Chii nedzenyu kutapata?

Kazhinji kacho nedzenyu kutapata - kodzero kuteerera chiremerera sarudzo nomumwe mamiriro ayo masangano uye vamiririri. Kutaura zvazviri, kunogona kunzi isingachinji, kana mamiriro ezvinhu umo ndima iri parem vasiri habet imperium (Lat. "Kuenzana yakaenzana simba pamusoro").

Pfungwa uye zvimwe nedzenyu kutapata

Of vagari vose vari kunze hurumende, vamiriri kumira nokuda kwavo pamutemo. By vapedzisira, sezvo mutemo, kunzwisisa nevakawanda yakatarwa kodzero, ropafadzo uye mitoro pamusoro munyika dzokugara.

Zvadaro, zvikomborero - zviri kubatsira kuti anopiwa pariri nomutemo dzakawanda nokuda anotsvedzerera Implementation basa zvinangwa. Mumwe wavo kunokosha kusimbisa nomutemo siyana vaidzivirirwa nawo, ayo so ive chete kodzero nedzenyu vamiririri havasi pasi dzimwe mitemo mukuru.

Nedzenyu kutapata ane wandei zvinoratidza kuti uku kubva dzimwe ropafadzo:

1. Ko nezve "incentives kunaka" - chokwadi, ichi dzisashande chero mitoro (mutero, muitiro uye zvichingodaro.) Kana kuita.

2. Chinangwa ropafadzo ndiko rekuona kuti dzakawanda mabasa uye mabasa. Kuti chinokuvadzwa chadzo uye vaidzivirirwa nawo havana kukupiwa pauzima kubatsira munhu.

3. mashoko vanhu vane nedzenyu kutapata, zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo uye mitemo, uyewo dzemunharaunda mutemo dzakawanda. In Russia vane nedzenyu uye kuvamiriri Corps, ari President, nhengo dzinokosha mamishini mifananidzo nemasangano dzakawanda.

Saka, ropafadzo nedzenyu chinzvimbo akakamurwa 2 mapoka: kutapata (rusununguko kubva chinhu) uye dzepamutemo makomborero, pfungwa iyo chokuita nedzimwe dzezvivi, pre-emptive kodzero, zvaunofarira, aiva mumwe mutariri dzimwe nyaya zvinobatsira nzanga yose.

Mitemo iri ropafadzo State

Nedzenyu kutapata somunhu muchikwata pamutemo iripo kwenguva refu. Kunyange muRoma yekare, nhume muvengi rinoti vaiva inviolable sezvo vaionekwa kuva pasi kudzivirira vamwari.

Kwenguva refu nzvimbo vamiriri vakatsunga tsika imwe chete uye tsika, sezvo paine dzakawanda zviridzwa panyaya idzi hariko. The achiedza kokutanga yomuchikoro codification yakaitwa chete muna 1928, apo mu Havana (Latin America) rakagamuchira Convention on nedzenyu vakuru.

Gare gare, muna 1961, zvakanga vakagamuchira Vienna Convention on nedzenyu Relations, izvo nhasi anoramba inokosha contractual Chishandiso mumunda dzakawanda ukama. Parizvino rinobatanidzwa nyika dzakawanda munyika, kusanganisira Russia.

Kuwedzera akati Convention, nedzenyu kutapata pasi mutemo dzakawanda kwakavakirwa zvinotevera zvibvumirano uye zvibvumirano:

• The Vienna Convention on kuvamiriri Relations 1963.
• Convention on Ropafadzo uye vaidzivirirwa nawo weUnited Nations muna 1946.
• The Convention on Ropafadzo uye vaidzivirirwa nawo pamusoro Specialised Agencies, 1947.
• Convention on Legal Status, Ropafadzo uye vaidzivirirwa nawo pamusoro neIntergovernmental Economic Organisations muna 1980.

Mukuwedzera, States vari kodzero nedzenyu kutapata mhosva chero mabasa anobvumira kuti tsanangurai mamiriro ezvinhu maererano ukama pakati penyika mbiri. Nedzenyu kutapata ari tsotsi pamurairo Russian Federation, vehurumende uye okutarisira pezvakaitwa rinorondedzerwa zvakananga waitaura zvaifanira kuitwa mabasa yokudzora mabhora aya.

