Chii chinonzi rechando? Ine mafungu mazitombo echando. Zviripiko uye sei mazizaya akaumba?

Maiziva here kuti pasi redu riri gumi muzana nharaunda rinofukidzwa chando? Hongu, izvi zvinoonekwa kubva muchadenga, nzvimbo chena nekufukidza imwe nzvimbo dzinopfuura mamiriyoni 16 mativi makiromita. Saka, pasinei aramu dzezvakatipoteredza uyo anoramba achitaura kwepasi pose, Pasi achiri zvikurukuru icebound. Ivo ane anenge maviri-muzvitatu mvura zvose yakachena - uye ichi ndicho mamiriyoni 25 cubic makiromita echando. Masayendisiti akaverenga kuti kana zvose zvakanga yakanyauka, yose gungwa yomuropa vaisimuka kubudikidza makumi metres, aizorega kuparadzwa kukuru uye kuparadzwa marudzi ose. Asi chii chinonzi rechando? Ko chando yemasiraidhi, chakwata nemvura, zita vanozvikudza ichi? Munyaya ino tichaona kuti mazizaya vari kuumbwa, sei vanorarama uye apo ivo vanofa. We funga zvinorehwa mashoko akadai mutauro, firn moraine. Uye tinodzidza kuti mazizaya dzinoiswa maererano Directories siyana.

Ndechipi rechando: tsanangudzo

Maenisaikoropidhiya, maduramazwi uye mabhuku akasiyana kutsanangura ichi izwi. Uye ndiye asina kujeka. Somuenzaniso, tsanangudzo chinotevera: ". Vanobudisa pasi zvakasikwa chando mumhepo mavambo, ine akazvimiririra kufamba, kunokonzerwa simba regiravhiti" Ngatiedzei kutsanangurira mutauro svikika chii rechando. Zvinonzi compressed pasi yayo kurema chando rinoungana mumakore munzvimbo dzine yakaderera tembiricha (Zapolyarniy Latitude uye dzemakomo mapazi), uye zvadaro, nokuwedzera vhoriyamu emasiraidhi kune dzimwe nzvimbo (mumupata, mugungwa). Kana tsananguro iyi sokuti chausinganzwisisi, zvino isu rastolkuem nyore. Pane dzine tembiricha anogara pasi razero. Precipitation pane inowira mu hwakasimba muchimiro: chando, chando, chando, chando makore. Cumulatively, vari compressed pasi warwo uremu, uye chakaumbwa rechando. Iye otanga kurarama upenyu hwake, kana kuvhura zvishoma nezvishoma mumatope nendimi icebergs.

Snow, firn, chando

Mumakomo, kazhinji vakauya kuona sei pamusoro mitema mumipata sefungu kupenya twi chena. Asi kana chando apinda yawo chokumusoro kunosvika, hazvirevi kuti mazizaya dzakaumbwa. chando First kufanana icing sugar, priporoshit pamusoro, zvakare chiedza uye fluffy. Nokuda kwayo rakavhurika yakarongeka, inogona nyore neshungu. Masikati kana muzhizha (kana zviri kumusoro chaizvo kana pedyo paNyika matanda) fluffy twemazaya echando itye. Vakabva -oma zvakare. Asi ichi hachisi yekare fishnet asiterisiki. Snowflakes kupinda balls hwakasimba - firn. the ichi vaunganidza kwemakore. Under yayo uremu firn kunotanga Ivy zvakare anoshandura maumbirwo kwayo. Pano tinosvika kunzwisisa kuti rechando. Tsanangudzo iyi izwi iri Achitaura wechitatu, chokupedzisira. kuchinja hwakasimba kunayisa.

kupatsanura

Vanhu refu vachishamisika zvinhu mazitombo echando. Vaongorori vakawana kuti mumwe nomumwe wavo ane yayo geophysical kana hydrothermal zvimwe. Naizvozvo, pane kudiwa kuti kupatsanura pakati mazitombo echando. Pakutanga, paiva nevamwe kusawirirana mune Kuzvinyora. Mune dzimwe nyika, kufunga morphological unhu, dzimwe kusarudza nzira dzakanga hydrothermal maitiro. Pane zvino World Tracking Service nokuda mazitombo echando. Ichi chiremera muviri remarudzi anorondedzera zvazvinoreva kuti rechando, uye anosarudza iyo boka chokuudzwa WGMS nde-. Zvisinei, yakatanga chirongwa chitsva kupatsanura zvinhu zvakagara - GLIMS. In nyika yedu iri richiri kushandiswa katarogu USSR mazitombo echando.

