Ndekupi kuLapland Reserve. Lapland Biosphere Reserve

Wati wambonzwa nezvenyika inoshamisa yeLapland? Zvechokwadi, hongu! Zvisinei, havasi vose vanoziva nezvekuvapo kweLapland Reserve. Chii chaanozivikanwa nacho? Rinorongwa sei? Muchikamu chino tichaedza kupindura mibvunzo iyi nemimwe yakawanda inobatana nenzvimbo ino inoshamisa.

Chokutanga, tsvaga kuti Lapland Reserve iripi. Inowanikwa kuchamhembe, mu Murmansk. Anenge ava nemakore zana nemakore, uye kunze kwekugara kweSanta Claus pane zvakawanda zvinonakidza kune vese vatashanyi nevasayendisiti. Nharaunda yedunhu rekuchengetedzwa inoshamisa nekukura kwayo - inodarika 278.435 hectares, 8,574 inoshandiswa nemvura munzvimbo yemakungwa nenzizi. Nemhaka yehukuru iyi, Lapland Reserve ndiyo imwe yenyika huru muEurope.

Nhoroondo

Iyi nzvimbo yakachengetedzwa yakasikwa nechisarudzo cheLeningrad Oblast Executive Committee munaJanuary 1930. Panguva iyoyo, nharaunda yeKola Peninsula yaiva yekomiti yedare reLeningrad Region. Kwemakore makumi maviri iyo yakachengetwa yakanga iri yemvura yakasimwa yemvura, asi yakavharwa kwenguva isingagumi muna 1951. Nenzira yakanaka, iyi mamiriro acho akagadziriswa nokukurumidza, mumakore mashanu iyo Reserve Laplandsky yakavhurwa zvakare, yakanyoreswa, uye yakagamuchira mamiriro ehurumende.

Izvo zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti miganhu ye "Lapland" yakachinja nguva nenguva, uye kazhinji ichienda kunopera. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekugadzirwa kwemaminerari muhafu yepiri yezana remakore rapfuura munzvimbo dzeMonchetundra. Pasinei neizvi, muna 1983 nzvimbo yakachengetwa yakabatanidzwa nenharaunda inofadza zvikuru kumavirazuva (129 577 hectares). Yakanga yakaenzana ne100% ye nzvimbo yepakutanga. Iyi nyika yakagoverwa nehurumende "Lapland" semari yemunyika iyo yakashandurwa isingagoneki nedzimwe tsvina yeSeveronickel kumucheto kwekumabvazuva kwegadziriro.

Pakazosvika pakati paFebruary 1985, Lapland State Biosphere Reserve yakatorwa pasi pekudzivirirwa kweUNESCO semuchina wezvinyorwa. Makore gumi gare gare (1995) purojekiti "Fairy Lapland" yakatangwa. Kubvira panguva iyoyo kusachengetwa hakusi kungotsvakurudza chete uye kwezvinhu zvakasikwa, asiwo mutsika hunokosha.

Lapland State Nature Nature Reserve - landscape

Munguva yeValdai glaciation, Kolsky Peninsula yakavhara imwechete yechando iyo nhasi inofukidza Greenland. Yakanyangarika makore zviuru gumi akapfuura, ichibva kubuda mumapani ezvitsuwa zvine simba zve moraine uye glacier-yakarongedza simba rine simba guru, iro rinonzi "pfupa remakondohwe." Mushure mokupenya kwechikafu, pane zvisingamboiti sedimentary matombo. Vanotsiviwa nezvipfeko zvisina kupfeka zvezera reArchaean, kunyanya gneisses.

Mushure mekunyunguduka kwemagetsi, nzvimbo dzakawanda dzeKola Peninsula hazvina kuramba dzisina chinhu kwenguva refu. Pakuvamba, mhepo uye shiri dzinounza pano spores ye lichens nemasses, mbeu dzeuswa. Zvirimwa zvakabatsira pakuparara kunonoka kwomufananidzo wematombo weKola Peninsula nekuumbwa kwevhu rakaoma. Panzvimbo pfupi nokukurumidza nyika isingakoshi yakanga inogarwa nevasina maturo, avo vakabatsira kuchinjwa mumamiriro ezvinhu.

Zvadaro masango nemumataundi zvakatanga kuumbwa, pakupedzisira kutora kuonekwa kwezvino.

