Chii chinonzi chikepe chikepe? Ichifamba-urongwa. Mnogopalubnoe guru nechikepe chikepe

Achangopedza aiva vanhu vakamuka pamusoro pachiyero mukirabhu ibwe uye akatanga kuongorora nyika yakatipoteredza, zvinonzwisiswa pakarepo chii tarisiro anovimbisei gungwa pakutengeserana mashoko. Chokwadi, kunyange rwizi, mvura iyo kunogona kukurumidza uye tichishandisa zvakachengeteka kufamba, wakapata mukuru basa kukura yebudiriro ano.

The ukoshi nokuti munhu chaienda

Hatizivi uye Ungangove haazombofi kuzivikanwa sei uye kupi akazviratidza pakutanga chikepe pasi. Asi chinhu chimwe chete chiri chokwadi - munhu tega pacho, muna simba rayo pamusoro remangwana yebudiriro rakafanana vakatanga vhiri. Yokupedzisira, nenzira, zvakare, isu hatizivi, asi kuyeuka zviri nokusingaperi. Nechikepe chikepe, nenzira, inonzi ngarava, rinosundwa simba nemhepo.

It sailboats akaita kuti zvikwanisike kukura yebudiriro. The wokutanga vafambisi yekare uyo zvakakwana nyanzvi unyanzvi "takwira mhepo" akatanga nevaGiriki uye zvichida sevaSumer. Zvadaro, muchindwi akatora vokuFenikiya uye VaViking, uyo, maererano nokutsvakurudza ano, uyai pamahombekombe avo Drakkar kusvika kumhenderekedzo North America asati Columbus. Saka chimwe chikepe - chimiro pakufamba iro munhu wokutanga vayambuka Atlantic uye Pacific, ngarava yakadaro Magellan kuti of circumnavigate yokutanga "rwokuparidza".

Rokutanga "sailboats"

Zvikepe wokutanga kukwanisa nechikepe, kungangova ngarava. Zvakatanga nokungoti kukwasva magwa yeIjipiti yekare, uye dzakaguma ... zvinonzi vaidavira kuti pakupedzisira nezvikepe ichi mhando akashandiswa uye pashure nokugadzirwa kuti chiutsi injini, saka kuti vaishumira vanhu kwenguva refu.

Ngarava dzakanga zvikepe dzakagadzirirwa ushande bedzi ari mamiriro enyika mumhenderekedzo yegungwa shallows, navaEgipita, uye vose vakanga kazhinji sandara-bottomed. Chokwadi, hunoshamisa seaworthiness asina ngarava yakadaro. Nechikepe vakanga kupfuura chinyakare, kururamisa, regai kuenda nemhepo chete apo ekupedzisira unopfuura. Saka chii isu zvinorondedzerwa pazasi ndivo mhando dzengarava zvikepe zviri ngarava regai kupa. Pashure pezvose, funga navo dzakazara chaienda midziyo zvisingabviri.

Kupatsanura dzengarava zvikepe

Papera Vavaki vengarava pakugona nyika rakaramba kunzwisisa ruzivo, achivabvumira kuvaka ngarava pamwe kuwedzera nani seaworthiness. Zvinofanira kutungamirira mapeji ino, iri nyore kupatsanura ngarava kuramba kudzivisa kuvhiringidzika:

• The chikepe (frigate). Hongu, kwete kufamba ngarava ose aigona kunzi saizvozvo. Saka vainzi zvikepe chete avo vakanga masts matatu. Maseiri - chete kutungamirira, asi pamusoro mizzen, uyezve, paivawo "Chengetedza" midziyo, kunoita kuti kufamba tacks. Chii chakanga zvakawanda mhando pangarava?
• Burke akadanawo muchikepe masts matatu, asi vaviri vokutanga vaiva chete mativi maseiri, uye wechitatu - chete oblique.
• Brig - rinenge kufanana kuti ari frigate, chete nechikepe brig. On the mizzen nechikepe uyewo ane oblique, asi vamwe uwandu - chete twasu.
• Schooner akadana chero motokari pamwe nhamba matanda maviri. Asi kwete asingasviki vaviri aifanira kutakura oblique maseiri.
• Polutoramachtovye dare. Ivo mainsail uye mizzen, sezvo vakanga "fused" mugomba chete marongerwo.
• Single-masted midziyo. Sezvo imi kuti fembera, rechikepe vakange chete chete. Kazhinji, maseiri vaiva kupfuura nyore, akananga.

