Chii makomo akapeta: mienzaniso. makomo kupatsanura

Pose panyika kuti makumi mana kubva muzana chakafukidzwa nemakomo. Izvi chimiro zvokuyamura, anomirira rakapinza kuwedzera pakati pavamwe kundima, pamwe zvaikosha pakukwirira kuchinja - kusvikira wandei makiromita. Dzimwe nguva makomo dziri akatsvinda pachena mutsetse mujinga yakatenuka, asi kakawanda - mujinga mezvikomo.

Find akapeta makomo pamepu iri nyore chaizvo, nekuti makomo, sezvo ikoko kwose kwose, pamusoro zvachose mumakondinendi ose uye kunyange nomumwe chitsuwa. Kumwe kune zvakawanda kumwe - zvishoma, zvakadai muna Australia. In Antarctica wavo anovanza chando rukoko. The soro (uye gotwe), kuti hurongwa kumakomo - eHimalaya, wakarebesa - eAndes, izvo ruoko mhiri yose South America manomwe nehafu chiuru makiromita.

How yekare gomo

Mountains - sezvo vanhu, ivowo vave vaduku, akura uye vakwegura. Asi kana vanhu kupfuura muduku, zvikuru zvakanaka, ipapo zvose nzira kumativi kumakomo: pamawere nomunzvimbo dzine uye yakakwirira kukwira rinoratidza mudiki.

The Old Makomo Tinozorodzwa kumbopfeka, flattened, uye kukwirira haisi kusawirirana guru kwakadaro. Somuenzaniso, mashoko Pamir - young Makomo Ural - old, ndiyo chinhu kadhi dzinoratidza.

Zvinoitwa zororo

Akapeta nemakomo chinokosha chivako, asi nekuda zvikuru hwakadzama kuongororwa zvinokosha kuziva zvinotaurwa yaiumba mukuru zvechadenga zvokuyamura. Izvi zvinoshandawo kwete chete kune marefu, asiwo chaizvoizvo mita zvarakasiya kubva mamiriro flat Earth - vanonzi gomo microrelief. On kukwanisa zvakarurama patsanura uye zvinoenderana chaiwo ruzivo chii vari pamakomo.

Pano zvakafanira kufunga zvinhu zvakadai rutsoka, mipata, neyemitenusirwa, moraines, inopfuura, anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri, Nhongonya, mazitombo echando, uye vamwe vazhinji, sezvo pasi pane zvakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira akapeta makomo.

Kupatsanura rakakwirira kumakomo

Urefu inogona semhosva nyore chaizvo - mapoka zvose zvitatu:

• Low makomo ane mumhu kwete kupfuura kiromita. Kakawanda izvi ndiwo makomo okuberekwa, ichaparadzwa nguva, kana vaduku chaizvo, iri zvishoma nezvishoma kukura. Vakaita vakagumisa Nhongonya, zvinyoronyoro neyemitenusirwa, apo miti kukura. makomo aya ari ose kondinendi.
• Midlands kureba kubva chiuru zviuru zvitatu mamita. Pano mumwe, kuchinja landscape, zvichienderana mumhu - dzinonzi dzemakomo wongoramba. makomo aya - kuSiberia uye kuFar East, muna Apennine, pamusoro Iberian Peninsula, dzekuma Scandinavia, Mountains Appalachian, uye vamwe vakawanda.
• Highlands - mamita anopfuura zviuru zvitatu. Nguva dzose majaya makomo, pachena kuti weathering, zvinokonzerwa kuchinja tembiricha uye chando kukura. Mamirire zvinhu: zvimwiro - muchimwiro-zvakaumbwa mumipata, Carling - unopinza Nhongonya, glacial cirques - kufanana nembiya kudzamisa pamusoro mawere. Pano kukwira segwapa zvikamu - dondo mujinga, echando Mugwenga pedyo pamusoro. Izwi nokupfupikisa maitiro aya, - "Alpine nzvimbo". Alps - vaduku chaizvo wemakomo eJudhiya, uyewo eHimalaya, ivo Karakoram, eAndes, Mountains Rocky nemamwe mheto.

Kupatsanura inopisa inoona nezvenjodzi

Nzvimbo yomugariro yakagovana chivezwa anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri gomo, gomo mapoka gomo hurongwa, neeSultan gomo uye gomo chete. Makurusa masangano - makomo zones: Alpine-eHimalaya - mhiri Eurasia, ari Andean Cordillera, - zvose Americas.

A zvishoma zvishoma - imwe nyika makomo iri vakabatanidzwa neeSultan zhinji gomo. Uyewo, gomo gadziriro rine boka makomo anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri vezera, kazhinji zviri akapeta makomo. Mienzaniso: Appalachian Mountains, Sangre of Cristo.