Mhando nedzenyu vaidzivirirwa nawo

Ropafadzo makapiwa vamiriri kwete kuti azvipfumise kana vapfume, uye kuti kusika akanaka ezvinhu basa mune imwe nyika. Embassies uye kuvamiriri mahofisi vane vaidzivirirwa nawo uye pahondo nyika dzinomiririra yavo mamiriro.

Maererano dzemunharaunda ari Vienna Convention pakati 1961 uye vakagumisa zvibvumirano dzakawanda, zvose nedzenyu vaidzivirirwa nawo inogona kukamurwa zvinotevera mapoka:

• The neropafadzo nedzenyu mishoni - nevamiririri venyika uye CONSULATES.
• Personal vaidzivirirwa nawo ose vamiriri uye vomumhuri dzavo.
• Neropafadzo nhengo dzinokosha mishoni uye nechimbichimbi mishoni.
• Vaidzivirirwa nawo pakati nhengo dzakawanda (Interstate, neIntergovernmental) masangano.

Panewo kupatsanura maererano kutsanangurwa nedzenyu kutapata: vehurumende muitiro, mhosva (kutapata mu vasaenderera mberi), tsika, mutero (fiscal) uye okutarisira.

Vaidzivirirwa nawo ose nedzenyu mishoni

Maererano 1961 Vienna Convention, nedzenyu kutapata zvinosanganisira zvinotevera:

1. inviolability yacho ichigara.

The kugamuchira State anofanira, kuburikidza machinda ayo uye nomazvo masimba (mapurisa, moto, nevatungamiri, mapurisa uye zvichingodaro.) Vanosungirwa kudzivirira zvinobudirira nedzenyu kumiririrwa pakuvaka uye nyika kumativi ose. A yakafanana kutapata kuratidzirwa voga dzokugara kuti vamiriri.

2. kutapata pfuma uye nemotokari.

Kutaura zvazviri, hapana pfuma haagoni abatwa, akasungwa kana kunzverwa. Zvisinei, kana motokari ari mufananidzo tsotsi, anogona kunonoka. Nezviito Vezvemitemo panguva inofanira kuendeswa kwete kuzorwa motokari uye pamusoro chete munhu.

3. Privacy tsamba uye yamabhuku.

Nedzenyu - vakawanda yokukurukurirana yavo mumiririri inoti. Zvemazvirokwazvo inviolable, hazvigoni shoma kurema kana nhamba zvigaro. 1961 Vienna Convention rinoreva chokuendesa simbi uye rekutakura beskurernuyu kana shoko iri akatumira kuna mukuru ane ndege kana mudziyo.

4. Tax (fiscal) kutapata.

Financial kwema kunze mishoni nokuda kwayo womukati kuchengeteka, kwete pasi chero mari yechikoro mhosva.

5. Custom neropafadzo.

Yakanyorerwa nedzenyu basa mukwende haritorwi pamitero (kunze yokuchengetera zvinhu), asi kutsvaka anoenderera mberi zvavo chikonzero.

Personal vaidzivirirwa nawo ose nedzenyu vashandi

Basa mudonzvo chinogona kukamurwa 3 mumapoka: ari nedzenyu, yaiona uye kugadzira. Vose zvavo vari vhoriyamu wakapiwa uchishandisa zvinotevera ropafadzo:

1. inviolability Personal.

Vashandi vane nedzenyu mamishini vomumhuri dzavo vanodzivirirwa kugamuchirwa State. Kurwisa Chero kana kushungurudza avo isingagamuchiriki. Somuenzaniso, Criminal Code mu Article 360 inopa pakurangwa 5 kusvika 7 makore kuti kurwiswa vamiririri dzimwe nyika vachinakidzwa dziviriro nedzenyu.

2. inviolability pamba (private dzokugara).

Nzvimbo yakagara vamiriri uye vomumhuri dzavo (furati, imba) akapa kunotichengetedza kubva kutsvaka uye nezvokubvuta, uye penetrations.

3. hauchatamburi mhosva, vehurumende uye administrative hwaHerodhi, kudzivirirwa vatevedzere zviito.

