Development: mitemo mumagariro kukura. Economic Development Mitemo

Mimwe mitemo mukuru pokumuka hurongwa inogonawo kushandiswa pazvinhu munzanga. Patinotaura pamusoro michini, isu kureva rwose iyo rinoumbwa zvikamu uye kubatana. kubatana uku, izvo zvinokosha zvikuru, haagarimo ayo constituent zvinhu.

The Company ndiyewo kwava vakarongeka muunganidzwa vanhu. Tiri zvose chikamu chacho, saka vazhinji vedu vari kushamisika sei zvavari dzakabudirira. Mitemo rinogona kuwanikwa nokuongorora kunobva mberi. In vanhu dyidzana matatu mabhora chokwadi "nyika", zvisina reducible kune mumwe. Ndizvo, pakutanga kwezvose, nyika nezvinhu uye zvakasikwa kuti ariko pasina pfungwa uye kuda murume, kureva, chinhu chinangwa uye pasi mitemo yakasiyana nokuda wefizikisi. Chechipiri, ndiko nyika umo anoramba uye zvinhu kuva pasocial munhu, nokuti zvivezwa dzevanhu basa, basa rake. Chechitatu nyika iri subjectivity kwevanhu, panongova yakazvimirira chinangwa nyika uye musimboti pfungwa pakunamata. Vane chikuru mwero rusununguko.

Nature seinokonzera mumagariro budiriro

Munyika zvakasikwa ndiyo yokutanga tsime kuona evanhu kukura. Mitemo munzanga chiitiko kare vakanga kazhinji kuzvibatanidza kuvimba nayo. Ndicho chikonzero chokuvapo munzanga, iyo, nokuda kuwadzana naro nani. Usakanganwa kuti mitemo yezvinhu zvakasikwa kwakaita kuti chimiro murume. The pemarudzi pakukura, characteristically, vakaberekerwa pandima enzizi makuru, uye zvikuru kubudirira munyika kukura capitalist maitiro akanga akatakurwa achiburitswa kunze munyika ane okunze.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti chipo padariro nekuita pakati vanhu uye hunhu kwakaratidzwa pfungwa yacho zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza dambudziko. chikonzero chake chikuru chaiva kugadzwa nevanhu kukunda zvakasikwa, uyewo vachisiya miganhu kurwisa zvayo anthropogenic zvinofurira. Vanhu anotsinzina maziso avo kuti mitemo inokosha kukura, kuti kukanganwa zvose mukutsvaga pfupi purofiti uye regai funga zvakaipira. Zvakakodzera kushandura maitiro uye kuziva mabhiriyoni evanhu Panyika kuramba zvisikwa aigona inotipa zvakakodzera kupfuma.

Basa michina kukura vanhu

Akatevera kunobva - kwesayenzi determinants, kureva basa zvigadzirwa uyewo nedanho weboka basa mumagakava marongerwo. Ivo zvinopawo mumagariro kukura. Mitemo okukura nzanga nhasi kazhinji akagadzira, achitora sepokutangira basa kwemichina. Izvi hazvishamisi - iri ikozvino kushingaira kuitwa akavandudzika. Zvisinei, maererano Adorno, mubvunzo ndiro rine chokwadi zvemichina uye upfumi - ndiwo mubvunzo chii vakauya pakutanga, huku kana zai. Kunogona kunzi kune mhando uye hunhu basa kwevanhu, dzinongoita pakutsvaga evanhu noukama hurongwa. Zvikurukuru pachena izvi zvose zvakanga nhasi, apo anoratidza contours ose post-maindasitiri munzanga. The inokosha kupokana muchiitiko ichi pane pakati murume kutambudzwa kuda zvinhu vayo kuvapo uye akatakura zvinogona kukanganisa nyika mashoko michina. Matambudziko mazhinji ari chacho vanoshingaira kukura.

Naizvozvo Mitemo mumagariro kukura vari kutanga kudzokororwa, chiri kusimbiswa zvemweya. Pairi tinokurukura ikozvino.

The nzvimbo yomudzimu seinokonzera mumagariro mberi

Chechitatu kunobva mumagariro kukura iri nyikadzimu, ari Implementation enyika kana chitendero yakanaka. mukurumbira chaizvo munhoroondo yaiva pfungwa Kunoitwa, kureva, utungamiriri uye nzanga zvimwe zviremera yakakwirira vezvitendero. Panyaya iyi, nhoroondo nzanga kuonekwa kushandisa kwaMwari, munhu anofanira kuziva kuti hove muupenyu, kwete simbisa matambudziko yepanyika, uye, kupfuura zvose, kugadzirira husingaperi pashure porufu.

Murugwaro P. Sorokin, A. Toynbee, uyo zvinganaka mitemo kukura vanhu vayo, iyo inokosha ukoshi ndohwaJehovha zvemweya, tsika uye zvechitendero pakukwana nayo, ukama nemibayiro zvirango sezvo huru chikonzero yokubatana kwevanhu. Vaya vanoomerera yeutongi yakanaka, tenda kuti necommunism mumwe mukuru "injini" mberi kuti ari kudana yakawanda vanhu vari kutamburira kuvaka chete nzanga uye kusunungurwa kwevanhu.