Nzizi nehova

Iyo Lapland Reserve (Monchegorsk) inomiririrwa nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzezvipfuwo nemiti muchamhembe kweEurasia. Nekuda kwekugadzirisa kwekare nyika ino, sekuti, zvechokwadi, yeScandinavia yese, kune kusakwana kwekupedzisira kwemagumo.

Maitiro eLapland akaumbwa munguva pfupi yapfuura, saka nzira yekuzivisa kubva kune dzimwe mhando dzakasiyana siyana dzemhuka nemiti zvinoramba zvichiripo nanhasi. Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemhuka nemafuta zvinogara zvichichinja, zvishoma.

Nzvimbo yeLapland Reserve izere nenzizi dzakakwirira-uye mvura ine makomo emvura. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo ivo vakanyarara, vane mabheji makuru. Pane dzimwe nzvimbo dzepasitori ivo vanopinda, mumvura yakakwirira nevashambadzi vachena.

Kune mazamu akawanda uye maduku ari munzvimbo yakachengetwa, ane dombo, uye dzimwe nguva ane sandwe kana soggy sands. Pamipata yemvura inozarura matanda. Makomo emakomo akafukidzwa nemumvuri-matsi. Mipata yakazara ine hova dzinoputika, iyo inoputirwa nebhanana rakamanikana rine mabhirikiti akanaka, rimwe nerimwe nematombo makuru ematombo, ayo anofukidza mavara akajeka ane mavara akawanda.

Iyo yakakura dziva Imandra, nzvimbo ye 880 km ² . Iine zvitsuwa zvinopfuura 150. Nzizi huru pane dzose iStrelna, Varzuga, Umba.

Tundra

Lapland Reserve (Murmansk region) inoratidzwa nemiti, inotsanangurwa nenharaunda yayo - 120 km kuchamhembe kweArctic Circle - uye nzvimbo ine makomo. Mushure mekunyunguduka kwechando, kubwinya kwevhu kwakagarwa nemaruva uye masses. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma egomo regomo, makomo emakomo anozivikanwa - inonaka inofadza yemhuka. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, dzinoshandiswa nemakateti emiti, shitaki, bhiribheri, cowberry, bearberry. Icho chiri pedo nemashira e rhododendron uye partridge grass (Dryad).

Mune dzimwe nzvimbo kune ma rock rosette kana mashizha akafanana, linnea low, oatmeal, birch birch. Munguva inoyerera, nzvimbo idzi dzakanaka kwazvo.

Polar Taiga

Chimwe chezvinhu zvakanyanya zveLapland Reserve ndiyo nzvimbo yemasango, ichikura pamusoro penyika idzi kubva pamakore matatu kusvikira kune zviuru gumi. Ivhareji yemakore yemiti ichikura pano makore 300. Zvimwe zvidhori zvinosvika pakakwirira mamita 15. Kubudirira kwekushanda kweArctic taiga kunosanganiswa nemamiriro ekunze akanyoro uye kusasipo kwakakwana kwema permafrost mu subsoil layer.

Muchando, ivhu rakanyatsochengetedzwa nevhavha yechando, uye naizvozvo haisati yanyanyisa. Miti yacho inokura zvishoma nezvishoma, asi inosvika pakukura kwakanakisa, zvachose kwete kufanana nematanda emusango weSiberia.

Local pine ine zvidzidzo zviduku, izvo zvinotora makore matatu, asi anenge makore manomwe. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura, rudzi urwu rwakaonekwa sechimiro chakasiyana - pine ye Freese.

Iyo spruce inowanikwa kwatiri inoshandiswa munzvimbo yakachengetwa neSiberia spruce neinoyevedza zviduku zviduku zvinoratidzika kune iyi shiri.

Zvibhakera zvinowedzera uye zvinoputika zvinokura zvose mumasango epruruki uye mumatumba. Iko kushoma-kukura kwepasi kunosanganisira mountain ash, juniper yeSiberia, mbudzi willow uye mamwe marudzi ewillows.

Shrubs evergreen dzinoparadzirwa muvhu zvinomera zvakasara zvechengeterwa: cranberry, cowberry, linenea, bilberry, marudzi akawanda ejira yechando. Ikoko kune zvakawanda zvezvirimwa zvakasvibira zvinomera - anthropoidaceae, nzvimbo.

