Venyoka: kuti marangwanda ari goroondo pamwe nemashoko anotsanangura uye mapikicha

Nyoka - mhuka ane refu, yakamanikana uye tigone kushanduka muviri. Havana makumbo, tsoka, maoko, mapapiro kana zvimbi. Kune chete musoro, mutumbi uye muswe. Asi pane nyoka marangwanda? Ngationei nemamiriro muviri nezvinokambaira izvi.

kunyanya venyoka

Nyoka ndezvaJehovha mukirasi nezvinokambaira, scaly kukupfura. Vachagara munyika yose kunze Antarctica, New Zealand, Ireland, uye zvimwe zvitsuwa Pacific. Havasi rinowanikwawo kweArctic Circle, uye vanosarudza inodziya dzinopisa. Anogara mhuka idzi vari mumvura, gwenga, pemakomo uye masango batana.

Muviri nyoka rwakatambanudzwa uye zvichienderana mhando imwe urefu kubva masendimita mashomanana kusvika 7-8 mamita. ganda ravo wakafukidzwa zviyero, chimiro uye urongwa izvo siyana uye riri yakananga hunhu.

Havana chinjwa kukotsira, wokunze uye pakati nzeve. Vanonzwa zvakaipa, asi zvakakwana kusiyanisa vibration. muviri wavo zvikuru tisanzwe vibrations, uye sezvo kakawanda iri zvakananga vachionana pasi, nemhuka kuonesesa kunyange zviduku kuzununguka kwenyika nechepasi.

Vision zvakanaka dzakabudirira kwete nyoka dzose. Zvakafanira kwavari kunonyanya kuti kusiyanisa rakaramba. Kupfuura zvose vanoona vamiririri mhando mupenyu pachivande. Ziva zvakatapwa venyoka kubatsira anokosha receptors kudziyisa zvaakaratidzwa. Ivo dziri pamberi pavo pasi meso (kubva pythons, nyoka) kana pasi wemhino.

Une nyoka marangwanda?

The nyoka ndivo nezvikara. Zvokudya zvavo siyana chaizvo: zviduku nemakonzo, shiri, mazai, tumbuyu, amphibians, hove, crustaceans. nyoka Large anogona kuruma kunyange ingwe kana zvikara musii. ivo zvakatapwa vanowanzotevedzera kumedza chose, kudhonza pamusoro payo sezvinoita stocking. Zvingaita kuti havana zvachose hapana mapfupa, uye muviri rinoumbwa dzimwe tsandanyama.

Kuti tinzwisise kuti nyoka marangwanda, zvakakwana kufadza kupatsanura yavo. In zvipenyu, vari zvakanaka makasimba vertebrates, uye nokudaro, chinenge chikamu chino marangwanda zvavanopa. Pamwe chete dzvinyu, iguanas, nenjiva, makarwe inesungano zvinokambaira (zvinokambaira) achitora chinhu zvenguva pakati amphibians uye shiri.

Nyoka marangwanda mamiriro ane zvimwe zvakafanana, asi nenzira dzakawanda dzakasiyana nevamwe veboka. Kusiyana amphibians, nezvinokambaira nomuzongoza mashanu (remuromo, truncal, lumbar, sacral uye caudal).

Remuromo nomuzongoza chinosanganisira vertebrae 7-10 removably hwakabatana, zvichiita kwete chete kumutsa uye yakaderera, asi kuti kutendeuka musoro wake. In hunde kazhinji 16-25 vertebrae, mumwe nomumwe wavo wanamatira mbiri mbabvu. Caudal vertebrae (40) vari kuderedzwa kukura kusvika muromo muswe.

Skull nezvinokambaira nemitsipa uye vanachandagwinyira pane vaya amphibians. Its axial uye visceral madhipatimendi nedzevakuru vari fused. Vazhinji vamiririri vane sternum, chiuno uye makumbo maviri bhandi.

The marangwanda munhu nyoka ine nemashoko anotsanangura

The chikuru chepfungwa nyoka ndiyo kushaya mberi uye makumbo hadzi. Vanotanga zvokukambaira pasi, kuvimba zvachose pamusoro muviri wose. zvokuvamba maoko nemakumbo muchimiro nhungirwa duku varipo marongerwo dzimwe mhando, dzakadai pythons uye boas.

