Chii ndiwo mutemo wehurumende? Pfungwa kodzero dzevanhu

Mumazuva iwayo, apo kodzero chete ichibudira muchimiro umo tose vakajaira vazvione, vanhu havana kunzwisisa kushandisa ichi "kwadzakabva". Zvaizoratidza sokuti tsika dzemunharaunda hwatenderwa mamiriro, kuti vanogona kuva inokosha? Kutaura zvazviri, zvatinosiita mitemo yomufambiro, asi chinzvimbo yepamusorosoro. Zvisinei, kunyange pashure mazana akawanda emakore, kodzero kwave kupfuura simba uye kubudirira aronge kurapa paruzhinji negurumwandira dzemadzinza sezvamunoita zvakasiyana uye tsika. Zvishoma nezvishoma, mutemo akatanga munhumbi kwete chete munzvimbo nzvimbo gosudarstvostroeniya, asiwo muupenyu vanhu. Standards waidzora kutenga uye sale, nhaka uye yaigona kukanganisa, mune mamwe mazwi, muitiro wenguva upenyu. Pakutanga mitemo yakadaro aivapo panguva tsika chechetere. Zvisinei, munhu wose bazi mutemo yakabuda papera nguva, kureva veHurumende.

Nhoroondo kodzero dzevanhu

Vakawanda magweta ano vari kubvunza, chii ndiwo mutemo wehurumende? Kudivi rimwe, pfungwa indasitiri ino inopa mhinduro dzoga pamusoro chii huchakurukurwa nezvimwe - kune vazhinji yokungotaura nhau, izvo kakawanda nharo. Izvi zvikurukuru novimba nhoroondo paumbwe yevagari bazi mutemo. Chokutanga, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa chikuru basa Rome yekare, nokuti yevagari mutemo uye vehurumende muitiro, chokwadi, vave yakagadzirwa masayendisiti veHurumende. Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, pakutanga bhizimisi iri "kurarama" chete kutsika. Zvisinei, pamwe pokumuka ukama chinokosha-mari, asi Apennine Peninsula waitanga kukura mutemo wehurumende, uye zvakawanda zvakananga, mutemo toga. Asi indasitiri haana kuuya pakarepo. Mumazuva iwayo, Roma akakura nokukurumidza kundorwa pakanyorwa vagare pakati plebs (vanhu) uye patricians (vepamusoro).

mumwe mukuru uye kukosha Zvivako murayiro (mitemo XII matafura) pasi aomerwa rokutanga patricians hwagadzwa, wakabudisa pamwe mitemo inodzora toga vagari. Kubvira panguva iyoyo, mutemo wehurumende anotanga nhoroondo yacho pakarepo.

Mitemo XII matafura

Wakaisa ichi nezvemirau mumwe mienzaniso codification kodzero vavanhu ehurumende wokutanga. rinokosha komiti vanhu 10 ndokukweverwazve kumusoro kusvika kusika mitemo. Chinangwa basa ravo rakanga "mitemo kufambira." Yechinyakare zvemutemo nyore dziripowo. Saka, mitemo kunosanganisira zvikuru nevanhu panguva iyoyo pamutemo dzemunharaunda. An dzinonakidza Chokwadi ndechokuti codification kunewo zvakawanda pamusoro Maitiro zvinhu muhurumende mutemo, sezvo Maitiro mitemo yaisanganisira zvakananga mune zvimwe pamatafura. Chokwadi, kusikwa muviri mutemo kwakadaro yave budiriro chaiyo. Zvisinei, paiva nedambudziko guru. Avo pamutemo ukama kuti hakunyatsotarisirwi nomutemo, haatendi varipo. Naizvozvo, mashomanana akatevera makore mazana pakakoromorwa iri kodzero zadza chaiyo mabasa vehurumende. Zvakananga vehurumende mutemo muchimiro yatinofanira vakajaira amuone, yakanga yakaumbwa pachishandiswa ari Corpus juris civilis (mitemo Justinian raMwari). mabviro ichi akapindura mubvunzo nenzira dzakawanda kuti ndiwo mutemo wehurumende, nokuti zvechokwadi rakasiyana nemamwe kuti nguva yaro.