Zvinogara munhoroondo Fernand Braudel

Fernand Braudel, wezvenhau wokuFrance, vaidavira kuti zviitiko zvekare - guruva, uye Chikurukuru - ndiyo dzinokura zvinogara inogara makore anopfuura zana. Kwouzivi pfungwa zvenhoroondo zvinogara chokuita kunzwisisa mitemo kukura rose. Inogona mberi linearly (ndiko kuti, kubvira pakusikwa naMwari kwenyika kusvikira paZuva Rokutonga), kana cyclically, kana sokuti kudzokera yakapfuura, asi pane imwe sandara (nhoroondo zononoka).

3 Mhando Mutsika zvoga Pitirim Sorokin

Pitirim Sorokin aidavira kuti 3 Mhando inokosha zvirimwa zvinogona kupatsanurwa munhoroondo yevanhu; asi zvinhu, zvenguva uye zvechitendero. In tsika yokupedzisira mhando mutinhimira uye kufamba nhoroondo pakutsvaga kukurukurirana pamusoro nezvido vatatu: munhu, madhimoni uye Mwari. The kukura pfuma inobva chokwadi vakanzwisisa sensually. kuchinja ayo ave chikuru munhau. Kuchinja kubva rechitendero kune zvinhu tsika kuburikidza zvenguva mhando. Zvinokwanisika govera zvinotevera anotevedzana mumatanho: kutanga - dambudziko, uye ipapo - mutsaona, pashure iyo - kokunatswa, hereinafter - the kuongororazve tsika, uye pakupedzisira kuberekwazve.

Kwouzivi uye nhoroondo kufunga ano

Fukuyama pakupera remakore rechi20 akaisa mberi pfungwa dzake kuti pane "kuguma kare." Izvi imhaka yokuti simba dzematongerwe wenyika, kwakavakirwa kwavari, tichisiya padariro kare. Vamwe vatsvakurudzi vari kudzidza mitemo evanhu kukura, zvinofungidzirwa kuti nhoroondo yenyika zvino kutoda bifurcation, sezvamakaropafadzwa reshiyo nyonganyonga uye kurongeka ari kuchinja uye pane mamiriro ezvinhu unpredictability. Kwouzivi uye nhoroondo kufunga ano chete anonzwa chikuru mutinhimira mifananidzo munhau kukura, izvo chokuita zvakakomba pose matambudziko.

The zvinhu maonero nhoroondo

In kuumbwa yakataurwa Shona uye Marx muna 40-50-ies remakore rechi19 zvinhu pamuviri kare rinoshandiswa formational kusvika uye mitemo evanhu kukura. Izvi kwakasimbiswa kare sezvo zvinyorwa zvokupikisa ari rondedzero dzokufungidzira dzinowanzoguma pfungwa, kunyange zvazvo pfungwa linearity nhaka kubva mberi nedzidziso kuti zvave Kujekerwa. From Hegel akatora pfungwa yokuti yokukakavadzniswa hunhu chenhau kukura. Pfungwa Starring kugadzirwa zvinhu munzanga uye munhu ndiye nheyo dzidziso iyi. Mukuita, vanopinda, maererano Marx (asian ake anoratidzwa pazasi), kupinda chaizvo ukama, izvo yakazvimirira zvavo kuda. Tiri kutaura nomukadzi okuwana. Anoenderana padariro pakukura inobereka mauto.

Marx aidavira parutivi "chikuru" (kwokutanga) Danho, uyewo "yechipiri chimiro" munharaunda akura ari wawo, kuti panyaya zera nzanga kirasi uye pundutso zvenhaka, feudal, Asia uye Bourgeois (ano) inogadzirwa nzira vanogona kunzi mberi epochs evanhu kurongeka. In sayenzi evanhu USSR akashandisa itsanangudzo inonyatsoita acho chenhau kukura, zvinoreva kuchinja kubva chinyakare muvanhu, kutanga muranda, zvadaro feudal hurongwa, uye zvadaro capitalist, uye pakupedzisira, kuti mugovanisi.

Pfungwa yokuti "Vanhu vemo"

The Kuzivikanwa mukurusa muuzivi 19-20 emakore, anoshandisa pfungwa "pundutso vemo", hwakasikwa maererano kuedza A. D. Toynbi, Spengler uye N. A. Danilevskogo. Sezvazvakanyorwamo, zvose vahedheni rakakamurwa yakabudirira uye chinyakare, uye vokutanga - uye kunyange tsika uye nhoroondo marudzi. Chiitiko, akagadzira se "dana-uye-mhinduro" rinyanye pano. It kunoratidzwa pakuti rugare kukura nokukurumidza chikatsiviwa ezvinhu akaoma, izvo induces, zvinozoita kuti nokuwedzera imwe mutsika. Vanyori pfungwa iyi yakaedza kukunda kunzwisisa mubudiriro pamusoro Eurocentrism.

hurongwa kusvika

Mumakore kota remakore rechi20 yakazokudziridzwa tinosvika kuti nyika hurongwa umo mitemo yevanhu nemagariro kukura. Izvi imhaka yokuti panguva ino simba rake akawana muitiro kuti kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose. On pose conglomerate anogona kusarudza "arikunze" uye "chinoumba", pova "nyika-ezvinhu" seboka, iyo iripo pasi mitemo superformatsii. The chikuru yemudzimu nhasi akadai kugadzirwa esimbi ndiwo mashoko uye zvose chokuita nayo. shanduko Izviwo, pfungwa yokuti nhoroondo muitiro - Linear mhando.

