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Mune mamwe maguta pane shongwe Dzerzhinsky. Kudzoreredzwa shongwe Dzerzhinsky panguva munhau nzvimbo muMoscow

Mwedzi mishomanana apfuura kubva kudzoka shongwe Fe Dzerzhinsky musi Lubyanka Square. Vashori uye vatsigiri sarudzo iyi zviremera raiva guru yakatarwa. Kuti tinzwisise zvikonzero zvakadaro dutu pachena maitiro, edza kunzwisisa basa wacho munhoroondo iri Iron Felix USSR.

Feliks Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky: Biography

The inozivikanwa yokutungamirira yeSoviet yaitonga akatanga basa rake muna mhuri aburuka vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata - Edward Iosifovicha Dzerzhinsky kushumira mudzidzisi wechikoro yemo. Zita Soviet Commissioner - Ferikisi - Latin anoshandura se "vakaropafadzwa". Zvino kwakapiwa kuti mwana nokuti chokwadi kuti mai vake, kudonha kwamazuva mashoma asati aberekwa kuregeredza pachena yakavanda, kwete chete haana kuputsa pacharo, asiwo akakwanisa kudzivirira mwana wake pakukuvara.

mhuri Dzerzhinsk akararama upenyu akapfuma. Kamwe muna 1882 musoro wemhuri vakafa tibhii, amai vaifanira-kuroora handedly kurera vana vapfumbamwe, mukuru vacho panguva iyoyo ava namakore gumi namaviri, uye gotwe - chete gore nehafu.

Pasinei nezvinetso zvose izvi, Feliks Edmundovich aiva mukana kudzidza Lithuanian chikoro, apo muna 1895, akasangana vamiririri Social Democratic sangano, uye akabatana bato. With Panyaya Kurovedza kushingaira, vanhu vairarama dzinoongororwa ruzivo jaya sezvo mediocre. Saka, kubva zvinyorwa kuti Dzerzhinsky akagara kaviri mukirasi yokutanga uye kugona kupedza dzidzo, akapiwa chete gwaro pokupedza mugiredhi rechisere. Panzira, Russian uye nechiGiriki, aiva kusingagutsi mavanga.

Zvisinei, kukundikana kuchikoro hakurevi kuvhiringidza inobudirira Repachivande. Dzerzhinsky muna 1896, ari kushanda mashoko pakati nyanzvi dzokugadzira uye vashandi fekitari, yaakanga kakawanda nemhosva uye kugara rakaoma, uye Links. Kunyange ari muchitokisi, Dzerzhinsky kugadzirira October Revolution, akaronga mapoka ari Red Guard wokutanga muMoscow, anotora rutivi kumisangano yebato. Pashure pokuchinja akatora zvinzvimbo kukosha hurumende yeSoviet, akava mukuru mapoka Commissariats (vanhu Commissariat - musimboti simba iri Union chinoda) uye akavamba Cheka (All-Russian hunoshamisa Commission kuti Kukurira Counter-Revolution uye sabhoteji).

Akafa Feliks Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky yomwoyo yakakonzerwa huta Kuparara, panguva kutaura pamusangano Central Committee, July 20, 1926.

State basa

Chepamusoro nzvimbo hurumende muhurumende rechiuto richangobva kuumbwa kuti, Dzerzhinsky yakatanga zvose zvakafanana kwokupisa basa kuti aiita munguva echimurenga mukudhinda kwepachivande. Figure Iron Felix achiri pamakakatanwa munhoroondo paumbwe uye sangano yeSoviet Union. Uye kusvikira nhasi kunokonzera zvakawanda kukakavadzana.

Vagadzwa pambiru musoro Cheka, Feliks Edmundovich akagadza pachake somunhu yakaoma uye utsinye mutungamiri ndiani utsinye achiparadza chero kuedza kusateerera. Zvaive munguva yokutonga kwake kuti Cheka chikamu kuramba netsika mutemo kutyisa. No masanga kuti pamwe Cheka basa zvikuru gare gare muna West achaita kutaura kupfuura mezvinhu makuhwa uye chakavanzika.