Nhau dzairamba yevagari mutemo hunovapo shanduka kwevanhu. Munguva feudalism dzemunharaunda yeRoma mutemo private vaifanira dzika zhinji pakubata basa. Chimwe chinhu chikuru chakaitika munguva Renaissance, kana kwemitemo vakawanda vava kupfuura chinokosha upenyu kwenzanga uye hurumende. In kufanana kukura dzakawanda ukama raiva paumbwe yakasiyana nedzimwe muchimiro mutemo wehurumende, izvo akazozivikanwa international mutemo wehurumende.

The ano pfungwa kodzero dzevanhu

mutemo Civil yeRussia uye dzimwe nyika zviri Kazhinji maererano yaidzorwa ukama. Chokwadi, mashandiro rwerudyi pachayo chaizvo siyana, asi kuti haagumiri kuti govera imwe pfungwa. Saka, vehurumende mutemo - kutaridza yepamutemo dzemunharaunda kuti waidzora pfuma uye asiri pfuma ukama, kwakavakirwa chaiko kuenzana vemapato kuti vabudirire zvikuru akanaka ezvinhu kuti vanhu. Zvisinei, kunzwisisa chii ndiwo mutemo vehurumende, iyo indasitiri anofanira kufungwa kufungisisa zvinhu vemhuri siyana nomutemo, kuumbwa kufambidzana. Uyewo mutemo wehurumende chingarangarirwa sechinoitika kurangwa nesayenzi. With payo, zvikoro zvizhinji vari kugadzirira pamutemo vanoita. Topics mumutemo kwevagari kubatsira nenyanzvi vatsva mune mutemo kudzidza pamutemo hunhu uye musimboti wenyika indasitiri. Kazhinji, kugadzirira rinoitwa pane yokungotaura uye inoshanda chechetere. hurumende mutemo basa zvikuru nechokwadi ruzivo yakavimbika mumunda private mutemo mitemo pravorealizatsii.

Various zvinhu kupesvedzera pamutemo mhuri

Sezvo ari muRoma-weGermany uye-Saxon pamutemo mhuri nyaya murau, akapa munyaya indasitiri, zvakafanana. Zvisinei, vehurumende mutemo uye vehurumende muitiro zviri chaizvo yakasiyana munyika hakuna imwe mhando utongi pamutemo. Huru dambudziko iri yakabva rakasiyana mwero Implementation zvinodiwa yevagari zvekutepfenyura. Somuenzaniso, munyika Romano-gremanskoy bazi mhuri pamutemo iripo nokuda chaiko wakaenzana mapato, iyo inviolability kwose muridzi, rusununguko chibvumirano. Zvisinei, nheyo idzi dzinoshandiswa zvikuru zvinobudirira munyika-Saxon mutemo. Mamiriro ezvinhu akafanana chinovapo kubva chaiko kusiyana enyika hwoudzvinyiriri, asi ichi ndicho yakasiyana zvachose pasi.

Vanovengwa kodzero dzevanhu

Kare, takawana kuti nyaya kodzero dzevanhu dziri pamutemo ukama nokure yetsika uye zvoupfumi zvinofarirwa nevanhu. Uyewo, chinhu anganzi zvose zvakanaka (zvaioneka uye chisingaoneki), nekuda iyo, chokwadi, zviri kare anotaurwa ipapo ukama. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti yevagari mutemo muRussia nhasi iri kuwana inofanira kumboitika kukura. Izvi zvinotungamirira chimiro zvinhu zvitsva kuti mabasa yevagari zvekutepfenyura. Maererano nyaya 128 ari Civil Code, chinhu kodzero dzevanhu vanonzi: pfuma (zvinhu), mari, kuchengetedzeka uye pfuma uye asiri kodzero, chisingaoneki makomborero. Zvinofanira kunzwisiswa kuti zvose zvinhu achawira pasi murau yevagari nemauto ari chiitiko kuti vane zvainoita vanotongwa mutemo private. Zvikasadaro, nezuva yevagari-law murau haagoni kunzi.

kupatsanura zvinhu

Pahwaro aripo mutemo wehurumende anoramba masayendisiti akaisa mberi yakasiyana zvachose kupatsanura nzira, somuenzaniso:

1. Maererano turnover iri muvanhu:

- abatwa,

- zvakawanda kutenderera,

- risingagumi wechiGeorgian.