Economic Development Mitemo

Izvi kuramba achidzokorora, zvinokosha, akatsiga ukama pakati zveupfumi mananara uye muitiro. Somuenzaniso, mutemo waiti kunoratidzwa kubva Ivan Kuchin ukama huripo pakati nomutengo chinokosha nezvinodiwa kuti kunoitika kwaari. Kufanana nevamwe mitemo munzanga upenyu, zvoupfumi mabasa, pasinei zvido uye kuda vanhu. Tinogona kusiyanisa pakati pavo yezvisikwa (general) uye yakananga.

General - vanoita munhoroondo yevanhu. Ivo raishanda kunyange chinyakare mubako uye kuramba kuva akakodzera mune boka ano, uye achaita kushanda mune ramangwana. kutevera mitemo zvoupfumi zvinogona kupatsanurwa pakati pavo:

- kuwedzera zvinodiwa;

- kufambira mberi upfumi;

- kuwedzera mukana mutengo;

- kukura weboka basa.

A zvishoma nezvishoma kuwedzera kwokudiwa vaizongoguma kutungamirira vanhu. Izvi zvinoreva kuti pamusoro nguva, vanhu vane pfungwa nezvokunyanya yakatarwa kwenhumbi zvavanopa kurangarira se "kuipa". Ukuwo, chichiwedzera mureza mumwe mhando kwenhumbi vapera. Chinyakare vanhu Somuenzaniso, aida kuva, pakutanga kwezvose, nezvokudya zvizhinji. Nhasi, vanhu kazhinji vasisiri hanya sei varege kufa kubva kusamuda. Iye akaita kuti kuona kuti zvokudya zvakanga zvakasiyana-siyana uye zvinonaka.

Ukuwo, zvokuti ivo kugutsa zvinodiwa dzavasinei nadzo zvinhu, kuwedzera basa mumagariro uye pakunamata. Somuenzaniso, munyika yanhasi dzakabudirira wokusarudza basa vechiduku kuramba hanya kwete zvikuru kuwana zvakawanda (unobvumira vapfeke uye vadye), asi ndechokuti basa aiva yokusika hunhu, achipa mukana kuzvidzora Kuziva.

Vanhu kuedza zvidikanwi itsva, kuvandudza kugadzirwa. Ivo kuwedzera kuwanda, nouwandu kwenhumbi anogadzirwa upfumi, uyewo kuwedzera kunyatsoshanda wokushandiswa siyana zviwanikwa. azvaiitwa anganzi mberi mune zvoupfumi. Kana kuvapo mberi mifananidzo kana tsika kunoshorwa, mune zvoupfumi upenyu hazvirambiki. Zvinokwanisika kuita pamwe weboka basa. Kana vanhu dzidzira kweShanduro zvimwe dzakananga kubatsirwa yekudyidzana zvinowedzera kunopindirana yauinayo. Zvisinei, kuitira kuti mumwe munhu akanga ane zvakakwana tsika zvakafanira kwaari, zvinokosha kuronga zvachose kutaurirana pakati penhengo munzanga.

Redistribution uye decentralized Exchange

Karl Polanyi neAmerican Economist, akaita dzinounzwa 2 nzira Kufambisa pakati kumapati. First - redistribution, kureva kupanana centralized redistribution. Wechipiri - pamusika iri decentralized exchange. In pre-capitalist nzanga vakatonga redistributive kupanana zvigadzirwa, zviri zvechisikigo, voitakura kunze kushandisa mari.

Panyaya iyi, hurumende anorega nokugombedzerwa chezvinhu zvinoberekwa vainotonga, zvimwe dzavo redistribution. Kwete chete nokuti nzanga kuMiddle Ages uye kare kwave hwokuratidza nzira iyi, asi wezvivi upfumi mugovanisi nyika.

Kunyange kana chinyakare nzanga akaberekwa kumusika kuti hazvo. Zvisinei, In pre-capitalist munzanga, iye izwi rinoreva chinhu yechipiri. Chete ari capitalist muvanhu musika inova nzira chikuru Kufambisa. Hurumende Saka vachishingaira rinokurudzira kukura kwayo, ndinosika akasiyana-siyana mitemo, yakadai se "riri kukura mubhizimisi mutemo." Achishingaira kushandiswa mari pabonde. Vakarufahli kuitwa iyi yakatambarara, pakati vaburitsi kuti vakaenzana. Mumwe nomumwe wavo ane rusununguko wakakwana rwokusarudza vari kutsvaka mutengapwe vakaroorana. "Mutemo pamusoro Development basa duku" anotitsigira kune yemakambani zviduku, uyo zvakaoma kushanda yechinangwa kukura makwikwi.