Dzerzhinsky akafunga kuti hondo pakaunda-chimurenga akabvumira chero matanho kusanganisira vakawanda kutya. Zvinonzi ndiye akakurumbira okuti repressionnaya negwaro Cheka kunokosha zvikuru uye zvakakodzera, kunyange kana "rikawira netsaona bakatwa pamisoro mhosva." Aishingaira akashora zvaiitwa sangano masimba, waitsigira pachena kuti kushandisa wakakura zvikuru matanho vakandimukira.

Panguva iyoyowo guru "Chekist" zita riri chokuita zvakawanda mabasa okusika. Saka, mushure October Revolution mumigwagwa zviri vanenge mamiriyoni mashanu pekugara, uye zvakanga vachitungamirirwa Dzerzhinsky yevanogara anotanga kuvaka pfupi yevasungwa, wepo uye musha vana, apo vana rubatsiro zvose zvakafanira uye mukana wokudzidza. Pakati wokutanga vatamira kuti masangano akadai - sere vaimbova mumigwagwa vana akava academician of USSR, uye mumwe wavo - Nikolay Petrovich Dubin - akaburuka munhau sezvo nyika-nomukurumbira munhu geneticist.

Imwe pati zvematongerwo enyika Dzerzhinsk ndiye chacho vanoshingaira kuita zvemitambo upenyu munyika. Achiziva kuti simba dhipatimendi mudonzvo haagoni kuva pasina chakanaka gym pamwero, zvinoita kuti pave DSO "Avangard", iro nhasi ndiyo imwe zvikuru nevanhu mitambo nzanga weRussia.

Feliks Edmundovich akatora chikamu mune zvoupfumi kukura ehurumende. The Supreme Economic Council, iye chaibatanidzwa kukura madiki private zvokutengeserana, ndakaedza kusika akanaka ezvinhu kuti pave misika nyika, kutsvaka nzira yokuderedza mari inoshandiswa.

Somunhu echimurenga aifarira-nokushingaira kutsigira mitemo yose munyika maindasitiri. Under ake murayiro anooneka dzakafanana metallurgia kunzwisisa yazova rimwe zvemberi munyika. Nenguva iyo Dzerzhinsky akatsoropodza hurumende uye webato rakaona chikanganiso chikuru mune wevasungwa kuonekwa pamusoro uto Metallic. In dzisingabvumirani policies yakafanana ezvoupfumi iye anoramba akumbira kurizaina.

Dzerzhinsky mune

Mufananidzo risingakundiki Iron Ferikisi aiwanzoshandiswa nevanyori uye firimu. yokutungamirira mufananidzo wakashongedzerwa zvetsamba. mabasa ayo dzinoimbirwa mundima nevanyori eSoviet uye dzokudetemba mapiyona Soviet, uye mugumo wake akaudzwa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana Bibliographic Roma. Uyezve, pane autobiography yakanyorwa Dzerzhinsky mumakore siyana, uyewo nhamba mabasa vakazvipira kuna National kuchengeteka munyika. Zvakawanda mufananidzo Revolutionary inowanikwa mumabhuku mabasa, netsamba vakararama panguva yake.

Pashure pokuwa Soviet Union, Zita "guru uye rinotyisa" uye akasiyiwa kukanganwika. Munguva perestroika makore nyaya mumwe murume achibva nyaya kusakundika kushamwari yacho gamba vechimurenga kwapfuura kupinda muchikwata nyaya utsinye matsotsi uye magandanga.

Munyika yanhasi gakava nezvaireva Dzerzhinsky mukufambisira munhau Soviet Union haana kuserera, uye mufananidzo wake anoramba kufuridzira panguva vadetembi nevanyori. Saka panotaurwa Ferikisi inowanikwa mabasa zvisungo akadai "Liapis Trubetskoy" uye "Aquarium".

