Mugore chii uye akawana Erekitironi? Yefizikisi, akawana Erekitironi: Zita, nhoroondo Zvakawanikwa uye dzinonakidza zvinhu

Gakava pamusoro uyo akawana Erekitironi, achiri anoramba nhasi. In basa piyona ane zvokutanga nezvimedu, kunze Dzhozefa Tomsona, vamwe vanyori venhau dzakaitika sainzi ona Hendrik Lorentz uye Pieter Zeeman, vamwe - Emilya Viherta, uye vamwe - Filippa Lenarda. Saka ndiani - musayendisiti uyo akawana Erekitironi?

Atomu - saka indivisible

Shoko rokuti "atomu" muupenyu hwezuva nezuva wakatangwa vazivi. Ancient anofunga Leucippus nomumwe V remakore BC. e. Ndakamukurudzira kuti munhu wose ari munyika rinoumbwa duku inoramba. mudzidzi wake - Democritus akavati maatomu. Maererano muzivi, maatomu - "Dzinovaka" zvakasikwa, indivisible uye nokusingaperi. Kubva dzavo dzokunze chimiro uye marongerwo nemataundi zvivako zviri zvinhu maatomu inotubuka - kumeso simbi - pamwe profiled mazino, achipa pokuoma muviri.

The hunoshamisa Russian musayendisiti M. V. Lomonosov, muvambi maatomu-samolecular pfungwa aidavira kuti Zvinoumba nyore zvinhu corpuscles (Morekuru) inoumbwa chete mabhomba rudzi, zvakaoma - siyana.

Kemisiti akadzidzisa Dzhon Dalton (Man) muna 1803, panguva yakavakirwa experimental Data nokutora mureza chikwata kurema hydrogen maatomu vakawana hama mabhomba negurumwandira zvimwe zvinhu. Mabhomba dzidziso wokuEngland akanga zvikuru nokuda pakuzadzisa kemisitiri uye wefizikisi.

Ndiani akawana Erekitironi?

Pakazosvika mavambo XX remakore yakanga aunganidza zvinoverengeka experimental Data achiratidza kunzwisisa maumbirwo kwemaatomu. Izvi zvinogona kusanganisira photoelectric mugumisiro (Hertz, A. Stoletov, 1887), pakuvhurwa cathode (J. Plucker, W. Crookes, 1870) uye X-ray (X-ray B., 1895) mwaranzi, radioactivity (A. Becquerel, 1896).

Masayendisiti kushanda cathode mwaranzi, akavakamura kuva mapoka maviri: mumwe vaitarisira chinozunguzirwa yezvakaita Chiitiko, mumwe - corpuscular. Zvaioneka zvabuda yakawana nyanzvi Ecole Normale Supérieure (Lille, France) Zhan Batist Perrin. Muna 1895, akaratidza kuburikidza kwacho kuti cathode mwaranzi vari norwizi nhingi mhosva inoramba. Pamwe Perrin - yefizikisi, akawana Erekitironi?

Pachikumbaridzo kubudirira zvikuru

Yefizikisi uye nyanzvi yemasvomhu George Johnstone Stoney (Royal Irish University of muDublin) muna 1874 vakazivisa nokufungidzira kuti discrete nehunhu magetsi. gore uye uyo Erekitironi chii yakawanikwa? Panguva experimental basa iri riri electrolyzed D. Stoney rinotsanangurwa shoma kukosha yemagetsi vebasa (kunyange mugumisiro vakawana (10 ^-20 Cl) yaiva 16 nguva shoma pane chaiko). Elementary kupomera yemagetsi chikwata 1891 muna Irish Scientist akadana "Erekitironi" (kubva muchiGiriki "rinopenya").

Kwapera gore, Gendrik Lorens (weLeiden University, The Netherlands) akagadzira huru zvinodavirwa muchitendero chake Erekitironi dzidziso, maererano iyo hwaro sechivako chero fuma vari discrete magetsi mhosva. masayendisiti izvi musafunga piyona ari PARTICIPLE, asi avo yokungotaura uye anoshanda kuferefeta zvazova hwaro yakasimba yeramangwana rechitsauko Thomson.

yakasimba Zvokutopenga

Musi mubvunzo wokuti, apo uye uyo akawana Erekitironi, maenisaikoropidhiya ipai pachena uye unequivocal mhinduro - Dzhozef Dzhon Tomson muna 1897. Saka chii chiri pahwaro Chirungu yefizikisi?

Baba purezidhendi remangwana Royal Society aiva bookseller uye youduku vakaita mwanakomana wake kuda mabhuku akadhindwa uye kupanga zivo itsva. Ndapedza kubva Owens College (1903 - Manchester University) uye University of Cambridge muna 1880, rimwe jaya yemasvomhu Dzhozef Tomson akaenda kunoshanda panguva Cavendish Laboratory. zvidzidzo zvokuongorora chose Ugare vechiduku musayendisiti. Nevamwe akaona nesimba kuzvitsaurira kwake uye kunoshamisa chido basa rinobatsira.

