Panspermia - ndiko pfungwa pamusoro nechitarisiko upenyu Panyika. uchapupu panspermia

Pakati dzidziso pamusoro kwakabva upenyu Panyika panspermia pfungwa chinobatanidza nzvimbo inokosha. Pfungwa iyi zvikuru zvekumwe. Rinotaura kuti upenyu pasi redu ane yepasi pose hunhu. Tuvana ayo vakauya panyika nemumwe muviri yokudenga (semuenzaniso kometi) kana mutorwa chikepe. Panspermia - ndicho pfungwa, chimiro iyo chokuita nezita muzivi yekare Aristotle. Vanotsigira dzidziso kwave aigara XVII-XVIII emakore. Gotfrid Leybnits. Zvisinei, chete pakutanga ari XX remakore panspermia rakaguma kuva nokufunga kwouzivi uye akawana yakasiyana pfungwa uye yokutevedzera.

nemwaranzi panspermia

Muna 1908, musayendisiti Swedish Svante Arrhenius akaisa mberi pfungwa, rinonzi panspermia nezvedzidziso nemwaranzi. The yefizikisi hwaratidza kuti kwemabhakitiriya spores vaiva vokutanga munyika mushure yokutama kubva kure makona zvakasikwa. Chikonzero ichi "kutama" Arrhenius akanzwa kumanikidzwa chezuva (chiedza kana zvimwe nyeredzi huru).

Izvi panspermia pfungwa ane vatsigiri vakawanda. The ungangotarisa upenyu yemadzitateguru, masayendisiti izvi dana Venus, apo kupisa nemishonga mabhakitiriya anogona kuwana Pasi panguva apo nyika mbiri vaiva kunonyanyisa chinhambwe kubva mumwe.

Factor chiedza nevezera

Kuvapo chiedza kumanikidzwa pamberi Arrhenius akaratidza experimentally Russian yefizikisi Pyotr Lebedev. Uyezve, zvave vakaongorora matambudziko Fani iyi pamusoro Lycopodium spores (Lycopodium). Panyaya iyi, muna XIX remakore, dzidziso panspermia chakatsigirwa Ferdinand Cohn, Justo of Liebig, Germanom Gelmgoltsem, uye mamwe masayendisiti inozvikudza nguva yake.

Zvisinei, muzana remakore XX, pfungwa iyi yave vanotsigira nevatsvakurudzi siyana dzakawanda. Pakati pavo paiva Iosif Shklovsky, Carl Sagan nevamwe. Vanopikisa vanoramba uchapupu panspermia, pamusoro nhandare kuti kwenguva nzvimbo vaitamira kuita pasina rokuparadza nharo nemwaranzi dose.

nzvimbo vashanyi

Mune generalized chimiro dzidziso panspermia inoti kuti Vacuum, izvo zvinogona kufamba refu uchagarireiko utachiona, haafaniri kuvhiringidza upenyu hwavo, sezvo tembiricha panguva zvikuru pasi, masero muchando (yakaturikwa kuchangamuka). Tichingotarisa vaeni vakadaro 'muka "Pakarepo shure kwake nokusvika kuna Earth, apo yakatanga hwomutambarakede nokuvonga okunze kuti masanga ezvinhu akawanda.

The apa pfungwa kunge akaramba nenyanzvi ano. Studies murabhoritari zvakaratidza kuti Vacuum nzvimbo sero kungoti rinoputika nokuda kwemvura superfast pachake mvura. Nemhaka yeizvi muitiro wacho tusingaoneki vanoparadzwa nokutaurisa zvemukati kumanikidzwa. Ndiro huru nharo nenyanzvi vanodavira kuti mwaranzi panspermia - ingano.

Litopanspermiya

Rumwe rudzi panspermia - litopanspermiya. Muvambi dzidziso Melvin Calvin vaidavira kuti kutanga upenyu kuwana panyika, pamwe meteorite. Kusvikira zvino, pfungwa panspermia asina kutsigirwa runoenzanirana inivhoyisi.

Pasi pakunyatsomuziva duku vakasara zvinopiswa meteorites mumhepo. zvinhu zvakadai akadzidza akasiyana-siyana masayendisiti, asi hapana munhu achiri kukwanisa kuwana kana maari anotaura kuti upenyu. Masayendisiti chete vamwe wakaiswa chaivo zvinhu (semuenzaniso mafuta acids uye amino acids).

kometi pfungwa

Chimwe pfungwa pamusoro nechitarisiko upenyu Panyika, chokuita panspermia, anonzi kometi yokuti anoratidzwa mubhuku Freda Hoyla "gore mupenyu". Mubhuku rino, munyori aedza kuratidza kuti chinhanho dzavo pfungwa muenzaniso munyika utachiona matenda (kusanganisira muenzaniso yeSpain mangwanani XX remakore). Hoyle akataura kuti chirwere gobvu kwakadaro (Denda) inogona kutsanangurwa nenzira dzavo cometary mavambo. Saizvozvo sezvo nemavhairasi, Earth aigona kuwana upenyu, munyori anoti.