Nzvimbo yemassie inonyatsoratidzwa. Mumasango emapine, masses, sekutonga, anosanganiswa ne lichen cladonia (alpine, mbongoro uye soft). Muganhu wokumusoro wesango unocherechedza nepamusoro pe 380 m.

Mhuka dzeLapland Reserve

Chimiro chezvimbo ino inokosha haigoni kutumidzwa chekutanga. Kwemazana nemazana emakore, vaSaami vakabudirira kuita mhuka dzemawere uye, maererano naizvozvo, vakaparadza zvikara.

Pakutanga kwezana remakore rapfuura, pakanga pane zvishomanana zvemadhimoni uye makuru muLapland.

Reindeer

Kumadokero kweKola Peninsula panguva iyoyo, mauto anenge zana chete aipona.

Zvaive zvakakodzera kutora matanho ekukurumidza kudzivirira mhuka idzi, saka muna 1930 maRapland Reserve akarongeka. Nokukurumidza kuchengetedzwa kwezvikwereti kwakapa zvibereko zvakanaka.

Nhasi, nharaunda yemahara inogarwa nevanhu vanopfuura chiuru. Nyora dzinosarudzwa nemasango akachena-mapedhi uye makomo-tundra landscape. Lapland State Reserve yakazara mukudya kwavanofarira - yagel. Tinoonga basa rekuchengetedza kwemakore akawanda revashandi vanochengetedzwa, nondo dzomusango dzakapararira munyika yose, kunyanya kune dzose mumakomo ekumadokero ane matanda.

Pakutanga kwezana ramakumi maviri nemaviri, mabheji nemhashu zvakadzokera kuLapland Biosphere Reserve mushure mekunge pasina nguva refu. Zvinofadza kuti mhashu dzakauya kunzvimbo idzi kubva kumaodzanyemba uye kumaodzanyemba-kumavirazuva pachavo, uye mabheji aive anonyanya kuunzwa kubva kune imwe nzvimbo yeguta reVeronezh. Kusvika ikozvino, zvose zviri zviviri zvishoma.

Predators

Iyo Lapland Natural Biosphere Reserve ine zvikara zvakawanda munharaunda yayo. Bhabhironi rinonyanya kufanana . Wolverines, mhumhi uye lynxes vashoma pano. Ikowo majeko, asi nhamba yavo ine duku zvikuru. Weasel, matanda marten, mermine inosangana kakawanda. Kupisa kwechando kunonyatsoshamwaridzana nehupenyu hwemoto uye lemmings.

Shiri

Hazvibviri kutaurira zvakadzama pamusoro pezvisikwa zvose zvinogara muLapland Reserve. Saka nhasi tichazviisa pasi pedu chete kune izvo zvipenyu izvo zviri munzvimbo ino zvine chinhu chakakosha chekuchengetedza.

Panzvimbo yekugara uye kubuda kune marudzi 20 emvura. Iko kunofanira kucherechedzwa gorosi-gumbo. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, mhuka iyi inonyangarika inopera inenge ichibva kumativi ose ezera. Kusiyana nedzimwe nyika dzekumaodzanyemba, Zviduku-White-fronted Goose zvisote pedyo nemhenderekedzo yezvikomo nemirwizi.

Nzvimbo yekutanga kuburikidza nehuwandu munharaunda inobatwa ne grouse grouse, grouse, grouse, tundra uye white partridge. Ikupedzisira mbeu inogara mumakomo tundra, vamwe vose vanogara musango.

Shiri dzakadaro dzinopisa uye dzisingashamisi seysprey, gondo regoridhe, gyrfalcon, gweru-tailed gondo, munharaunda inonzwa yakanakira.

Owls

Ndinoda kutaura zvakawanda nezvevamiririri veshiri. Zvakaoma kuwana paNyika imwe nzvimbo yakadai seLapland State Biosphere Reserve, iyo nzvimbo yakakura asi yakaderera ingadai yakagarwa nemarudzi masere emakungu.

Mhando dzakawanda kupfuura dzose ndeyechechekiti-owl. Ndiye mumiriri wemarudzi emunharaunda ekumusoro kwemasango. Kubwinya kwaro kwemafuro kunobatanidzwa pamwe chete nechekugadzirwa kwakasimwa kumaodzanyemba kwemasango eBirch.