Nemisha, zita pashure Dzerzhinsky

Pakafa zita F. E. Dzerzhinskogo yakagoverwa dzakasiyana-siyana, maguta nemisha iri siyana dzeSoviet Union. In rukudzo kwaari inonzi Africa, dzinoungana, minda nemapaki, zviyero zvechiuto, mafekitari nezvikepe. Name Iron Felix akanzi mumigwagwa uye zvikoro. Rinozivikanwa mukuru kuchengeteka mukuru anoremekedzwa kushamwaridzana chimurenga uye shamwari yakavimbika uye komuredhi Lenin.

In Russia nhasi kune vanopfuura gumi nevaviri nemisha nezita Dzerzhinsky, uyezve, muna Nizhny Novgorod uye Moscow kumatunhu vane zita iroro reguta Dzerzhinsk uye Dzerzhinsk.

In vaviri vokutanga dzeSoviet - Ukraine uye Belarus - riri iri anenge makumi mana misha siyana nemisha, uyewo mumaguta makuru akawanda, ainzi pashure yakakurumbira echimurenga. Pashure pokuwa kweSoviet Union akanga achitora anoverengeka kuedza rename kana kudzoka yepakutanga mazita nemisha, asi nhaurirano asununguke uye mavhoti shoma haina kuzununguswa.

tsaukana zvinhu

Mukuwedzera mumaguta nemisha, ndicho zita Dzerzhinsky uye zvakasiyana-siyana tsaukana zvinhu. Nokudaro, yakakwirira pamusoro munharaunda Belarus ano runoonekwa kuva kugomo Dzerzhinsky. Uye Pamirs (wemakomo eJudhiya yaiva Central Asia panguva panosangana Tajikistan, China, Afghanistan uye India), pamusoro muhomba Zaalay akadana Dzerzhinsky yepamusoro.

Monuments pamusoro munharaunda Russian Federation

Monuments uye busts rakazvipira kuyeuka mutungamiri mukuru pokuchinja, kune mumaguta akawanda muRussia uye mune dzimwe Kishi nyika. Saka, imwe yakakurumbira shongwe Dzerzhinsky munyaya Volgograd, iyo yakatangwa pakarepo pashure pokufa Feliksa Edmundovicha. Sezvingatarisirwa, muguta, rinonzi riri kukudzwa yokutungamirira, pane shongwe Dzerzhinsky Square. Kunyange pun akatendeuka: Dzerzhinsk musi Dzerzhinsky Dzerzhinsky shongwe dzekuturika mikoko. Samara anewo wake pachake ari Cheka, vakaigadzika kurutivi forecourt kweguta. Mamwe Zvivako uye shongwe dziri muna Izhevsk, Ufa, Donetsk, Barnaul, Astrakhan uye Penza.

Cherechedzai zvinofanira kucherechedzwa Monument, riri muguta Dzerzhinsk. Chokwadi chokuti pane kamwe aivapo mumwe communes, akasika kunyanya vechiduku vasina pokugara. Kuti zvemo kuti masangano dzidzo, vakazochinja vakakwanisa "ikabuda vanhu," uye kupfeka pachavo mari dzavo kutanga, zvino imwe plaster, shongwe yakakurumbira echimurenga. Akamira dzinoparadzirwa muguta pachivara pamberi tsvuku Tauriranai, kamwe aimbova pakuvaka womunharaunda wemamongi. Zvisinei, varinamire - haisi munhu yakasimba chaizvo zvinhu, uye saka kuwa 2004 shongwe pakupedzisira yakadhirika. Ipapo guta kutarisira kwakasarudzwa kudzorera shongwe, asi ikozvino chinoitwa yendarira.

