Simple categorical syllogism, uye mienzaniso kushandiswa kwayo pakutonga tsika

The pfungwa, sezvamunoziva, rinoumbwa anzverwa, uye mhedziso. Imwe yacho inokosha Dzokuvaka - ari categorical syllogism - ichi mhedziso, rakava nokuda yaanobhadhara, kureva, kuguma anokosha munzvimbo imwe zvayo. It anowana kubva nenharo huru mbiri kana mumapasuru interconnected Generic izwi. Sezvo vakadaro zvikonzero zviviri chete, kuti syllogism anonzi nyore, asi nokuti kuti mumapasuru vanotenderwa (kana kurambwa) panzvimbo categorically, ichi nyore mashoko inonzi categorical. Heuno muenzaniso wakadaro inference nyore. The nharo wekutanga: 'Varume vose vanofa ". Chechipiri nharo: "Ivan - murume." Mhedziso, ndiwo mutongo, naizvozvo, ndizvo: "Ivan - vanofa" Sezvataona, zvakarurama kana zvisiri mumapasuru zvose hakunganzi pano. We kusakoshesa chokwadi kuti upenyu hwevanhu huri nokusingaperi rakapera, uye Ivan ndezvaJehovha rwevanhu.

Muenzaniso uyu vane mwero ndezvipi, tinogona kuona kuti iri nyore categorical syllogism ine yayo marongerwo. Chero inference Predicate (shoko nevamwe Undefined kukosha, kwatiri - inofa venyama) ndiyo nguva dzose kupfuura nyaya (Ivan). Saka mumapasuru ane Predicate anonzi guru, asi uya zvinosanganisira nyaya - diki. Anotsinga nharo idzi izwi nhume M (svikiro) - iyi, vanhu, murume. Saka, muna rokutonga tsika kuongorora kufunga kutanga kuwana nzvimbo mauri uye Predicate yenyaya, uyewo kuvapo murevereri pakati pavo.

In ongororo iyi, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti nyore categorical syllogism anofanira ane axiom kuti jhaana, asi pane: zvose akatendeka kana vachiramba zvose mhando zvinhu ose anoshanda nechimwe chinhu ichi mhando. Naizvozvo, kwakadaro panyaya achava zvakaipa: 1. Vanhu vanova vanababa. 2. Peter - murume. 3. Peter - baba. In muenzaniso uyu, ari axiom pamusoro syllogism haakudzwi nekuti ubaba haisi yakapiwa kuvanhu vose. Naizvozvo, kana kuvaka inferences vanofanira kuomerera zvakasimba nemitemo. Kune chete nomwe: vatatu vavo chokuita okuti, uye mana - mumapasuru.

Ushe rimwe: mumwe nyore categorical syllogism rine mazwi matatu chete. Ose chechina izwi - kamwe. The kuziviswa akasiyana pfungwa kunosanganisira kukanganisa. Somuenzaniso: 1.Sidorov vakaita kuba. 2. Sidorov - pazita. 3. Shoko akaita kuba. Pano Sidorov uye emazita anoreva zvakasiyana. Rule maviri: Izwi Marshal anofanira kuvapo muna musha. Kana kubatana pakati Predicate uye nyaya haagoni iiswe kana zviri unproven, uye syllogism inoramba chokwadi: 1. Vamwe vanhu - vaurayi. 2. Ivan anogona kunzi mumwe murume. 3. Ivan - muurayi. Uye pakupedzisira, mutemo wechitatu. Kana havashandisi izwi iri Predicate nharo, asi aripo ari mhedziso, zvingava zvakaipa syllogism. Mienzaniso kukanganisa kwakadaro kungaratidzwa sezvinotevera: 1. Moscow nharaunda umhondi nyaya. 2. St. Petersburg iri muna Moscow mudunhu. 3. St. Petersburg, kwete umhondi nyaya.

Kuwedzera mashoko mitemo vanofanira kutevera mitemo musha. Pane kumuduku wavo anofanira kutakura mashoko, nekuti chinhu nokuzvisimbisa, tinofanira kubva chinhu vamutye. Kana mumwe nharo kuisa mberi - kuramba, ipapo kuguma anofanira kuva asina kunaka. Uyewo kune nyore categorical syllogism achatorwa nemazvo, runenge rimwe nharo kuisa mberi kunge munhu mukuru zvakaita categorical mutongo. Uye yokupedzisira mutemo kwakavakirwa: kana pane mumwe wavo - private, ipapo kuguma anofanira kuva voga. Somuenzaniso: 1. mhosva anofanira kutsiviwa (zvachose mutongo). 2. Ivanov vakapara mhosva (chaiwo nyaya). 3. Ivanov orangwa.