"Hanzvadzi" yake - ndebvu yehove-ndiyo yakawanda yehombe yemasango, asi haisi nyore. Anosarudza kugara mumasango achifambidzana nenzvimbo dzakasununguka, somuenzaniso, ne sphagnum matampu.

Dombo-rakakodzwa uye rakapfurikidza jichi ndicho chiduku chiduku zvikuru muRussia. Anosarudza kurarama maruva akaoma uye masango e-birch.

Nhunzi dzemahombe, refu-tailed owl uye eagle owl ndiyo yakakura mumhuka dzenyika. Zvishomanana, asi zvakajeka kuLapland Reserve zvakachena, kana polar owls.

Pamusana pekuti kune mazuva akajeka muActic, mashizha anomanikidzwa kubhururuka kunze kuvhima masikati. Nguva yehusiku masikati ndeyemazuva - zana (kubva pakutanga kweMe kusvika kuhafu yepiri yaAugust). Munguva ino, makungu anodikanwa kukura nekudyisa zviyo. Nokudaro, kuona chivha chinobhururuka masikati chiri nyore munzvimbo yakachengetwa.

Kazhinji unogona kuona munzvimbo dzakachengetedzwa maruva. Anonyoresa zvishoma nezvishoma nzvimbo dzakasununguka, achitarisa mhuka. Kufanana nemakungwa mazhinji, nzeve yake ndiyo yomuviri unokosha zvikuru, kunyange zvazvo chiratidzo chake chisingagoni kudanwa chisina simba.

Muchiedza chezuva mune musango unogona kuona nyuchi dzechikara. Mhando mbiri dzemakungu dzinofamba panzvimbo yakavanda, dzinogona kungosangana nemukana. Vanoronga "zvivako" zvavo mumapango emiti. Ikoko vanounza kuchitunha chekuchengetedza mapapiro-semakwenzi, dzimwe nguva shiri duku.

Kunyange zvakanyanya kuoma kusangana nehove uye yakareba-tailed owl. Ivo vanoberekwa vachivhi. Mukuwedzera kumakwenzi maduku, ayo anoumba hwaro hwekudya kwavo, havafungi kudya shiri dzakasiyana nemhuka dzakakora. Owl inobata hazel gorosi uye squirrels, haazoputsi mukana uye achakunda ruzivo.

Hondo huru yegondo muRepland Reserve inowanzovhima mashizha, mahara uye mapfuti emapuranga. Pane zviitiko apo iye kubudirira anovhiya martens. Ichokwadi, kana asipo, iye pachake anogona kuve akabatwa.

Mawungu, nekuda kweropa rekuongorora, anokwanisa kubata mapurisa pasi pehupamhi hwechando, saka zvinenge zvisikwa zvose kunze kwemhashu yegungwa.

Scientific activity

Icho chinonyanya kutungamirirwa nebasa rezvesayenzi reLapland Reserve nderokuchengetedza nekuwedzera huwandu hwemhuka dzomusango muKola Peninsula. Mukuwedzera, basa revashandi nderokucherechedza nguva dzose nekudzidza kushandiswa kwemabhizimisi emabhizimisi ari pedyo nenzvimbo yekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza uye zvehupenyu. Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemafuta nemhuka dzinokwevera kwete vashandi vepasi vese, kune kazhinji masayendisiti kubva kune dzimwe nyika.

Kudzidza kwemamiriro ezvinhu ehupenyu nemitambo yemhuka dzomusango yakatanga muna 1929, musati wambovhurwa. Nhoroondo yekutanga yemhuka idzi yakapedzwa naM. Krepe pamakomo echando.

Excursions

Iyo Lapland Reserve nzvimbo inonakidza. Mukuwedzera kune nzvimbo dzakanaka dzezvikomo, masango emakore emakore nemhuka dzomusango, unogona kuzivana netsika yemagariro eSaami, uye munguva yechando inoshanyira kuFatista Frost yemitambo.

Kushanya kunzvimbo inochengetwa kunongowanikwa chete nehutano hwakarongeka nehutungamiri. Kuti uronge urwendo rwacho, zvakakosha kushandisa tsanangudzo yekubatanidza inoratidzwa panzvimbo yekuchengetedzwa.