marudzi mazitombo echando

Zvichienderana paumbwe nharaunda, vazhinji vari akakamurwa akaomesa chando pamusoro (unhani), migodhi uye pemvura. Wokutanga mhando rine kupfuura nharaunda. mazitombo echando aya yakaumbwa pedyo nematanda. The pakukura ndiro Antarctic butiro. nharaunda yayo - vanopfuura mamiriyoni 13 mativi makiromita. Kutaura zvazviri, rechando unovanza kondinendi yose Antarctica. nzvimbo yechipiri pamusoro Square anotora kufukidza Zimbabwe - 2.250.000 ^km2. Mountain mazizaya vanonziwo Alpine. Ivo achiumbwa dzine altitudinal zonation. Zvaitika kwete Alps, asiwo eHimalaya, kuCaucasus uye kunyange Africa (Mount Kilimanjaro). Asi chando echiShinto - chii ichi? Chando kusvika pasi shoma polar latitudes. Dzimwe nguva glacial ndimi vapedzisire mumvura uye ipapo vabviswa kuumbika icebergs. Vanogona tama, akatakurwa mhepo uye ano, kwemazana makiromita akawanda kubva panzvimbo yokuzvarwa. Kudeuka iceberg munyika riri kumabvazuva kwemhenderekedzo Antarctica. Uyu Lambert Glacier. Its kureba 700 makiromita.

The nemamiriro rechando

Nyanzvi kuona chando gobvu zviviri: nemushonga kana kuwanda, uye ablation. Ivo dzakaparadzaniswa vanonzi chando mutsetse. Pamusoro pazvo uwandu hwakasimba kunayisa akapfuudza Verengai kwemvura uye kunyunguduka. Uye pazasi chando mutsara rechando kunotanga, kunyange zvishoma nezvishoma, asi kufa. Pashure pezvose, rokuti "ablation" rinoshandurwa kubva muchiLatin sezvo kuparadzwa, kupambwa. Unogona kurondedzera nzira kuti rechando uye ayo marongerwo. Izvi firn munda - imwe nharaunda umo chando anoenda metamorphosis kwayo. Pairi mutauro. Zvishoma nezvishoma mumatope pasi munzvimbo ine tembiricha yakakwirira, ivo ikavhunduka, zvokudya gomo madhamu uye hova. Asi sezvo rechando rurimi ane guru guru, ivo nepavaigona bhokisi pasi, vakadzingwa pamberi boulders kudhonzwa matombo. zvigadzirwa akadaro "kumhanya-mu" inonzi moraines.

Mazizaya kufamba

Language kufamba nokukurumidza inotsamira zvinhu zvakawanda. Kunokosha nomunzvimbo dzine. Somuenzaniso, mune imwe sandara Antarctica, apo tembiricha yakaderera Vanodzinga kondinendi yose mugomba guru rechando chando munda rechando inokura chete mudenga. The rukoko ukobvu mune dzimwe nzvimbo anenge mashanu makiromita! Uye pano Alps Vaiisa mitauro vane makumi mashanu metres pagore. The uchitsanya ndiye rechando Columbia riri Alaska Peninsula. Its kumhanya Zvechokwadi zvinoshamisa - mamita makumi maviri pazuva! Kufambira marimi muchimwiro mumipata, izvo pachavo zvakasikwa, tichibvisa pasi. Dzimwe nguva mazizaya shoma firn munda: kutora motokari - mwoyo pamusoro kuchamhembe chaitika wegomo, chando uremu chete inonyunguduka muzhizha uye "pa" kusvikira yechando chava compressed.

Chii pulsating mazitombo echando

Dzimwe kurema chando haisi kuenda kupi. Masayendisiti vanouti munhu "chando akafa". Asi dzimwe nguva ari chando gobvu kutanga hwekutambudzika pezvakaitwa chokuita kugadzirisa guru nzira. The zvachose uremu echando haachinji. The kukweshera pamubhedha ndiye paradzanisa zvinogumbura. Izvi zvinokonzera nenguva dzirikure (pulsed) zvachinja mwero chinotangira mitauro. Ivo vanotanga 'kuyerera "nokukurumidza, zvichiita chando inoparadza akagara. Pane imwe kakawanda kuchinja kamwe kamwe kwakadaro. Naizvozvo, masayendisiti vakwira rokuti "pulsating mazitombo echando." The kakawanda echimurenga kuchinja kwakadaro kunogona kuva akasiyana. Somuenzaniso, Caucasian Kolka rechando pulses anenge kamwe pamakore 50 (1902.1969, 2002), uye Pamirs Bear - mumwe gumi (1963, 73, 89).

vakawanda Chiyero

Ndiro huru chakanangana rechando, kuwedzera ayo nharaunda, nokureba mutauro uye nokukurumidza. vakawanda Chiyero - chii ichi? The rechando rinokura munzvimbo inotonhora kana anogamuchira yakawanda zvokufonongonwa kunayisa uye kuderedzwa chirimo. Weight echando kukava firn dzakawira kubva rapfuura pamusoro muna August kusvikira pakuguma chando, chando inonzi nomwero. Saizvozvowo, zhizha - ndiwo zvakadini akayerera chando kubva Vernal pakupisa kusvikira wokutanga chando. Asi pagore guru mwero - Verengai kuwanda uye ablation.