2. Maererano mhando pfuma:

- chinjwa,

- usingazungunuke.

3. Real estate rakakamurwa:

- Nyika, subsoil nharaunda

- mvura miviri,

- zvakabatana chaizvo kunyika zvinhu.

Panewo vakawanda kupatsanura zvose nezvinhu zvokunyama nyika, izvo zvinovakomberedza munhu:

- consumables,

- akaoma,

- asingaiti zvinodya,

- nomumwe kunorondedzerwa,

- zvinhu Generic unhu,

- divisible,

- indivisible.

Zvizhinji pfungwa rwakabhadharwa kuna kupatsanura pakati kuchengetedzeka.

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti pamusika mari zvichangobva riri vava kuda kuramba shanduka. Izvi zvinotungamirira chimiro Mapato itsva, rinoda pamutemo kuzivikanwa. Saka, pane zvinotevera kuchengetedzeka:

- vakanyorwa,

- netsamba,

- unhu nhumbi,

- mari,

- chepamusoro,

- inonzi,

- uncertified.

Uyewo hurumende mutemo zvinhu zviri rakava kwete zvinhu chete zvokunyama okuti Somuenzaniso, vasiri proprietary (zvoupfumi) kodzero, basa uye mabasa, uye zvichingodaro. N. Intellectual pfuma ane nzvimbo yoga niche iri mashandiro kuti mitemo zviri pamutemo, izvo zvinoratidza ayo asina kukosha.

Kushandiswa kodzero dzevanhu kazhinji novimba hunhu mutemo chinhu. Somuenzaniso, Real Estate ane yakananga pamutemo unhu uye nzira murau, kureva rokumanikidzirwa kunyoresa kwema zvose zvakakwana chinhu ichi. Panyaya iyi, kuvapo zvisaririra zviri inotodiwa pamusoro nzira mutemo ukama, kuti zvachose kwete zvakafanana nokuti wehurumende zvekutepfenyura.

Nzira mutemo pamutemo ukama mutemo wehurumende

Sezvo dzimwe nemapazi zvesayenzi, nzira iri mutemo wehurumende - chine nzira, nematurusi uye unyanzvi hwaishandiswa pane simba mutemo kuti zvimwe evanhu ukama. It dzinongoita inobva dzinokosha dzemitemo (optionality, kuenzana vemapato uye rusununguko chibvumirano). Saka, chikuru kukosha dispositive nzira nomutemo murau, iyo yakavakirwa kuda chaiko vemapato. Nemamwe mashoko, vanhu vachikwanisa kushandisa kana kwete kushandisa mutemo. Mitemo mumutemo wehurumende - nomutemo "chinamatidzwa", iro rinoshandiswa kana Somuenzaniso, hariratidzi chero ukama iri kondirakiti. Basa zvinokosha nzira iri mutemo wehurumende iri kushoma. Izvi zvinogona kuonekwa vashoma inorambidza kuti zviripo mitemo nemirayiro yose indasitiri. mumwe reshiyo kwakadaro maviri methodological nezvigadziko akaumba munguva nezvokuvapo mutemo weRoma. Magweta ari nguva akaparadzanisa nokure paruzhinji uye pasiri zvido. The yokupedzisira harigoni akaziva apo mumwe mapato kunofanira kuva panzvimbo yokutanga. Zvinoreva kuti wakaenzana maoko - ndicho zvakananga hwaro adaro nzira.

Maererano nenhungamiro rusununguko yevagari kwemauto vatambi vane kodzero dzose kugumisa zvibvumirano inopiwa uye kwete akagovera nokuti yevagari mutemo. Zvisinei, yokupedzisira havagoni kuva zvinopesana huripo mutemo uye bhizimusi turnover. Kazhinji, kuwanda adaro nzira runoita zvikurukuru nomutemo ezvinhu kushandisa wandei mbudo pakutengeserana. It kuonekwa inogona zvakajeka, kana uchiverenga basa mutemo vehurumende, magweta akadzidza mu Africa.

