Internal uye kwokunze maumbirwo tumbuyu

Wekumusoro-siyana kirasi - tumbuyu, ari kwokunze marongerwo uye nhengo dzomukati izvo zvakanaka kudzidza. Nemamwe marudzi arthropods inozivikanwa kugovera muviri migove mitatu: musoro, thorax uye dumbu. Kazhinji, kudzidza kwokunze nemamiriro tupukanana muenzaniso yaMay kovakuoriainen kana hwiza.

exoskeleton

Tupukanana havana zvemukati marangwanda. basa rake riri kuitwa yakasimba gobvu pose muviri - the cuticle. Hazvina wokudzivirira uye kutsigira basa, anosika kuti keji ine mhando.

To batanidza exoskeleton tsandanyama, uye ayo pamusoro anoumba chipingamupinyi rwaiparadzanisa muviri mhango kubva zvakatipoteredza. The cuticle inogona zvakaoma kana akapfava, akavapindurawo deko. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, mumusoro uye muchipfuva nemitsipa cuticle, pamusoro mudumbu - nyoro.

The mazana yokuwedzera kukuru kuva anonzwisisa, tensile cuticle. Vanogona Molt kanoverengeka, nokukanda yekare nevamwe. Dzimwe nhengo mumuviri Tupukanana inogona mberi kudzivirirwa ndiro uye nhoo.

musoro

The kwokunze nemamiriro tupukanana vanotanga kudzidza kubva pamusoro wake. Pakutanga zvinoita sokuti musoro iri rakabatana rose, asi evolutionarily rakanga inoumbwa kwemapazi 5 zvikamu.

Zvayaiva mumusoro tunonzwa uye zvitatu yegwara mouthparts maoko nemakumbo. Vari rakakamurwa rokumusoro, yakaderera shaya uchingodzikira muromo (peya fused shaya). Mouthparts Mbabvu dzakasiyana tumbuyu zvakasiyana uye akakamurwa mhando dzakawanda zvichienderana nemhando zvokudya:

• kusurukirwa sezvo ainge ava zvokudya zvikukutu, akadai dzinodya dzimwe dzinosiya zvipembenene;
• kuboora-yakayamwa, kana uchida kubaya zvokudya substrate, pane umhutu, notupukanana, cicadas;
• tubular-yakayamwa kana kuboora isina zvaida, kufanana kungozvifunga;
• licking-kusurukirwa sezvo ainge ava kuti mvura zvokudya nyuchi, wasps;
• muskoidnye zvokudya mvura uye chikafu yakasimba nenhunzi.

Kumativi musoro vanosarudzirwa remubatanidzwa meso, uye pakati pameso nyore munhu zvitatu. Pamberi angu - the tunonzwa, iyo vari rakakamurwa marudzi anoverengeka.

zamu

Tinoramba kuongorora zvokunze maumbirwo nezvipembenene. Zvipembenene mazamu inogona kukamurwa mikuru zvikamu zvitatu, izvo aunonyanya kunotonyanya diki. Pazasi pechipfuva prichleneny netsoka. Trochanter uye bheseni Mbabvu zvinopa mufambo. Chidya - chikuru uye simba kupfuura chikamu gumbo, akashongedzerwa pamwe simba tsandanyama.

Atevera ibvi uchingodzikira gumbo, iro anopiwa pamwe Spurs uye yakatesvera panyanga dzacho. Foot pacharo rakakamurwa akawanda zvikamu zviduku, riri pamusoro nenzara uye suckers. Mamiriro Akaita kwokunze maumbirwo tumbuyu kuvimba mhando. Makumbo anogona kunge kushandiswa uye vari rakakamurwa mhando.

mapapiro

External mamiriro rezvipembenene dzinonakidza kudzidza nokuti kusiyana kwemarudzi. Mapapiro kungozvifunga uye mosikito vakasiyana nechitarisiko, asi vane zvakafanana yakarongeka. Kazhinji, majoko maviri mapapiro, vari protuberances dzinongoda pamusoro backrest. Zvinosanganisira mutete chaizvo matete yakasimbiswa omarara mutsinga.

Pano maumbirwo mumuviri Tupukanana kuti kunobva mararamiro. Chokuita Implementation ari akasiyana-siyana, namapapiro kunge inini dzinoverengeka kuchinja. In Diptera tinoshandurirwa halteres zveshure mapapiro vane strepsiptera - mberi. Zhukov mberi mapapiro kunge wakashanduka-shanduka kupinda elytra, mantises uye mapete vave Rakaunyana uye zvichingodaro. D. In mamwe marudzi zvipembenene mapapiro hatisi mune imwe pabonde kana zvakazara zvose vanhu.

hutsadumbu

Kugumisa kudzidza kwokunze maumbirwo zvipembenene dumbu. Chikamu ichi rine muzvizhinji ine dzakafanana zvikamu, yemanyorero gumi. Pana 8 uye chidimbu 9 vanosarudzirwa nhengo dzokubereka nadzo uye mawindo. Mudumbu riri anenge zvose zvomukati.

Mbabvu pamusoro dumbu hakusi, asi mazana makumbo venhema inogona iri ikoko. The posterior zvikamu riri copulatory nhengo mu vanhurume, nhunzvi ovipositor uye horo. Table "External maumbirwo Tupukanana" kubatsira nani kunzwisisa maumbirwo vamiririri ava mhuka nyika.

