirwa UV-B.

UV Wavelength neimwe mhuka ine yayo, asi ivo vari zvavo kare akaratidza pakunogumira.

Interesting ndiye UV-A, kana chiedza inonzi dema. Chokwadi chokuti chakarondedzera ane wavelength pamusoro 400-315 nm. It iri pamuganhu zvinoonekwa chiedza kuti ziso munhu anokwanisa kubata. Naizvozvo, nemwaranzi ichi nepano zvimwe zvinhu kana zvinyama inogona hwakatamisirwa nzvimbo zvinooneka Violet chiedza uye vanhu kusiyanisa nayo vatema, rima zvitema kana rima pepuru Hue.

The spectra, izvo zvinopa manyuko ultraviolet mwaranzi angava matatu mhando:

• akatonga;
• enderera;
• Molecular (Way).

The maitiro rokutanga maatomu, ions, magasi. Chechipiri boka - nokuti recombination, bremsstrahlung. Sources wechitatu mhando ndiyo inonyanya kudzidza rarefied samolecular magasi.

Manyuko ultraviolet mwaranzi

Vanonyanya kupa UV mwaranzi akakamurwa zvitatu pakufara Categories:

• dzinongoitika kana zvechisikigo;
• chakagadzirwa, murume-yakaitwa;
• Laser.

Boka rokutanga kunosanganisira chete mhando nomusimboti uye redhiyeta - zuva. It orb anopa mhosva simba iri mhando mafungu vanokwanisa kupfuura zviri ozone rukoko uye kusvika pepasi. Zvisinei, kwete uremu zvose. Masayendisiti kuisa mberi pfungwa yokuti upenyu Panyika yakatanga chete kana ozone nhoo yava kuidzivirira kubva kunyanya kupinda anokuvadza pamatunhu kuwanda UV mwaranzi.

Panguva iyi mukuru simbi anogona kuvapo proteinaceous mamorekuru, nucleic acids uye ATP. Kusvikira nhasi ozone rukoko anopinda pedyo pamwe chete unorema UV-A, UV-B uye UV-C, dzichiti hakukuvadzi, uye kusabvumidza neseri. Naizvozvo, kuti kudzivirira UV nemwaranzi of nyika - chete makodzero ake.

Chii chinoratidza wevasungwa kuti chichipinda Earth UV? Kune akawanda zvinokosha:

• makomba ozone;
• kukwirira pamusoro pegungwa;
• kukwirira kwezuva;
• mumhepo akapararira;
• mwero kupangidza mwaranzi kubva dzinongoitika pasi hukawanika;
• mamiriro gore unouya.

ultraviolet nemwaranzi siyana, chichipinda Earth kubva kuzuva, anoda kubatsira kubva 200 kusvika 400 nm.

Zvinotevera zvinokonzera - kunongova. Izvi zvinosanganisira nhumbi dzose avo, namano, zvivako dzakagadzirwa nomunhu kuti awane zvaaida chakarondedzera chiedza ane yamunenge wavelength parameters. Izvi zvakaitwa kuitira kuti vawane ultraviolet nemwaranzi, kushandiswa iyo inogona zvikuru kubatsira muminda siyana. For chakagadzirwa mabhuku anosanganisira:

1. Erithema rambi yakaruma kukwanisa Activate kubatana kwetunhu vhitamini D paganda. Rinovatadzisa kusimba uye anorapa chirwere chake.
2. Midziyo nokuti kusukuta matehwe, umo vanhu vasiri yakanaka dzinongoitika Tan chete, asi kurapwa zvirwere kunobva kushaya rakavhurika chezuva (anonzi yechando mwoyo).
3. Abatidza attractants unokubvumira kurwisa zvipembenene ari nzvimbo yakachengeteka vanhu.
4. Mercury Goldstone mudziyo.
5. Excilamp.
6. Luminescent mudziyo.
7. Xenon mwenje.
8. Zvinoyerera mudziyo.
9. High-tembiricha plasma.
10. Synchrotron nemwaranzi mu accelerators.

Rumwe rudzi matsime - lasers. basa ravo inobva chizvarwa magasi akasiyana-siyana - zvose inert uye kwete. The anogona:

• senitrogen;
• argon;
• neon;
• xenon;
• Organic scintillators;
• crystals.

Munguva ichangopfuura, anenge 4 apfuura, yakanga yakagadzirwa imwe Laser uchishanda vakasununguka maerekitironi. UV mairi urefu yakaenzana kuti kuchengetwa Vacuum. Laser UV Distributors kushandiswa noutachiona, zvidzidzo microbiological, vakawanda spectrometry nezvakadaro.