Muna 1884, vava nemakore nemakore 28, Thomson akagadzwa Kumutungamiriri murabhoritari, anomutevera Ishe K. Rayleigh. Under utungamiriri Thomson Laboratory mumakore akatevera makore 35 yakura kupinda rimwe nzvimbo kupfuura wenyika wefizikisi. Nokudaro vakatanga rwendo rwavo Rutherford, Bohr, P. Langevin.

Nezvemabasa zvizere

Basa riri kudzidza cathode mwaranzi Thomson akatanga kutarisa kuedza vamutangira. For kuedza zhinji rakaitwa inokosha zvokushandisa pachake vanodhirowa yezvirwere wokuimba. Agamuchira simbiso yepamusoro zvakaitika, Thomson haana kumbofunga kuti kugumira ipapo. The chikuru Chinangwa chacho kunoonekwa chaiyoiyo quantitative Kutsunga yezvakaita mwaranzi vavo constituent inoramba.

New chubhu zvakavakwa kuti anotevera kuedza yaiva kwayo sezvamunoita, zvatinosiita cathode uye kuwedzera electrodes kwete chete (muchimiro ndiro uye marin'i) pamwe Kutsauka voltage. Feed corpuscles kutaurirwa chidzitiro zvemapuranga ane mutete rukoko zvokunyama anopenya nezvimedu pamusoro rova. Rwako vanotarisirwa kutarisira mubatanidzwa chiito minda yemagetsi uye rinobva.

zvinoumba atomu

Akawana zvakaoma. Kunyange zvakaoma kudzivirira zvavanotenda, izvo zvinopesana zvakanaka yakasimbiswa pfungwa kwezviuru zvemakore. Kutenda pachako, mune chikwata yako uye Thomson akaita murume akawana Erekitironi.

Zvakaitika akapa dzinokatyamadza zvabuda. PARTICIPLE gobvu rakanga zviuru zviviri. nguva duku pane kuti rehydrogen ions. The reshiyo mubhadharo corpuscles nayo hakubvi vakawanda aibuda zvazvingava, zvivako zviri cathode zvokunyama, yezvakaita gaseous svikiro umo zvinoyerera kunoitika. The mhedziso asatenderwe nheyo dzose: corpuscle - Universal particulate nyaya iri Zvinoumba atomu. Nguva nenguva, Thomson nokushingaira uye nokungwarira achiongorora migumisiro kuedza uye Masvomhu. Kana mubvunzo vakasara, hurukuro pamusoro pemhando cathode kupenya pakati Royal Society. Muchirimo 1897 haupo kuva indivisible atomu. Muna 1906, Dzhozef Tomson akanga paakavapa Nobel Prize muna Physics.

Unknown Iogann Vihert

Zita mudzidzisi Koningsborskogo geophysics, uye ipapo University of Gottingen, mutsvakurudzi seismography puraneti Johann Emilya Viherta, nani aizivikanwa nemazvo yeChina Nyanzvi geographers. Asi anoziva uye panyama masayendisiti. Ndiyo chete munhu uyo pamutemo nesayenzi, pamwe Thomson, akawana Erekitironi anobvuma. Uye kana tichida kuva zvachose chaiwo, mapepa achirondedzera kuedza uye Masvomhu Wiechert yakabudiswa January 1897 - mwedzi mina mberi mushumo wokuEngland wacho. Ndiani akawana Erekitironi - yave nhoroondo kwakasarudzwa, asi chokwadi chinoramba.

Nokuti bhuku: hapana mabasa ake, Thomson haana kushandisa mashoko okuti "Erekitironi". Akashandisa zita "corpuscles".

Ndiani avhura hwepurotoni, Nyuturoni uye Erekitironi?

Mushure Detective yokutanga zvepakutanga PARTICIPLE simbi vaifunga pamusoro zvichibvira nemamiriro atomu. Mumwe rokutanga mienzaniso akanga dzataurwa nokuda Thomson. Atomu, maererano naye, afanane nhindi Pudding chete akaomeswa: a chokwadi mhosva muviri yaiteverwa nezvisingafadzi inoramba.

Muna 1911, Ernest Rutherford (New Zealand, United Kingdom) akataura kuti yemapuraneti muenzaniso atomu ane chimiro. Makore maviri gare gare, akaisa mberi pfungwa ariko iri mwoyo weatomu chokwadi mhosva nezvimedu uye agamuchira izvozvo experimentally, inonzi hwepurotoni. Iyewo akafanotaura kuvapo kwazvakarerekera PARTICIPLE iri musimboti pamwe Purotoni gobvu (the Nyuturoni rakaonekwa muna 1932 ne musayendisiti British John. Chadwick). Muna 1918, Dzhozef Tomson akapa kudzora murabhoritari Ernest Rutherford.

Hatigoni kutaura kuti kuwanikwa Erekitironi akabvumira itsva Kutarira zvemagetsi, rinobva uye Manyiminya zvivako zviri. Zvakaoma kuona basa Thompson uye vateveri vake vari kukura mabhomba uye zvenyukireya wefizikisi.