It chete saka zvinoitika kuti inonyanya mhando munhau nepagungwa zvenyika rashanduka chikepe brig. Ngarava idzi dzakanga nyore zvikuru frigate uye schooner pasi kuvakwa, uye ane kubudirira urongwa VaDabengwa vane nani kufamba uye nokukurumidza unhu.

Galleons uye yechimurenga wekushandisa

Wokutanga nechikepe chikepe, akagadzirirwa uchikumbira refu yomugungwa kuyambuka - ndiwo galleon. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti chikepe mukirasi iyi yokutanga yaiva Karakka Mary Rose 1512 kuvaka, muridzi ne British. Zvisinei, Portuguese vane chivimbo kuti vaifanira kukudzwa rakasikwa galleons, sezvo kutanga akavaka caravels.

Asi pakanga vose zvikepe izvi haisi kubva muvare, nokuti zvinoita kuvakwa akazviratidza chete kana shipbuilding indasitiri yava kunyura chaizvo unyanzvi kubudirira uye Zvakawanikwa makore iwayo. Somuenzaniso, imwe galleon - ichi ndicho chokutanga mnogopalubnoe chikepe. Kuti mamiriro hombe akaita zvachose chamatanda pamwe risingamboshandisi kushandisa chishoma simbi, anongoti haana yakadhirika, Vavaki vengarava aifanira refu kwazvo mwero nenyanzvi unyanzvi.

Zvakawanikwa mumunda kuvakwa muchikepe Hull

Zvinonzi vaidavira kuti dzekare zano nokuda kuvaka ngarava, kana dzimba iri kutanga aita, uye zvino ari sheathed, akanga afunga kuti Byzantines kumativi kuguma chemakore chokutanga AD. Vasati kuti, navavezi zvikepe yakaunganidzwa, pakutanga zvichiita muviri, uye ipapo magadzirirwo ayo "kunge chinozoiswa" puranga. Muchiitiko ichi zvakanga zvakaoma kuwana dzakakwirira zvakarurama, uye saka ngarava dzakakwirira seaworthy manzwirwa Kazhinji.

Pamuganhu hwakakwana mumakore iwayo - duku mbiri-masted nechikepe chikepe pairi zvaibvira kuti anodzvinyirira rwendo, asi achiri dzakagadzirirwa yake - cabotage.

The uchitsanya nzira Byzantine zano zvava kumaodzanyemba Europe, apo ngarava yakadaro yakavakwa kubva XIV remakore, Britain akatanga kuzviita kumwe muna 1500, uye muna Northern Europe zvikepe pamwe nyore clinker lining mune dzimwe nzvimbo zvakavakwa muzana remakore rechi16. Pakutanga, mazita zvikepe, chinoitirwa Byzantine nzira, nguva dzose ine mudzi "Carvel" kuti zvaireva kuvakwa pamatanda, yayo "kumeso" planking yaizotevera. Nokudaro - the caravel, imwe duku nechikepe chikepe, ane rakaisvonaka seaworthiness.

Zvakanakira nzira itsva

Vavaki vengarava vakagamuchira yakawanda zvakanakira kana iye pakupedzisira vakatamira chitunha gungano midziyo. Chinonyanya kukosha - pamatanda kubva pamazuva kuvakwa okutanga rinobvumira kufungidzira chimiro remangwana muchikepe, ayo contours uye misha pakarepo kuziva zvinogona kugadzirwa zvikanganiso. Mukuwedzera, mabikirwo itsva akabvumira chaizvo kuwedzera kukura nezvikepe kuburikidza kushandisa Zvinokosha zvakaisvonaka uye "springy" puranga, iro richaparadzwa kunyange rinorema kwazvo mitoro.

Mukuwedzera, ganda aigona kutanga ndoda rakafara mapuranga, vachibvumira kuderedza mari yokuvaka uye kumisa watemwa remakore-kare momuoki. Somuenzaniso, imwe duku mbiri-masted nechikepe chikepe yakavakwa pamusoro nzira yakadaro kunogona kuva "chekawo" kubvira vachiri zvakachipa nemipaini uye Birch, uye ayo seaworthiness haisi kunetse.

On chokudzidzisa vashandi

Pakupedzisira, zvakakwanisika kushandisa vashandi zvikuru zvishoma unyanzvi: zvakananga shure akagadzira asangana vanhu vashoma, uye vavezi vaiita chete rokufukidza. Paivakwa zvikepe vokutanga marudzi, mumwe nomumwe wavo anofanira kunge vanenge virtuoso kuti ndege yake. Akamutswa kuvaka processability akabvumirawo kuita zvikuru makuru zvikepe mugungwa.