Biological kubatsira Utachiona

Kuitwa ultraviolet mwaranzi pamusoro pavapenyu zvinhu nenzira mbiri. Kudivi rimwe, chirwere chinogona kuitika kana kukwana. Zvakazoonekwa chete pakutanga rokupedzisira remakore. Chakagadzirwa irradiation chaiyo UV-A iri raida mitemo anokwanisa:

• simbisa basa kutapata;
• kukonzera paumbwe zvinokosha vasodilator yeimwe (histamine Somuenzaniso);
• simbisa ganda-tsandanyama hurongwa;
• kuvandudza zvemapapu basa, kuwedzera kusimba gasi Exchange;
• sei kumhanya uye unhu muviri;
• kuwedzera mataurire muviri simba kemikari;
• kuwedzera permeability ari mudziyo madziro ganda.

Kana UV-A imwe mari yakakwana iri anwa, zvino haana zvinetso zvakadai sokuora mwoyo kana chando chiedza nenzara, uyewo yekudyidzana zvinoderedza mukana kusimba.

Mugumisiro ultraviolet mwaranzi pamusoro nyaya inotevera mhando:

• bactericidal;
• Anti-anogumbura;
• regenerating;
• painkiller.

ehupfumi izvi zvikuru anotsanangura kushandiswa kwakapararira UV mune zvokurapa zvivako chero mhando.

Zvisinei, kunze mikana izvi, pane downsides. Kune vakawanda zvirwere uye zvirwere zvakawanda zvinogona kutengwa, kana kwete dopoluchaet kana, Ukuwo, kupinza yakawandisa vaiona wave.

1. kenza Skin. Ndiwo migumisiro ultraviolet mwaranzi zvikuru ngozi. Melanoma anokwanisa kuumbwa nokutaurisa kunokanganisa mafungu chero kupi - zvose zvakasikwa uye manmade. Izvi ndezvechokwadi kunyanya mafeni ose indoor kusukuta matehwe. In nechiyero zvakakodzera uye nokungwarira.
2. The dzinoparadza Migumisiro pamusoro the retina ari eyeballs. Nemamwe mashoko, cataract zvingamuka, pterygium kana kutsva deko. Zvinokonzerwa kunyanya UV pamusoro ziso kwave vaudzewo nemasayendisiti kwenguva refu uye kunosimbiswa experimental mashoko. Naizvozvo, kana tichishanda zvinyorwa izvi vanofanira kuteerera kuchengeteka mitemo. Mumugwagwa, unogona kuzvidzivirira nokushandisa Sunglasses. Zvisinei, muchiitiko ichi, unofanira kunge vasingafariri fakes, nekuti kana girazi isina vakapakata UV-dzinga filters, rokuparadza mugumisiro uchava kwakatosimba.
3. Burns paganda. Muchirimo, vanogona kuita mari, kana refu nguva zvisingadzorwi pachena pachako kuna UV. In yechando, unogona kuwana kubva chando zvatariswa anoratidza dzinenge zvachose chinozunguzirwa Data. Naizvozvo, kuti irradiation kunoitika kubva Sun, uye chando.
4. Kukwegura. Dai vanhu vakanga vagara pasi pokudzora UV, ipapo vanotanga kuratidza zviratidzo mangwanani ganda kukwegura: Simbe haibati, wrinkles, laxity. Rinobva chokwadi kuti runodzivirira chipingamupinyi mashandiro machira simba uye akaputsika.
5. Matambudziko anokonzerwa nenguva. Ndiko kuratidza kunaka izvi kwete muduku, uye pedyo pamudyandigere.

Vose zvabuda izvi hunoguma pakakuvara UV dose, kureva Zvaitika kana kushandiswa ultraviolet mwaranzi rinoitwa rationally, zvakanaka uye pasina maererano kuchengeteka matanho.

Ultraviolet nemwaranzi: kushanda

The chikuru nzvimbo kushandiswa vanosemburwa ne zvinhu ehupfumi. Izvi ndezvechokwadiwo kuti spectral chinozunguzirwa nemwaranzi. Saka, chikuru zvechadenga UV, iyo yakavakirwa kushandiswa kwayo, muri:

• High makemikari basa chechetere;
• bactericidal chaizvo zvinenge;
• kukwanisa kukonzera luminescence-siyana zvinhu zvakasiyana hues zvinoonekwa kuti munhu ziso (luminescence).

Inoita vakashandisa chaizvo Ultra-Violet nemwaranzi. Mafomu dzinosanganisira:

• spectrometric ongororo;
• isinganzwisisiki tsvakurudzo;
• mushonga;
• mbereko;
• disinfection mvura yokunwa;
• photolithography;
• Analytical kudzidza zvicherwa;
• UV filters;
• nokuti mubati Zvipembenene;
• ndeyokubvisa utachiona uye utachiona.