Mountains Group akasiyana-siyana kuti asingaiti chinzvimbo pamusoro dzavo refu, rakamanikana zviuno. Roga chete pamakomo kazhinji kuti kuputika mavambo. Maererano mhando akakamurwa kuva spiked Nhongonya, rakaorera-kufanana, ainge akamonererwa kuita raundi, uye vamwe. Seamounts avo zvitsuwa twi fomu.

makomo Education

Orogeny - kunzwisisa kuti pezvakaitwa, umo matombo Vanopwanyirwa kupinda pazvirugu. Chii akapeta makomo, aizivikanwa masayendisiti zvinokosha, uye kuti sei vakasvika - vanoonekwa chete pfungwa.

• pfungwa First - Oceanic kuhondo. The mepu inoratidza zvakajeka kuti zvose gomo mamiriro iri kumucheto makondinendi. Saka dombo pasi vakareruka Continental yomugungwa matombo. Movement mukati Pasi sokunge kudzvinya yacho kubva mukati ayo, uye akapeta makomo - anosunungurwa nechepasi penyika yacho. pfungwa iyi vazhinji vanondipikisa. Somuenzaniso, akapeta makomo - zviri eHimalaya, chiri pachena kwete pasi, sezvo vari panyika yakaoma. Uye pfungwa iyi haigoni kutsanangura kuvapo in - geosynclinal zvimwiro.
• Pfungwa Leopold Kober, ari Geological maumbirwo yake yaakaberekerwa Alps. makomo vechiduku izvi zvisati pasi pezvakaitwa zvinoparadza. It Vakawana kuti zvikuru tectonic kumusumudza yakatanga guru strata pamusoro sedimentary namatombo. Alps akajekesa kwayo mavambo, asi nzira haasi chakafanana nechitarisiko mamwe makomo, kushandisa haasisiri dzidziso iyi kukwanisa asiko.
• Vasakukurwa of makondinendi - Vakawanda dzidziso, zvakare, rave vakatsoropodza sezvo asina kutsanangura yose pakunyudutsa orogeny.
• Subcortical kuyerera mukati Pasi kukonzera deformation nechepasi uye dzinoumba gomo. Zvisinei, pfungwa iyi haina vaudzewo. Mukupesana, vanhu haisati kuzivikanwa, kunyange parameters dzakadai tembiricha enyika mukati, uye zvakawanda - the viscosity, fluidity uye sekiristaro maumbirwo zvakadzama dombo compressive simba uye zvichingodaro.
• Pfungwa pamusoro compression Nyika - pamwe yayo zvakanakira nekuipira. Hatizivi kuti nyika rinoungana kupisa kana nahwo kana vakarasika - rinotsinhirana kana zvakachengetwa dzidziso iyi - kwete.

Ndezvipi makomo

Zvimwiro of goko akaunganidza marudzi ose sedimentary yamatombo, iyo zvino yakaunyana uye kushandisa kuputika basa kuumbwa akapeta makomo. Mienzaniso: Appalachian Mountains kumabvazuva kwemhenderekedzo North America, neZagros Mountains kuTurkey.

Block makomo akazviratidza nokuda tectonic kukurudzira kuti zvikanganiso zviri pasi goko. Akadai California - Sierra Levada. Asi dzimwe nguva kare kuumbwa akapeta pakarepo vanotanga kumuka achitevedza mhosva. Saka kuumbwa ukagunzva-chezvakaipa makomo. The chaiwo kupfuura - Mountains Appalachian.

makomo iwayo kuti akaumbwa somunhu akapeta strata nematombo, asi vakaputsa zvikanganiso vadiki kupinda zvinogumbura uye kusvika pakakwirira siyana, zvakare, peta-nechigumbuso. Tiến-Shan Somuenzaniso, uyewo Altayskie.

Yokufeva gomo - nayo yokufeva tectonic kukurudzira ndinoiitawo kukurwa kwevhu pezvakaitwa ari nzvimbo diki. Ndivo pamakomo Lake District muEngland, uyewo Black Hills, iri South Dakota.

Volcanic dhaka akaumba pasi pokudzora. Dzavo mhando mbiri: kuputika pasikweya (Fujiyama, uye zvakafanana) uye nhoo anoputika (zvishoma matunhu uye kwete zvakafanana, ichibata).

gomo Climate

Gomo Climate Evhangeri yemvura noMweya ndiyo chero dzimwe nzvimbo ekunze. Tembiricha inodonha neinopfuura hafu dhigirii mazana metres ose kureba. Wind, zvakare, kazhinji kuchitonhora chaizvo, Ichibatsirwa ramakore. Kakawanda madutu.

With kutaridza kukwira uye barometric kufurirwa iri ashaye. Everest Somuenzaniso, kuti 250 mm HG. Water mamota dzimwe madhigirii makumi masere nematanhatu.

The yakakwirira, shoma zvinomera pechifukidziro kupedzisa kusavapo ake, uye muna mazitombo echando uye chando ngowani anenge zvachose vasipo upenyu.