Respiratoria uye kweropa hurongwa

External uye munyika maumbirwo tupukanana kunobva mararamiro kuti vatungamirire. The kufema hurongwa kuchibva trachea, ivo akazara muviri wose. Dzinondishamisira spiracles kuti waidzora chekubuda mhepo. In tumbuyu, mhepo-kufema, kufema yakazaruka hurongwa. In mvura zvinonzi akavharwa, hapana spiracles. The mazana muri gills.

Air anopinda kuburikidza mawindo uye chinopinda mumba spiracles trachea entangle nhengo dzomukati. Trachea vanodimbura tracheal masero mapazi uye tracheoles, mativi ayo kupinda munzvimbo masero.

Hemolymph haabatanidzwi muna gasi Exchange, basa iri kuteererwa trachea. Hemolymph iri pumped nomukombiyuta mwoyo, riri pamusoro musana. Zvinoita sokuti tsandanyama muviri chubhu.

Hemolymph anopinda chubhu nepakaburi uye kunoita nenzira kubva mudumbu kusvikira musoro. Panguva imwe mugumo hemolymph vakasununguka runoyerera zvakananga kupinda mumuviri mhango uye Achiputira kumativi zvomukati, rokunyorovesa navo zvakakodzera zvinhu.

Zvomudumbu uye excretory nehurongwa

Tinoenda kudzidzwa kwokunze maumbirwo zvipembenene dzavo nhengo dzomukati. The zvomudumbu Hurongwa anotanga nemumuromo mhango, apo kubuda ducts ari mate mumasero. Mate rine makemikari kuti kugaya zvokudya. Izvi zvinoteverwa yegurokuro, chirimwa, dumbu. The ura iri muzvikamu zvitatu achishandisa mavharuvhu maviri uye inoguma kuti horo. Mune mamwe marudzi ari zvomudumbu ezvinhu vakura haina dzakabudirira. Somuenzaniso, hapana mayflies shaya, ura ipfupi. Vanorarama mazuva mashoma uye haana kudya.

Excretory nhengo mu tumbuyu aimiririra Malpighian tubules uye hindgut. Malpighian tubules - kumicheto riri pakati nepakati uye hindgut. Tsvina vari yakasvinwa mudziyo masvingo uye akaratidza muna hindgut.

Kwemakemikari anobudiswa uye dzokubereka nehurongwa

Kwemakemikari anobudiswa nhengo secrete mahormone kupinda hemolymph yokudzora vasiri pezvakaitwa akadai muviri, kubereka, uye maitiro unto.
Tupukanana - dioecious mhuka. Dzokubereka nadzo zvinosanganisira hono mbiri testes, vas deferens uye ejaculatory mutsinga dzinofamba nemukaka. Female dzokubereka nadzo chinomirirwa ovaries uye oviduct.

Panguva iyo boka richitora mazamu urume anopinda munhukadzi seminal mudziyo uye kuchengetwa ikoko. Kuberekesana hunogara kusvika mazuva akawanda, zvikuru zvirimwa pakarepo siya. Panguva kuisa mazai vari nourume ne dzisingaoneki uye lubricated. Kupedzerwa kubereka vose hondo muviri, saka sheche kana vari kushingaira zvokudya, kana kufa.

Tsinga uye pfungwa nhengo

Tsinga rezvipembenene ane kunzwisisa maumbirwo. It rinoumbwa Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu. The tsinga Sero zvinogona kupatsanurwa muviri, dendrites uye axon. Kuburikidza masero dendritic vanogamuchira anonongedzera, uye kupanana ruzivo vachishandisa axon.

The nechepakati tsinga kuchibva supra-oesophageal ganglion uye abdominal cheni, chine ganglia. masangano aya kuongorora mabasa zvomukati zvose uye nyama. The peripheral Hurongwa - gwenya uye kutsinga dzinouya tsinga kuti kubatanidza CNS kune mapazi uye munyama. The autonomic Hurongwa ine nomumwe ganglia iyo inodzora kushanda zvomukati.

Kuburikidza nepfungwa ruzivo anopinda tsinga.

Chiratidzo vakapa faceted meso, maziso nyore shoma kana maziso larval.

yawakanzwa anogona iri dzakasiyana-siyana dzomuviri. Ivo vanomirirwa vibroretseptorami patsoka pano rezvipembenene kuti kunzwa vibration yacho substrate. Ruzha kuburikidza nemvura uye mhepo anonzwisiswa fonoretseptorami uye Diptera dzonzwa Via dzhonstonovyh mitumbi. tympanal ndivo kwazvo nhengo pakunzwa.

Masangano manakiro akaronga pamusoro makumbo, mudumbu uye nemumuromo mhango. Tactile nhengo iri yose yomuviri. Olfactory nhengo - pamusoro tunonzwa.

Internal uye kwokunze nemamiriro tupukanana kunogona chaizvo yakasiyana siyana kwemarudzi. It zvinoenderana mararamiro uye mhando yezvokudya. Table "External maumbirwo Tupukanana", iro rinowanikwa kwokutanga munyaya ino, ichakubatsira systematize kuti awana zivo.