Zvinofadza kuti, mukusiyana kune zvivako chete Lenin, Dzerzhinsky monument muguta ose akasiyana. Kuchinja kwete chete zvipfeko, nzvimbo maoko uye musoro Iron Felix, asi kunyange echimurenga zera yakasiyana. Izvi zvaishamisa nokuti chikoro Soviet chivezwa kuchiitwa zvinogona kukonzerwa kuedza kuratidza unhu hwakasiyana uye nguva Dzerzhinsky upenyu. Handiti, nokuti vagari Volgograd Zheleznyy Feliks - ichi ndicho yakakurumbira Cheka uye NKVD husingafi musoro, uye mune diki yake Dzerzhinsk akarangarira airemekedzwa sezvo huru kumupi, nechokwadi hunofadza uye kumbotamba uduku anoverengeka zana Soviet Communards.

Busts uye zvivako pamusoro munharaunda Kishi nyika

The Zvivako post-veSoviet yokutungamirira ichi ndiponese vamwe. Vazhinji zvivezwa uye busts vave namambo mumwe chete dzakaparara mumakore perestroika okutanga. The kurumidza nako matanho aya vakatorwa, unoita tenda kuti kubviswa shongwe Dzerzhinsky vane fanira kupira kuti zvinokosha yezwi nguva "dzomusango" capitalism.

Pasinei dzakatevedzana nemhirizhonga mune mamwe maguta ichiri akaramba kutaura kuvapo Feliksa Edmundovicha. "Zviyeuchidzo" kwakadaro kunogona kuwanikwa pachena minda nemapaki Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Republic of Transnistria, Kyrgyzstan.

Cherechedza kuti munyika iyi shongwe Dzerzhinsky harumiririri nemagariro ukoshi chero zvikuru. Asi hapana kutsvaka kurasa navo. Handiti achiri chikamu nhoroondo yedu.

The kuparadzwa pakati shongwe Dzerzhinsky muMoscow

Zvino inokosha Monument. Shongwe Dzerzhinsky muMoscow, rakavambwa panguva enhoroondo uye anenge usingaonekwi nzvimbo - Lubyanka Square. Raiva pamberi chivako apo mumakore siyana vaiva nechepakati mahofisi kuchengeteka ehondo, KGB, ivo MGB, NKVD, NKGB uye OGPU. Nhasi, panzvimbo ndiro Russian FSB. The chivezwa akasikwa kuti veboka uye Stalin pachake mirairo uye chirongwa ramangwana Monument akagadzirirwa anozivikanwa panguva nomuvezi Evgeniem Vuchetichem.

The chivezwa rakanga munzvimbo yaro yakakodzera kusvikira muna 1991 kubvuta masimba , kana hasha uye mwoyo vazhinji chaizvoizvo oparadzwa "nomuchinda uye achidzvinyirira" wayo akakodzera nechigadziko. In pave kugara kusawirirana kusina kumukodzera kurwisa kuparadzwa pamusoro shongwe Dzerzhinsky zvaiita kuvaduku zvinetso hurumende itsva. Ane nhamo zvakakwana pasina izvozvo.

Naizvozvo, kana kuparadzwa shongwe Dzerzhinsky kuna Lubyanka Square, shongwe pachake nyore kubviswa uye kune imwe paki nzvimbo. Mushure zvose mufaro chokuita kuchinja kubva gadziriro enyika mumwe, zvikanyarara, zvikazooneka kuti vakawanda chavagari Moscow haafungi toreva monument wenyika yose ruvengo yekare, iro zvikuru kutepfenyurwa paterevhizheni sefa uye "achidira" kubva mumapeji Russian uye Western mapepanhau. Munenge Monument pacharo, uye pamusoro basa unhu munhoroondo pakarepo kukanganwa ...

The mberi njodzi shongwe

Sezvambotaurwa, pashure ose the shongwe Dzerzhinsky musi Lubyanka Square akanga namambo mumwe chete dzakaparara uye takatamira kunzvimbo zvishoma vakakurumbira, dzinova Moscow Art Park. Pane aizofanira kumumisa kusvikira pakuguma kwenguva, asi veruzhinji, "vakakurudzira" shure muna 2013 uye akaita mutsva panyaya. Zvino kuparadzwa pakati shongwe Dzerzhinsky muMoscow zvaiita rinenge kupfuura ufuza neyekusadzidza kuita zvose nguva kuchinja.