Vane nharo dzavo uye vavengi dzidziso cometary mavambo kwemabhakitiriya. virologists Most vanobvuma kuti, somuenzaniso, chikosoro dambudziko iri Hong Kong panguva 1968-1969. zvikuru musoro anotsanangura kupararira chirwere pamunhu nomunhu wayo shanduka mukurwisa dziviriro yezvirwere mumuviri, pane pfungwa dzake yepasi pose midzi. Uyezve, litopansermiya - a pfungwa isingagoni kutsanangurwa se meteor pamwe kwemabhakitiriya apinda zuva nenyika dzinotenderera pariri neimwe nyeredzi gadziriro, apo, zvichida, pane zviratidzo upenyu.

akatungamirira panspermia

Muna 1970-ies. Munharaunda sayenzi pane imwe ushingi dzidziso kwakabva upenyu Panyika - rinotungamirirwa panspermia. pfungwa iyi vaisazova kana kwete nokuti ipapo-akakurumbira dingindira extraterrestrial njere. Kana uchitenda rinotungamirirwa panspermia, mbeu upenyu chokutanga akazviratidza Pasi panguva behest womumwe nebudiriro, huripo kumwe mukudzika nzvimbo. Zvichida spores uye mabhakitiriya yakatumwa unokosha muchina, uye anozviita zvose nokuda pakusikwa nyuchi kana ari kuedza nesayenzi.

Vatsigiri pfungwa rinotungamirirwa panspermia sezvo ayo uchapupu tinoyeuchidzwa kuti zvose pano zvinenge zviri nechivako dzavo chisingawanzoitika pasi redu nesimbi, kusanganisira molybdenum. Chimwe chikonzero iri hunhu majini remitemo. Kwakatangira Fani iyi haisi aizvinzwisisa. Nemhaka mavara akawanda chena kuoneka kupfuura hakungagoni zvekungofungira, zvikurukuru pfungwa pamusoro rinotungamirirwa panspermia. vanyori varo vanofunga kuti zvose zvinenge pano vakabva mumwe kuzitateguru (microorganism), akazviratidza kuonga pano kune extraterrestrial budiriro. Zvichakadai, pachine hapana hapana uchapupu hwakajeka nokuvapo vatorwa uye kushanya kwavo Earth.

yepasi pose guruva

Imwe pfungwa panspermicheskaya mamota pasi kubvuma kuti nyika yakaumbwa ichibva yepasi pose muguruva, iyo yakanga iri utachiona zvoupenyu. Muchiitiko chino, mabhakitiriya chaizorarama chete tiine tembiricha mudanga iri pasi idzva. Zvisinei, tsvakurudzo masayendisiti dzakaratidza kuti mukutanga zvokukura ivepo, Pasi aiva dzvuku-inopisa bhora, izvo akaramba atonhodze pamusoro mamiriyoni akawanda emakore.

Asi yepasi pose guruva sezvinoita mutakuri upenyu aigona kuwana pasi redu zvikuru gare gare. Ichi chimwe pfungwa, izvo proposes panspermia. Muchidimbu, zvekungofungira ava untenable kuti 1970. Iye akaratidza kusanganisira musayendisiti Soviet Lev Mukhin. Chero kunzwisisa Organic yeimwe pamberi kuoneka munyika, inofanira kukurira mhepo paNyika, uko vari combusted pamwe meteorites uye nedzimwe nzvimbo zvinhu.

"Live" kunonaya

Recent nharo nezvokuva upenyu panyika vakatanga nzvimbo muna 2001, apo Indian kworuwa akanga akasiyana nemamwe dzvuku mvura. The exclusivity iyi rwokuzvarwa chakajairika haana chisingatarisirwi chete chikukutu. Vakaona akashuma mvura kuti kunonaya vasati vakapupurira madutu zvinoshamisa uye simba chiedza hadzitani.

Chiitiko dzvuku mvura yave Akakwezva masayendisiti uye amateurs kubva rose. Uyezve ongororo dzakaratidza kuti chikonzero yechokwadi tyisa ruvara simbi nezvimedu vakanga varipo mumvura iri muchimiro slurry. Vanopara nezvekufadza vaiva kusawirirana. Nokuti vatsigiri panspermia chokwadi ichi chimwezve nharo vachida pfungwa yacho yepasi pose kwakabva upenyu panyika.

wokutanga mvura kwakadaro kubva spores, izvo vasati panyika kumbova akakwanisa kuenda ikoko pamusoro Pasi mabhiriyoni emakore akapfuura? Nyanzvi Most akadudzira zviitiko muIndia zvakadaro. Masayendisiti akawana kuti spores dzakawira pamwe tsvuku mvura, vaiva epiphytes - miti nevakawanda pfungwa kukura kwese muchikamu ichi munyika. Saka, precipitations vaiva Episode chete riparadzirwe Organic zvinhu zvakasikwa. Kunyange zvakadaro, ndataura tsvuku mvura Kerala akaratidza sei zvokufungidzira zvingaitika Colonisation hwepasi upenyu.

The Search mberi

To musi, hapana uye asingagoni kuwana uchapupu upenyu mhiri Earth (kusanganisira meteoritic nyaya vasiyana rechitatu nyika yose nenyika dzinotenderera pariri kubva muchadenga). Nguva nenguva, zvinobudisa kuzviratidza shamisa mashoko pamusoro Zvakawanikwa akadaro, asi Chokwadi ndicho chakaipa kududzirwa chokwadi kana chiziva nhema. Kazhinji, nokuti muviri atore inorganic yeimwe akafanana kwemabhakitiriya. Kuwedzera, akawira pasi, yepasi pose nyaya "yakasvibiswa" yepasi upenyu, mamwe Inovhiringidza aiona.

Zvikonzero zvose izvi zvinoratidza kuti panspermia - a dubious pfungwa, izvo haana umbowo. Zvisinei, kusava nechokwadi chesayenzi haana kudzivisa kuchikosha nhamba iyi vachiri kutsvaka zvikonzero kutsigira kwakadaro dzidziso.