Linear zvikamu

Nokuda mhosva-tectonic pachisara zvaibvira kuti kutsunga kuti akapeta makomo, zvokuti vakanga achiumbwa uye sei zvichienderana kudzika yemapuraneti nezvikanganiso. All - vekare uye vemazuva - nzvimbo gomo zvinosanganisirei zvimwe zvikamu Linear izvo dzakaumbwa chete nenzira mbiri - kuchamhembe-kumadokero uye kuchamhembe-mabvazuva, vachidzokorora nhungamiro yezvikanganiso zvakadzika.

mabhandi ava masa platforms. Pane ukama: anochinja chinzvimbo uye chimiro kuchikuva shanduko uye zvokunze chimiro, uye dzidziso iri muchadenga mudanga mabhandi. Kana vanoumba inopisa Kunogadzirisa zvose mhosva tectonics (inoperera) ane crystalline nechimwe. Vertical kufamba nheyo zvinogumbura kuumba akapeta gomo.

Mienzaniso Carpathians kana Verkhoyanskaya-Chukotskaya nzvimbo dzinoratidza mhando dzakasiyana-siyana tectonic kufamba panguva inotungamirwa pazvirugu gomo. Chete unhu chakaitika uye Mountains neZagros.

Geological mamiriro

Mumakomo, dzaisiyana zvose - nezvivako kusvika mamiriro. Matombo, Somuenzaniso, imwe Kuchinja Rockies kumarudzi kureba yavo. In kuchamhembe - Paleozoic schists uye limestones, etc. - pedyo Colorado - granites, igneous matombo pamwe Mesozoic sediments. More pazasi - nechepakati chikamu - kuputika mabwe, iri kuchamhembe zvikamu havapo. Chete muenzaniso vachaonekwa, kana isu funga Geological maumbirwo nezvimwe neeSultan gomo.

Vanoti kuti makomo maviri akafanana zvikasaitika, asi kuputika massifs Somuenzaniso, kazhinji vane dzakatevedzana zviratidzo zvakafanana. Kururama pamusoro cône chimiro vokuJapan uye Philippine anoputika, somuenzaniso. Asi ikozvino tinotanga uwane Geological pachisara tinoona kuti shoko iri chaizvo zvakanaka. Vakawanda muJapan anoputika akaumbwa andesite (magma), uye Philippine matombo - basalt, mumwe zvikuru kwazvo nemhaka mukuru zviri simbi. A Mountains Cascade pamusoro Oregon kunge kubatanidzwa rhyolite anoputika (silica).

inotungamirwa nguva akapeta gomo

Mountains dzidzo munyika yose muitiro zvakaitika nemhaka budiriro geosynclines dzakasiyana Geological yakareba, kunyange nguva shangu pamberi yeCambrian. Asi kumakomo ano vari chete muduku (tichishandisa kutaura, Chokwadi) - Cenozoic kukurudzira. Older makomo kare uye ndave rakaparadza zvakare akamutsa inochinja itsva tectonic muchimiro zvinogumbura uye Codes.

Yokufeva-chezvakaipa makomo - kazhinji regenerated. Ivo sehwakajairika wechiduku, akapeta. Nhasi zvakazorodza Pasi - neotectonics. Unogona kudzidza Kumbofungatira, tectonic zvivako dzakaumbwa, kana tikafunga zera musiyano yamakomo, uye kwete vakasikwa zvakazorodza kwayo. Kana Cenozoic - nayo ichangopfuura, zvakaoma kufunga makore tanga idzodzo gomo.

Chete kuputika makomo anogona kukura zvakanaka pamberi penyu - zvose munguva nezvirwere. Kwemakomo zvinowanzoitika panzvimbo, saka mumwe nhindi dhaka runovaka mugomo. In nechepakati kondinendi rinoputika - husiri nyore kuwana. Avanotarisira chokuumba chitsuwa wose pasi pemvura, kazhinji pokubatana arc zviuru zvakawanda makiromita refu.

Sezvo kufa makomo

Mountains aizomira nokusingaperi. Asi ivo vakauraya, kunyange zvishoma nezvishoma, kana ichienzaniswa upenyu hwevanhu. Ndizvo, pakutanga kwezvose, kutonhora, dombo kukamurwa zvidimbu zvidiki. Saka kuumbwa Marara, iyo zvino chando kana chando kuparadzwa pasi, kuvaka moraine akatevedzana. Hazvina mvura - mvura, chando, chimvuramabwe - kurwisa nzira yavo kunyange kuburikidza kwakadaro rusvingo chisingadambuki. Mvura anounganidza murwizi, iyo ronga pachavo rakamonana pakati anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri mumupata gomo. Nhoroondo kuparadzwa hauzununguki makomo, Chokwadi, refu, asi kunotoitika. Uye mazizaya! Yose Spurs, dzimwe nguva, zvachose akagura navo.

kukurwa kwevhu kwakadaro zvishoma nezvishoma kuderedza makomo, akatendeuka vave pabani: kumwe manyoro, nzizi yakadzika, kumwe aparara, jecha otshlifovyvaya zvose zvikomo yasara. A panyika anonzi "peneplain" - anenge pachena. Uye ndinofanira kutaura, Danho ichi chinoitika kwazvo kashoma. Mountain patsva! The goko anotanga kufamba zvakare, kuti Nzvimbo rinobuda, kutanga kwechikamu chitsva chenguva okukura rokuyamura.