Subject nemamiriro indasitiri

Kushandiswa kodzero dzevanhu, uye zvakawanda zvakananga, kuti mashandiro uyu muitiro kunobva zvakananga pamusoro nyaya. Kunyange zvisinei yavo chaiyo kuenzana, vanhu uye zviri pamutemo masangano zvikuru akasiyana mumwe. Nyaya mutemo wehurumende kunogona kuva sei kuti rarama kumeso uye kwete (munhu uye kambani, zvebhizimisi, makasimba, sangano). Uyu ndiwo mumwe zvaidiwa indasitiri. Zvinokoshawo kuziva zvimwe zvinodiwa nevanhu vose, pasina chakasara: Kuwanikwa vanokwanisa uye kukwanisa. Mukuwedzera, tsananguro wepamutemo dzimwe nyaya rakanyatsojeka Somuenzaniso, rinoti. Izvi zvinoita kuti tibvunze kuti matambudziko makuru kodzero dzevanhu rumwe rutivi, kune wakaenzana mapato vakanyorwa mune sectoral zviridzwa, pane dzimwe - vamwe vatambi rusununguko zvakasiyana pamutemo.

Zvinoitwa nevanhu

Kuva dzakazara nyaya vehurumende nomutemo ukama, unofanira kuva pamutemo vanokwanisa, chii chave kare.

1. The pamutemo kugona - zviri chaizvoizvo zvinobvira kubata kodzero nokubereka mamwe mabasa. Zvinonzi rusununguko ose mugari kubva pakuzvarwa, saka vanokwanisa ndiye zvachose vose. Concept uye mhando kodzero dzevanhu uye mitoro dzinogona kuwanikwa remitemo, vehurumende uye pamutemo mabasa, uye zvichingodaro. N.

2. kugona - ndiko kugona kushandisa kodzero dzavo uye kutora basa navo. Rinogona mhando nhatu: izere, kukwana uye zvishoma. Uyewo, pane zviri pamutemo hurumende yevanhu, kana vari chaizvoizvo incapacitated. Kakawanda, bhuku muchikwata ichi ndezvipi zera yomunhu. With makore 18 mumwe ane uzere pamutemo chinzvimbo. Asi, maererano chisarudzo dare, mumwe munhu anogona kukutadzisa kukwanisa kwayo kuita maererano nechokwadi noupenyu ezvinhu.

Legal masangano uye mamiriro

Vakawanda matambudziko mutemo wehurumende chokuita tsanangudzo mhando idzi mbiri vanhu. Kudivi rimwe, hurumende - zviri zvakangofanana repamutemo, zvakadai somunhu kambani. Asi nemhaka pamberi uchangamire nyaya ane zvimwe zvinhu. Somuenzaniso, hurumende haabati vehurumende kuita pamusoro zvayo chikonzero. Kunyange zvakadaro, mashoko contractual kana zvimwe mitoro ukama nezvenyaya rinowanika Chokwadi, zvakafanana repamutemo. Saka, basa mamiriro zviri nharo kuti zvevakomana. Panyaya pamutemo vanhu, vane zvinotevera zviratidzo:

- kubatana sangano,

- Property voga,

- the kuita kuti,

- hurumende nyaya ngativei ndakavamiririra.

International vehurumende mutemo

International mutemo wehurumende ari kutaridza dzakawanda zvibvumirano uye mudzimba mitemo yokudzora kukosha zvinobatanidzwa mutemo vehurumende mumunda pamwe dzakawanda. Bazi iri zvauya kubva nokukurumidza pave contractual, ezvokutengeserana, mhuri uye zvimwe vehurumende mutemo ukama dzakawanda negwaro. Wakaisa ichi mitemo rinobvumira vanotongwa mutemo wehurumende kushamwaridzana mumwe kunyange kana vasiri vagari chete mamiriro. Mumwe muenzaniso mabasa vehurumende-wepamutemo chimiro remarudzi ndiye "yenzendo Agreement", rakapfupikiswa se "nzendo".

Saka, munyaya, isu kupindura mubvunzo, chii ndiwo mutemo wehurumende, uyewo akaedza kuona zvinhu zviri indasitiri. Mukugumisa, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti mutemo wehurumende - ndiro zvoupenyu basa zviri pamutemo, sezvo vakawanda chokuita noupenyu vagari. Panyaya dzakawanda indasitiri, zviri kuramba pakutevedzera mu yevagari mitemo yenyika dzakawanda nokuti basa kodzero ari kuwedzera zuva nezuva munyika.