Mumwe nomumwe izvi guru mnogopalubnoe chikepe muhondo yayo simba rinopfuura kupfuura gumi mangwanani mudziyo zveufende, izvo, uye makuru, zvakanga zvakanaka chete pedyo nemhenderekedzo wekushandisa.

Upfu atirari uye sailboats

Nechekare muna 14-15 mazana emakore nepagungwa mabhizimisi anotanga vanoshingaira kuparadzira gunpowder atirari, asi hazvina refu akaisa chete ari uriri Kurongwa vakanga pakutanga nokuda kwavapfuri vouta. Izvi zvakaita kuti simba "decentralization", akaita chikepe isina chaizvo, kunyange pachidiwa yakaderera nokusagadzikana.

Nokukurumidza pfuti vakatanga kuiswa achitevedza longitudinal akabatana ari mudziyo, asi vachiri pamusoro achipfeka. Zvisinei, chengeta pfuti nechinangwa moto panguva imwecheteyo zvakanga zvakaoma chaizvo nokuti chinangwa ichi kushandisa kumativi buri kucheka pamativi. In yorunyararo, ivo plugged pamwe emapuranga kuparidzirwa.

zvengarava izvi nokuti pfuti zvaingova pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi16. utsanzi Izvi akasvimha pakusika hombe uye zvakanaka-nezvombo battleships. guru chikepe kudaro mnogopalubnoe zvakakwana iri kuti wengarava hondo zvose, uyewo kuwedzera munyika remangwana Latin America.

Hofori of Ages

Asi kwe chaiwo galleon yokutanga yakawanikwa nhoroondo zvinyorwa kudanana shure 1535 gore. Its zvakwakanakira vari kukurumidza akaonga Spanish uye Chirungu. Kusiyana nezvimwe zvikepe makore iwayo, ichi chaiva yekudyidzana yakaderera pamwe "akarurama" Hull mitsetse, izvo zvinoita risingamboshandisi aibuda kuramba uri vanoenda. Mast nechikepe chikepe ichi mhando vakatakura zvakavhenganiswa nechikepe rig, iyo, pamwe wakakodzera unyanzvi uye chikwata mukuru regai kuenda tacking nemhepo pedyo yemabhuku.

misha yavo kunyange masikati yanhasi raiva vakadzikama - matani 2000! Saka mari galleons kunyange kuva akaderera nokuda kushandisa isingadhuri mamakisi huni. The dambudziko vakauya kutoti rechikepe nechikepe chikepe, izvo zvaida chete rakanaka nemipaini.

Design zvinhu

Masts vakanga vaita kubva vanoondoroka miti, simba zvinhu dzimba akatendera pomuouki. Kusiyana Karakka, uta superstructure kwete yakarembera mberi. Chekai zvokudya zvakanga yakakwirira uye nhete superstructure, iro kunobatsirawo pamusoro kutsiga chikepe panguva kusagadzikana. akapfuma Conventionally siyana galleons Threaded zvemaoresa uye dzimwe embodiments yacho redzimba.

Kudeuka nechikepe chikepe ichi mhando vanomwe (!) Shop. Paivakwa yavaRefaimu izvi zvave vaizviti zvikuru mathematicians kushanda (rangarira Mukuru Embassy of Peter Holland). Vakadya zvokudya zvavo hakusi pasina ari Masvomhu akabatsira kuumba ngarava huru kwazvo, asi Zvinokosha zvakaisvonaka, uye vanokwanisa kukurira dutu, uye akakwira, achiteverwa kwemotokari ngarava kuburikidza.

Unhu nechikepe naVaMnangagwa

Uwandu masts pamusoro galleons ranged kubva mitatu shanu, kumberi takura mativi maseiri, uye shure - padivi. The Kudeuka galleons Spanish aigona kuva mizzen maviri chete, izvo akapa zvakanaka nokukurumidza waivako kunyange headwinds uye kudiwa kufambisa chipikiri. Sei vavezi yakaderera-unyanzvi angadai munyaya pakuvaka zvikepe izvi, sezvo akanga zvakanaka kuti akachera varume vavo, sezvo vaifanira kutsungirira anoverengeka zana makiromita naVaMnangagwa.

Zviya, mumwe duku kureba wokutanga galleons akavaita rudzi "mhuri" maberere, izvo takataura pamusoro pakutanga ino. Kana chikepe apinda kugadzikana nzvimbo Mhedziso, akakwanisa kufamba munzira kukwasva. Zvechokwadi, muna dutu kushandisa pfungwa sitiroko uyu kuzviuraya.