Pfungwa Science muna Uzivi

Science - rudzi kwevanhu zvishande basa zvainanga kuunganidza uye kukura chinangwa, akakodzera uye ruzivo zvakanyatsorongwa akarongeka pamusoro nyika. Nokufamba basa iri vakaungana chokwadi, pachisara kupatsanura uye zvakare kuongorora maererano dziripo data, ruzivo itsva, hunoita kuti nokufanotaurirwa ramangwana nesayenzi anotsanangura.

Pfungwa nesayenzi zvoruzivo chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha akakwirira. Sayenzi nderei chimiro ruzivo rwenyika. Nokuti chiratidzo kwouzivi wenyika, unofanira kuva imwe pfungwa sayenzi, kuti, sei kuvaka sayenzi inokudziridza kuti iripo, tinogona kutarisira nokuda kwake kubudirira.

Pfungwa iri uzivi sayenzi chinosanganisira ayo tsanangudzo zvinangwa dzematongerwe hwaro (paradigm) pfungwa dzakaoma uye pfungwa chinomiririra sayenzi, etc. Izvi zvinosanganisira matambudziko kwetsika kwesayenzi - hurongwa mitemo iri noukama vanhu mumunda kwesainzi.

Chero dzematongerwe ndiyo cheki Data vakawana empirically kuti chokuita kudyidzana pakati vanhu kana hunhu. Anenge nguva dzose, chokwadi hwakazara zvikanganiso. Kuongorora Pfungwa postulates ose empirical nzira iri nyore.

Pfungwa nesayenzi zvoruzivo Inonzi zvoupenyu basa nevanhu, ane basa chikuru ndiko kutanga kuziva chokwadi iri chinangwa nomutoo. Science ari muchimiro evanhu kuziva. Chinosanganisira mabasa kuunganidza ruzivo idzva, uyewo chaizvo Verengai ruzivo zvose inova hwaro mufananidzo nyika. By sayenzi kunzwisisa vakaparadzana mapazi zivo yesayenzi.

Science System uzivi rakakamurwa evanhu, dzinongoitika, dzavanhu uye michina. It yakatanga shure munyika yekare, asi sezvo hurongwa akatanga kutora chimiro muzana remakore rechi16. Nokufamba ayo kukura, zvava rakakura munzanga masangano zvakafanira vanhu uye anowana pachake basa rake guru zvazvinoita.

Kare dzinounzwa nomumwe zvokukura pakukura muuzivi nesayenzi. Chirango ichi ouzivi vakatanga kuva pamwe positivist nedzidziso. Yaiva nguva yokutanga paiva yaida kudzidza mutauro, pfungwa uye nzira sciences chaiwo. Mumatanho akasiyana-siyana sezvo huru matambudziko ari kudzidza vakanga dzinounzwa zvakasiyana mananara, nyaya dzakasiyana vakanga rakakurukura uye pakanga pasina kubatana iri pfungwa kuti zvinosanganisira pfungwa nesayenzi zvoruzivo.

The positivist Uzivi (zvose muzvikamu zvitatu), chikuru basa muuzivi sayenzi kunzwisisa hunhu yesayenzi yechokwadi zvavo, vakaedza kuziva nechivako yaro, zvinoreva yezivo zvisikwa. Panguva ino, pane dambudziko kukura zivo yesayenzi.

At Zvakazoitwa zvokukura paumbwe muuzivi positivists sayenzi kuwedzera kubva chaiko zviri yesayenzi yechokwadi. dzidziso Kukurukurwa-positivist zvachose chaizvoizvo vaenda metaphysics, nokubva nesayenzi. Neopositivists vakaramba kuvimba empiricism. Vakadzinga kuna muuzivi pfungwa nesayenzi. Postpositivists akaedza kuongorora matambudziko kukura nesayenzi zvinhu "nonscientific" (tsika, zvokunamata, zvemagariro). Panguva iyi, sayenzi atanga kushamwaridzana evanhu kwezvakatipoteredza. Kubvira musi sayenzi akatanga kuvazivi vaizotibata uye dzinonakidza musoro. Dzidziso neopositivists postpositivists uye kuramba kushanda kusvikira panguva ino.

Pane here chinonzi dambudziko muuzivi nesayenzi. Rinoreva kuti dambudziko iri kukura zivo yesayenzi, kudzidzwa chidzoke sayenzi uye ayo kukura pane ose padanho mumagariro kukura. Uzivi sayenzi anotsvaka kuva nhungamiro ouzivi kugadzirisa nyaya idzi. The chikuru dambudziko muuzivi sayenzi chinetso kwakabva zivo yesayenzi pacharo. Kazhinji, zvose matambudziko vakakamurwa muzvikwata zvitatu: chinetso muuzivi nesayenzi, kunobva peculiarities uzivi; matambudziko mukati zvesayenzi; matambudziko nekuita pakati uzivi uye nesayenzi.