Mumwe nomumwe munzvimbo idzi anoshandisa dzakananga mhando UV chakarondedzera uye nezvarinovimbisa wavelength. Munguva ichangopfuura, basa nemwaranzi mhando zvinowanzodavirwa kushandiswa kwemakemikari uye panyama zvidzidzo (kutsunga Erekitironi configuration pakati maatomu, mamorekuru uye sekiristaro maumbirwo siyana yeimwe, basa pamwe ions, ongororo panyama transformations panguva yakasiyana nzvimbo zvinhu).

Pane zvimwe zvinokonzerwa UV panyaya. Vamwe polymeric zvinhu vanokwanisa anoora pasi pokudzora kwakanyanya zvechigarire tsime date mafungu. Somuenzaniso, yakadai se:

• Polyethylene chero kumanikidzwa;
• polypropylene;
• PMMA kana plexiglass.

Chii chave matambudziko? Products akaita izvi nezvinhu vanorasikirwa ruvara yavo, mitswi, -buda uye pakupedzisira kuparadzwa. Naizvozvo, dzinonzi tisanzwe Polymers. Ichi chinowanikwa kudzikisirana of kabhoni cheni panguva gwenya chiedza mamiriro vachishingaira kushandisa Nanotechnology, X-ray lithography, uye dzimwe nzvimbo transplantation. Izvi zvinoitwa kuchitendero vamugadzirire roughness pose zvigadzirwa.

Spectrometry - nharaunda chikuru Analytical kemisitiri kuti unyanzvi ari kuziva yeimwe uye sezvamunoita kwavo kwaniso yekubata UV chiedza imwe wavelength. Zvakaratidza kuti spectra nevamwe nerimwe fuma, saka zvinoita patsanura zvabuda spectrometry.

Uyewo, kushandiswa ultraviolet germicidal mwaranzi rinoitwa kukwezva uye kuuraya nezvipembenene. The zvinoitwa inobva ziso kukwanisa utape Tupukanana asingaoneki murume, pfupi-wave spectra. Saka mhuka dziri kubhururuka kunobva, apo pachena kuti kuparadzwa.

Kushandisa solariums - chaiwo zvivako kutwasuka uye zvido zvevanhu mhando umo muviri womunhu pachena kuti UV-A. Izvi zvinoitwa yokuwedzera kugadzirwa rwe-melanin paganda, zvichiriita zvasviba ruvara, kumeso. Uyezve, kuzvimba aoma uye anoparadza utachiona hunokuvadza pamusoro pechiso integument. Cherechedzai inofanira kubhadharwa kuchengetedzwa nameso, nzwisisa nzvimbo.

zvokurapa

Kushandiswa ultraviolet mwaranzi mu mushonga iri kwakavakirwa kugona wayo kuparadza asingaoneki ziso zvipenyu - utachiona uye nemavhairasi, uye pamusoro zvinhu zvinoitika mumuviri munguva nomazvo chiedza chakagadzirwa kana dzinongozviitikira nemwaranzi.

Huru zvairatidza kuti UV kunokwanisa kutsanangurwa zvishoma pfungwa:

1. Mhando dzose kuzvimba, maronda akazaruka, chinoda kugadziriswa uye akazaruka vazvo.
2. Nokuti kukuvara mapfupa.
3. Kana kutsva, frostbite, uye zvirwere ganda.
4. Kana kufema zvirwere, tibhii, asima.
5. Matangiro uye kugadzira-siyana zvinotapukira.
6. Kana zvirwere, achiperekedzwa irwadziwe, neuralgia.
7. Zvirwere huro uye nasal mhango.
8. Kusimba uye trophic urikanwi.
9. Dental chirwere.
10. Regulation kwokudzvinyirira ropa parukova, iro normalization mwoyo.
11. Kutanga anomera kenza.
12. Atherosclerosis, itsvo kukundikana uye dzimwe anoti.

All zvirwere izvi zvinogona kuva dzakakomba zvikuru nemigumisiro nokuda muviri. Naizvozvo, mabatiro uye kudzivirira kushandisa UV - chazvokwadi zvokurapa zvakawanikwa, kunze zviuru uye mamiriyoni hwevanhu, zvinochengetedza uye agovandudza utano hwavo.

Chimwe Kushandiswa of UV kubva zvokurapa uye zvipenyu nemaonero - ndiko disinfection kubva kwakavakirwa, basa hukawanika uye mbereko zviridzwa. The zvinoitwa inobva kukwanisa tunodzivisa pave UV uye kuberekana DNA mamorekuru, iyo inotungamirira kutsakatika kwavo. Utachiona, notumwe tupukanana majemusi uye mavhairasi vanourayiwa.