The vokuRussia vakasimbirira kuti, pasinei yakakurumbira mutungamiri Soviet, kukanganwa nezvebasa rake munhoroondo nyika hazvibviri. Maererano migumisiro pamafungiro musarudzo kwakaratidza kuti vanenge hafu vagari guru kuti vave waitsigira kuti shongwe Dzerzhinsky muMoscow rakadzorerwa. Pachena zvakadai zvisaitika chirongwa waitsigira anokwana vanenge makumi maviri namapfumbamwe muzana vakabvunzurudzwa, navazhinji kufara kwete yakakodzerwa zvikuru apiwa erection pamusoro shongwe, sezvo mutengo oparesheni ichi.

Zvisinei, kudzoka shongwe Dzerzhinsky achiri wakaitwa muna 2014, kare mushure shongwe akapona kuramba dismantling uye kwazvo gadziridzo. Vozvrasheniya Monument munzvimbo yaro yakakodzera yakanga yakatsaurirwa kuna 137th gore Feliksa Edmundovicha. Saka, nhoroondo kururamisira kukunda, weava aimbova chitarisiko uye Lubyanka Square. Dzerzhinsky Monument shure munzvimbo yaro yakakodzera.

Nyanzvi mafungiro: mavhoti uye pamusoro

Panguva apo Russian Public Opinion Research Centre akaongorora chavagari pamusoro kana vanoda kudzorera shongwe Dzerzhinsky, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu ongorora uye maonero vokuRussia pamusoro unhu imwe echimurenga.

Zvakazozivikanwa kuti vakawanda vakabvunzwa (inenge muzana-manomwe pfumbamwe) nhoroondo uye mabasa Iron Felix vanoshamwaridzana taizova nezvake uye ake nezviito iyi nyaya yakadzokorora mana navanomwe muzana vakabvunzurudzwa. Muchiitiko chino, ose wechitatu Russian akaratidza pfungwa yokuti, pasinei nokusawirirana pamusoro dzakashandiswa, basa vakakurumbira Chekist mukurumbira. Twenty-matanhatu muzana vakabvunzurudzwa vakati kuti shongwe Dzerzhinsky Square kuti, kunyange zvazvo ivo havanzwi pazvinhu munhu uyu chero manzwiro akasimba. Nokupfupikisa zvose pamusoro apa, tinogona kuona kuti vanhu yose ano iri akamisa pachinhu ichi munhau yose kwazvakarerekera positive.

Zvisinei, mushure shongwe Dzerzhinsky musi Lubyanka munzvimbo, uye paiva nyanzvi nepfungwa iyi chimbichimbi kuchinja vavengi.

Saka, somuenzaniso, akaipa mafungiro akataurwa munhu freelance wenhau Konstantin Eggert. Achitenda kuti anokudza vakadaro shongwe Dzerzhinsky haana kukodzera. A akafanana maonero ari akagoverana nevamwe vamiririri panguva vakadzidza. Maererano navo, shongwe, uyewo Lenin kuti Mausoleum musi Red Square - a kakasaririra kare panguva yakaitwa maturo uye zvachose usina kuramba upenyu muRussia ano. Uyezve, vakawanda yakanga risingafadzi kuwanikwa chokwadi chokuti Zvivako kuti vakaurayiwa NKVD udzvanyiriri dzavo mukuru tormentor zvakagadziriswa (kana itangezve) pa zvikamu yakawanda. Izvi "duality", maererano zhinji, iri bordered nokuda Unyengeri hwakadini. Uye hapana chakanaka kuunza vanhu asingagoni.

Ukuwo, vakawanda nenyanzvi, uyo akagamuchira kudzoka shongwe nzvimbo yaro yepakutanga, cherechedza kuti zvakanga zvakakodzera kutanga kuitira vanhu kuti haakanganwi pamusoro nhoroondo yaro uye nhaka yaro. Kuvanda chaiye chokwadi, ivo vanotenda, zvichaita kunongokonzera kudzokorora zvikanganiso zvekare.

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