Ecological niche: mienzaniso uye nenheyo

Zvipenyu kugadzirisa akasiyana siyana zvipenyu, kubva cyanobacteria kune nzou. Zviri pachena kuti mamiriro ezvinhu panguva iyoyowo kunge zvakanaka kuva akasiyana. nzira dzokudzidza zvinhu zvakasiyana. Zvinobvira sei kuongorora dzakadaro mananara? Zvinoita kuziva mapatani kudaro? Hongu, pane nhumbi chaiyo nezvesayenzi, iro kunobva pfungwa "zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza niche." Chero hurukuro indasitiri sayenzi kubata pfungwa iyi. Saka, tinotarisa chii.

Izwi akanga aronga kare, ari 20s remakore rechi20. Akauya naye aiva mumiriri inoshanda rudzi - American John Grinell. In kunzwisisa kwake "zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza niche" - Ndivo ezvinhu kuti chakaipa dzinogarisana ane rudzi. Asi Charles Alton, mumwe Briton, akagadzira izvozvo, kunyatsovatsanangurira zvakasiyana. Akati kuti niche - ukama nezvokudya uye ukama dzinongoitika vavengi. Pane akasiyana nzira mbiri kuna tsananguro. Muchiitiko chokutanga, rinoreva "kero" (kwaanogara), rechipiri - "basa" (zvaakanga achiita munharaunda). Asi mhando mbiri dzakasiyana vangava basa rakafanana munzvimbo dzakasiyana. Somuenzaniso, muna Russia guru herbivorous - Stony, Africa - zvayo, Australia - kangaroos.

Vanhu vokuAmerica vakanga vasina kukwana zvakadaro rakafara tsanangudzo "zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza niche." Saka, muna 50s musayendisiti kubva State, Dzhordzh Hatchinson, akaita Multi-dimensional womuenzaniso. Shoko rokuti, iye zvinganaka funga zvizere-siyana kwezvakatipoteredza zvinhu, izvo ndimo akatarira. Uyezve, kwenguva yakareba. Uye nguva dzose panguva imwe chete dzinoita. Tora muenzaniso yemiti. Ngatitii kuti tinoziva kuti pane okumusoro tembiricha nemiganhu mukati izvo wakapiwa rudzi angararama kunzwa zvakanaka. Data izvi zvinogona achimiririrwa batanidza maitiro umo mumwe namasanhu zvinogona vambomira tembiricha. A akabatana wechipiri unyoro-wechitatu Somuenzaniso, uwandu muviri. Somugumisiro, purogiramu vachava-dimensional matatu zvitarisiko, zvakadai mabhokisi.

Hutchinson vachishandisa muenzaniso uyu kuenzaniswa niches akasiyana kwemarudzi ezvinhu zvipenyu. Fungidzira mashomanana mabhokisi aya muchadenga. Izvi zvinobvumira kuti varatidze vamwe ukama mhuka muchadenga uye makwikwi zvokudya. Animal Kazhinji kushandisa anotevera zviratidzi pamusoro namasanhu: yacho spatial urongwa, zvokudya uye seasonality.

Dzimwe dziri omnivorous uye vanogara munzvimbo dzakasiyana, uye vamwe kushandisa chikafu monotonous uye kurarama mumamiriro ezvinhu zvachose kunorondedzerwa. The zvakawanda chikafu zvokusarudza, kunyanya pamusoro kupfuura "niche upamhi" vanoti vanoona. Somuenzaniso, ari koala anoda chete mashizha Eucalyptus emiti (uye kunyange ipapo kwete mhando dzose), uye opossums kudya dzinenge chinhu. Zvinokufadzai apo yakafara zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza niche? Kudivi rimwe, hongu, nokuti kunoita kuti ajairane dzezvakatipoteredza kuchinja. Asi kana kwezvakatipoteredza akatsiga, mamiriro acho ezvinhu nani. kuti baya jekiseni imwe mhando nemhando zvokudya. Mukuwedzera, akasiyana-siyana rudo kazhinji vanokwanisa kubereka zvishoma zvokudya kupfuura "yakamanikana unyanzvi".

Vakawanda mhando zvakafanana niches kukwikwidzana dzinotyisa zvokudya. Naizvozvo, anenge asina mhando mbiri dzakafanana niches imwe miganhu munharaunda haasi mupenyu, munhu vaizongoguma kutsiva wechipiri. Zvakaonekwa experimentally kune masayendisiti kubva kuRussia, Gause. Zvakaratidza kuti muganhu munharaunda herbivores kudya miriwo zvakasiyana. A siyana zvikara - chayabata pamusoro havasi mhando chete vasina.

niche bindepinde kakawanda, asi zvokudya zvinenge zvinofanira kuva zvakasiyana. Chokwadi, nokuti zvinoitika kushanda niche munharaunda mune zvimwewo vanofanira bindepinde, asi nguva dzose tinofanira kuva nzvimbo kuchinja, zvikasadaro pfungwa kwakaoma zvisingaiti kurarama.

Human zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza niche - kupfuura zvakawanda uye nzwisisika. Unofanira kutarisira kuti pedyo nesu Aivawo nzvimbo kuvapo mamwe marudzi. Nature haashiviriri kuregeredzwa.