Cycloalkanes - nayo ... cycloalkanes: kuwana nzira, zvemakemikari uye panyama zvivako

Cycloalkanes - iri Mahydrocarbon, izvo kwayo sezvamunoita vane namahwindo yakarongeka. Ngatikurukurei zvinhu yeimwe izvi, munda wavo kushanda.

kirasi Features

Ndezvipi cycloalkanes? Formula CnH2n kirasi inoratidza kushayikwa rehydrogen maatomu. Izvi zvinosanganisira nezvezviitiko zviviri. Neimwe nzira, ari mamiriro inofanira miviri chisungo ari Morekuru ine kana munhu namahwindo marongerwo. Chii sechivako cycloalkanes vane? Formula navo rinoenderana nyaya yechipiri, kureva, kuvapo muna morekuru namahwindo mamiriro. Ndicho nemamiriro specificity zvikuru kunokonzera mumuviri uye kwemakemikari zvivako vekirasi iyi Mahydrocarbon.

cycloalkane Vangani siyana anoenderana murwiyo C4H8? Kuti tiwane mhinduro yemubvunzo uyu, zvakakosha kuongorora mhando isomerism, izvo yo cycloalkanes. The isomers maviri pamwe Qualitative uye quantitative sezvamunoita angava cyclic yakarongeka: cyclobutane, methylcyclopropane. Kwakadaro nezvechisarudzo rinonzi isomers rutivi cheni.

Sezvo cyclo - ichi interclass isomers ose unsaturated olefins vanogona kufunga zvokuimba ane zvinhu, iro rinoumbwa miviri chisungo. Zvivako maviri angawanika zvinotevera muchimiro: butene-1 uye butene-2. Kupindura mubvunzo pamusoro zvakadini cycloalkanes siyana anogona kutsivana yaida wevacheche, zvakakodzera kufunga kwete chete cycloalkanes, asiwo alkenes. Chete muchiitiko ichi zvichiita kuti kuzviisa mhinduro yakarurama.

Saka, cyclo - iri Mahydrocarbon, vane mhando dzinenge mbiri isomerism.

Nomenclature Features

Mazita chaiwo cyclic yeHydrocarbon sezvamunoita anopiwa zvizere maererano dzakawanda Nomenclature. For nezvigadziko akashandisa kabhoni nhamba iri namahwindo remudunhu. Next, funga maatomu aripo parutivi cheni. Somuenzaniso, methylcyclopropane. Cycloalkanes - vari yeimwe umo kabhoni maatomu vari sp3 vakaberekwa mamiriro, saizvozvowo nomuti Mahydrocarbon. chinhu ichi inorondedzera dzinokosha nzira achigadzirira uye maitiro zvivako vekirasi ichi.

Options pakugamuchira cycloalkanes

Ndingaita sei kuti cycloalkanes? Mienzaniso dzinokosha siyana anoratidza kuti pane nzira dzakawanda kuti dzidzo yavo. Somuenzaniso, cyclohexane iri zvinoberekwa hydrogenation pamusoro anonhuhwirira benzene. Compounds vatatu, vana rin'i kabhoni maatomu anogona vakazvigadzirirwa cleavage of samolecular halogen digalogenproizvodnyh alkanes. Uyewo cycloalkanes akawana ari pyrolysis kuti munyu pamusoro dicarboxylic Organic acids. Heating pasina kuvapo mhepo kunotungamirira kuti paumbwe cyclopentane uye cyclohexane.

mushonga ehupfumi

Naphthenes makemikari ehupfumi rakafanana nomuti Mahydrocarbon. Kwavari, emandiriri maitiro pamwe halogens pamusoro mhando kuzvitsinhanisa. Uyezve, vamiririri naphthenes kupinda makemikari maitiro pamwe nitric acid. Cycloalkanes husingakwanisi kuramba sulfuric acid. With chlorosulfuric asidhi uye oleum maitiro Zvinogonekawo: pakupedzisira kuumbwa sarufa oxide (4).

Naphthenes une mamorekuru 5 uye 6 kabhoni maatomu vanoonekwa mishonga kugadzikana akakura. Asi kana apindwa bromide kana aruminiyamu chloride, ndiko isomerization yavo pamwe mutemo kana kuwedzera pakutanga kutenderera.

isomerization

Somuenzaniso, muna isomerization muitiro, cyclohexane, methylcyclopentane marudzi. Mumafuta yakawanikwa akasiyana-siyana nomukaka zviri cyclopentane uye cyclohexane, vamwe vamiririri naphthenes pane chinenge vasipo.

Nevamwe zviri yechipiri zvinogara funga kukwanisa kuumba conformation yakadaro umo vamwe kabhoni maatomu tinotungamirirwa nechokunze, uye mukati loop. Kutaurirana kwakadaro inonzi intranulyarnymi, uye avo vari riri mukati chindori rinonzi ekstranulyarnymi zvisungo.

Somuenzaniso, nokuti kunonyanyisa cyclodecane zvakanaka conformation vaifungidzira intranulyarnyh ekstranulyarnyh rehydrogen maatomu matanhatu nezvina. Izvi zvinoreva disparity CH2 mapoka, izvo zvinoratidzwa kuwedzera chisungo simba, anovandudza makemikari ehupfumi pakati mukomboni.