Vamwe nyoka marangwanda kuchibva dehenya, hunde, muswe uye zvimbi. mutumbi dhipatimendi unoratidzwa zvikuru uye rine "mashoko" zhinji kupfuura mamwe nezvinokambaira. Saka, vari pakati 140 kusvika 450 vertebrae. Vane interconnected nemarunda uye dzinoumba zvikuru anonzwisisa mamiriro iyo rinobvumira mhuka kuti hwakakungwa kwose kwose.

The marangwanda ari nyoka iri zvachose vasipo sternum. Kubva vertebra nomumwe kumativi maviri mbabvu riwedzere, izvo zvisina interconnected. Izvi zvinobvumira kanoverengeka kuwedzera vhoriyamu muviri kana anwa zvokudya makuru.

The vertebrae uye mbabvu chokuita ne kwakavharwa nenyama tsandanyama achibatsirwa iyo nyoka anogona kunyange kusimudza muviri vertically. In yepazasi chikamu hunde rumbabvu dhipatimendi zvishoma kutapudzwa, uye muswe chikamu hatisi zvachose.

dehenya

All nyoka mapfupa cranium chokuita flexibly. Sochlenovaya, naduglovaya uye chisina kutsetseka mandibular mapfupa fused kune mumwe, chokuita kuti chinjwa chikwesheso mapfupa muhudyu. Rezasi shaya ndee pamusoro boka vaikwanisa zvakasimba ruoko kuti ingestion mhuka huru.

Tiine chinangwa chete rezasi rushaya pachayo ine mapfupa maviri izvo chokuita mumwe chete shwashwa, asi kwete pfupa. Mukuita okuwana kudya, nyoka unotii rave kurudyi mativi, kungoita zvokudya mukati.

nyoka dehenya ane akasiyana marongerwo. Kana pakuonekwa musana uye mbabvu runowanzoitika yose suborder, kuti dehenya pachena peculiarities imwe mhando. Somuenzaniso, marangwanda ari rattlesnake musoro rine mativi ari chimiro. In Shato musoro iri elongated denderedzwa serin'i uye zvishoma flattened, uye mapfupa zvimwe zvikuru kudarika rattlesnake.

mazino

Meno uyewo kuzivikanwa mhando kana genus. chimiro chavo uye nhamba kunoenderana nzira upenyu hwemhuka. Nyoka havafaniri kutsenga uye kuzoruma, kubatwa uye kuchengeta nezvavakatapa.

Food Mhuka medza, haugari kumirira rufu kwake. The wacho haana vakaputsa, meno ari shaya nyoka anoiswa pa necheparutivi uye tinotungamirirwa nechomukati. mashandiro ichi chakafanana chiredzo kubata hove uye ambotirega zvakasimba ndokuchera kugadzirwa.

Mazino leptophis, chenjera uye akakamurwa mhando nhatu: constrictor kana kuramba, chemarata, kana grooved, negomba, kana tubular. Wokutanga varipo, sezvinoita mutemo, asiri muchetura mhuka. Vane pfupi uye vakawanda. Yokumusoro shaya vanosarudzirwa akaita misara miviri, uye nechepasi - mune imwe.

Grooved mazino iri panoperera yokumusoro shaya. Ndivo kwenguva uye akapa chaiparira mawindo kuburikidza iyo muchetura unouya. Vakaita chaizvo sezvinoita tubular mazino. Vanofanirawo baya jekiseni uturu. Vari wakaiswa (kugara nzvimbo) kana erectile (vakatama kubva paburi apo shaya ngozi).

muchetura venyoka

A vazhinji chenyoka - muchetura. Kwakadaro ngozi chokushandisa a, vanoda kunyange pakudzivirira sezvo kuvakanganise akuvara. Kazhinji mbiri refu zino chepfu akanyatsosiyanisa ari shaya, asi vamwe zvamarudzi vavo zvakavigwa muromo udzamu.

Uturu iri zvinoberekwa anokosha omumuviri, izvo riri patemberi. Kuburikidza pakuparadzira chokuita negomba mazino kana reliefs uye kusashanda panguva yakakodzera. Kubvisa "rumborera" ayo zvinogona nomumwe nhengo rattlesnakes uye semvumbi.

Zvikuru ngozi vanhu vane nyoka Taipan mhando. Ivo akaparadzirwa Australia uye New Guinea. kuti mushonga asati awanikwa, rufu mwero uturu yavo yaiitwa muna 90% nyaya.