The huru dambudziko nokushandiswa nemwaranzi akadaro mbereko uye disinfection pakati kwakavakirwa ndiyo nzvimbo okuvimba. Mushure zvinenge anoparadzwa chete zvakananga kwechirwere rakananga nemafungu. All uripo panze, ichiriko.

Analytical basa pamwe zvicherwa

Kugona kufurira luminescence kubva zvinhu kunoita kushandisa UV munhu akaidza Qualitative anoumba zvicherwa uye matombo. Panyaya iyi, zvinofadza kune anokosha, Semi-hunokosha nezvibwe zvinokosha. Izvo chete mavara vanopa kana vari irradiated pamwe cathode mafungu! Very inonakidza pamusoro ichi akanyora Malakhov, yakakurumbira geologist. basa rake rinotsanangura zvaanorumbidza pakati sokupenya ruvara palette, iyo inokwanisa kubudisa zvicherwa munyika dzakasiyana manyuko nemwaranzi.

Somuenzaniso, netopasi, uye izvo zviri anooneka chakarondedzera ane yakanaka rakadzika yebhuruu ruvara kana irradiated zviedza inopenya girini neemaradhi - red. Maparera regai kupa chero imwe ruvara uye shimmering siyana. The chiseko of mugumisiro rinongova zvakazonaka.

Kana Kuronga vakadzidza dzinoita zvinosanganisira uranium exchange netsvina, ipapo kuvheneka icharatidza mitema. Tsvina Melita kupa rwedenga uye morganite - yepepuru kana akacheneruka-ruvara Hue.

kushandisa filters

Kushandisa filters rinoshandawo ultraviolet germicidal nemwaranzi. The Mhando zvivako zvakadaro kunogona kuva akasiyana:

• chikukutu;
• gasi;
• mvura.

The dzinonyanya kushanda zvakadaro mano anowanikwa makemikari maindasitiri, kunyanya mu chromatography. Uchibatsirwa wavo, unogona kutakura fomu Qualitative kuongorora nefuma uye kuziva izvozvo ndeve imwe boka Organic yeimwe.

Kunwa marapirwo mvura

UV disinfection mvura yokunwa ndechimwe chezvinhu ano uye Qualitative nzira kuti acheneswe rayo kubva chaivo utachiona. Zvakanakira nzira iyi ndeinotevera:

• kuvimbika;
• zvinobudirira;
• kusavapo extraneous zvigadzirwa mumvura;
• chibatiso;
• kunyatsoshanda;
• Kuchengetedzwa organoleptic zvivako mvura.

Ndokusaka nhasi nzira iyi disinfection riri tichifambirana pamwe chinyakare chlorination. The zvinoitwa inobva chete zviri - kuparadzwa DNA anokuvadza zvipenyu zviri mumvura sezvamunoita. Shandisa UV aine wavelength vanenge 260 nm.

Kuwedzera zvakananga kubatsira zvipukanana, rinoshandiswawo ultraviolet chiedza kuparadzwa residues ose mishonga, iyo inoshandiswa kuderedza, mvura yokunatsa: zvakadai, semuenzaniso, kuiisa chlorine kana chloramine.

Black chiedza

Kwakadaro mano takashongedzerwa chaizvo emitters, kupa hombe chinozunguzirwa kureba pedyo zvinooneka. Zvisinei, vanoramba vachingove indistinguishable kuvanhu ziso. mwenje zvakadai dzinoshandiswa sezvo namano kuverenga pachivande zviratidzo UV muenzaniso, mapasipoti, magwaro, Banknotes uye zvichingodaro. Kureva, zvisiri izvozvo angava kuonekwa chete pasi pokudzora imwe chakarondedzera. Saka nheyo ichavakirwa Currency michina, mano kuongorora uchokwadi Banknotes.

Kudzorerwa uye kuziva nderechokwadi emifananidzo

Uye munharaunda iyi kushandiswa UV. Mumwe Artist akashandisa chena, mumwe ine epochal yenguva akasiyana inorema simbi. Nokuda nemwaranzi zvinobvira kuwana inonzi underpainting, izvo zvinopa mashoko pamusoro nepakatanga painting, uyewo yemaitiro, netsika kunyora nerimwe Artist.

Uyewo, lacquer firimu pamusoro pemvura nyaya chokuita vasanonoka Polymers. Saka, zviri anokwanisa vaizokwegura pasi pokudzora chiedza. Izvi zvinoita kuti tikwanise kuona makore nziyo uye ounyanzvi ari unyanzvi nyika.