For Mahydrocarbon ndine 12 kana kupfuura kabhoni maatomu, inozivikanwa conformational mufambo. Sezvo ari C-pachena rotatable, nokuti kubatana kwakadaro havasi vaifunga nokuvapo mhiri uye Kishi siyana.

Tsiklany (naphthenes) anogona iine dzinongoitika mafuta ari zvinobva 25 kusvika 75 muzana. The quantitative kugutsikana kwavo kunobva weighting hacho. The mafuta zvikamu zviduku vane yakakwirira Kubika pfungwa, pane kuwedzera inonhuwirira hurongwa. Kunyanya yakawanda naphthenes inowanikwa Emba uye Baku mafuta.

The quantitative reshiyo Nhamba dziri kukwira 80 muzana. A ukama pakati mhando oiri ichakasangana nezvimwewo nokuparadzirwa cyclo-zvikamu zviduku. Zvishoma nemishonga vaiona thermodynamically monocyclic Mahydrocarbon vane refu lateral alkyl cheni. CnH2n kuparadzirwa mhando zvivako zviri akarondedzera tembiricha rakashandiswa zvakananga DISTILLATION epetroleum.

Somuenzaniso, mashoko monocyclic naphthenes havasi kuona panguva tembiricha kuwanda 300-350 Celsius, uye bicyclic yeimwe inonyangarika panguva zvakawandisa tembiricha chakarurama madhigirii 400 Celsius.

unhu cyclopropane

C3H6 ndiye mumiririri nyore naphthenes. Izvi gaseous fuma ane kunyora nezvavo solubility mumvura. Pakati zvikuru zvemakemikari ehupfumi chakanangana makemikari mukomboni zindoga CATALYTIC hydrogenation. Zvinobikwa nekuita uku ndiye yeHydrocarbon propane. Uyezve, cyclopropane, dzimwe yeHydrocarbon zvakafanana, iri vakaita pamwe reokisijeni kuti aumbe carbon dioxide, mvura nemhute, imwe yakakwana simba rakawanda.

Kunyanya vamiririri kirasi

Kana tikaenzanisa ari reflux tembiricha kuti vamiririri mukirasi cycloalkanes vane zviratidzi alkanes muchiva nhamba kabhoni maatomu, ivo vachava zvishoma kwirirei. Chikonzero ndiyo cyclical maumbirwo mukirasi iyi. arambe achirema naphthenes kupfuura mufananidzo nokuda alkanes, asi zvishoma muduku munhandare.

Kuti tinzwisise kuti vangani cycloalkanes siyana anoenderana imwe nzira, iwe unofanira kuita zvakasiyana kwete chete isomers pamusoro cyclic Odha asiwo zvakananga marangwanda anoumbwa kotorgo kuva chisungo miviri. In pamberi substituents ari Morekuru muchimiro yeHydrocarbon radicals, zvinoderedza utsotso pfungwa yacho cycloalkane.

Kana isu kuongorora mumuviri uye zvemakemikari zvivako vekirasi iyi Mahydrocarbon, zvinokwanisika kuita zvimiso weboka zvinhu pamusoro yeimwe pamwe yakaderera zvinogara (matatu kana mana), mureza (shanu, zvitanhatu, nomwe), svikiro (kubvira masere kusvika gumi), uye zvinogara guru (kubva gumi carbons).

Areas mashandisiro

Ngatimbotaura chii kushandiswa huru cycloalkanes. Naphthenes zvinoshandiswa mukurapa. Somuenzaniso, cyclopropane chinhu marwadzo zvinodhaka. Cyclopentane kunoonekwa sechinhu solvent zvakanaka, zvinonzi vaizviti mu makemikari kwetunhu. Cyclohexane chinodiwa nemakemikari kwetunhu zvinoitwa zvinhu zvenaironi, zvinhu zvenaironi (polyamide fibers vakanonga), mukuwedzera, zviri aizviti kubereka benzene. Zvine alkanes uye cycloalkanes nhaka shoma reactivity. Izvi zvinogona kutsanangurwa pasi polarity C-C chisungo. Mukuwedzera, chinokosha uwandu cycloalkanes anoshandiswa makemikari indasitiri.

mhedziso

Mixtures nomunhu Mahydrocarbon uye naphthenes zvinoshandiswa kugadzira lubricants. Vamiririri mukirasi iyi Mahydrocarbon kukwanisa kuvandudza chokupika Diesel rinochiwedzera. Somuenzaniso, cycloalkanes chirungiso substantially kunowedzera octane nhamba, kunowedzera viscosity, inowedzera combustion nokupisa injini. Ndokusaka cycloalkanes havasi kure vachifananidzwa peturu zvigadzirwa, uye kusiya chikamu peturu hacho.

Inonyanya naphthenes anoshandiswa sezvo zvinoita zvokufembedzwa. Cycloalkanes vane avhareji samolecular uremu inoshandiswa mukurima kuti chakaita zvokugadzirwa detergents. Yakakwana naphthenes uye anoenda sezvo huni, sezvo yakawanda nokupisa panguva combustion yavo.