Panyaya vehurumende uye administrative wenharaunda yaitongwa ingangovapo kubviswa 3:

• Kutaura pamusoro pachake nezvibvumirano uye mhuri yake kuchamuka.
• Kutaura nhaka nyaya (Wills chinetso, zviri kwebasa rinofanira vatsivi nezvakadaro.).
• Kumatare musi siyana nyaya ezvokutengeserana basa, izvo vamiriri kana nhengo dzavo dzinobatanidzwa kuti azvipfumise.

4. Tsika kutapata uye inviolability pamusoro penhumbi.

Personal Zvinhu vamiriri zvinogona iongororwe chete pamberi pavo uye akapa kwakakomba nokufungirana pakati pamberi wairambidza zvinhu kuti aivigirwa. Kana, pashure Kuongorora kuwana kutyorwa, muridzi penhumbi anekodzero yekurara yepamutemo ratidziro.

Munyika yanhasi iri mhando kutapata aregedza kutsanangurwa murau, sezvo nyika, yakavakirwa akaenzaniswa kuitira avhiyesheni kuchengeteka uye pakurwisa ugandanga, vamiriri kwaenzaniswa vamwe kwevanhuwo zvavo ndege.

5. dzisashande mabasa.

The kugamuchira State irege kumanikidza nhengo dzavo pachavo sungiro (muchiuto, indemnity, uto billeting, kukumbira, etc.) mhuri.

6. Rusununguko rwokufamba mukati munharaunda kugamuchirwa State.

Persons chero nzira chokuita nedzenyu Corps, anekodzero kufamba zvakasununguka mukati visa, kunze nzvimbo kuti havabvumirwi kushanyira vatorwa nomurayiro kana chitendero chinzvimbo.

Full pachako kutapata vane vamiriri uye vamiririri yaiona uye zvekushandisa mudonzvo, uyewo kugara navo vomumhuri. Zvisinei, kushandisa ropafadzo yavo, vanogona chete chiitiko vasina rupi iri kugamuchira State kana regai kurarama mairi zvachose.

Vashandi vari chete ezvinhu anogona chete kuvimba dzisashande mutero yesosaiti uye mabasa pachinhu basa vakagamuchira mari.

Vaidzivirirwa nawo anokosha mishoni

Kuwedzera "dzose" nedzenyu masangano nedzimwe nyika, pane pfupi inotungamirwa - basa (boka Commission) utitungamirire imwe nyika kune imwe kukurukura chero nyaya kana mabasa chaiwo mabasa.

The Convention on Special Missions, vakagamuchirwa muna 1969, huru dzakawanda Chishandiso panyaya iyi kunosvika pfungwa nedzenyu dzidzo kwenguva pfupi kuti mapoka zvose, kusanganisira vakuru vehurumende, hurumende, vashumiri vavatorwa nevamwe mukuru machinda vanoenda kunze bhizimisi rake ehurumende . The wainyatsotaura vanhu panguva nzendo vane kutapata zvakakwana kubva chepasi yamarudzi ose.

Masimba chinokosha basa, ayo nguva uye murwiyo nemaonero ayo basa uye anowanzoshandurwa vakabvumirana pakati hanya nyika mumisangano.

Nedzenyu kutapata nhengo dzinokosha mishoni ndekwenguva duku uye kudzivirira kana vodzokera kunyika accreditation. Paaigara mamwe masimba pfupi nhengo mapoka dzinenge zvakafanana vaidzivirirwa nawo uye ropafadzo vashandi "zvachose" masangano.

Asi panguva imwe chete ari 1969 Convention, chaizvo kurambidzwa ropafadzo yavo yakasimba. Zvikurukuru, vamiririri vehondo nyika vane kodzero unimpeded kuwana kwakavakirwa chaiwo basa pasi mungozi moto kana zvimwe njodzi. Resolution musoro boka kana kuMudzidzisi nedzenyu basa haisi kuzvireva. Zvinonzi kukamurwa uku kwaita kuti kuramba ari USSR, uye gare gare Russia kuti tsigira Convention ichi.

Kutapata masangano dzakawanda

Kazhinji, kwakadai kutapata rinogona kurondedzerwa se kutaridza anokosha kodzero chinowanika dzakawanda / neIntergovernmental kushamwaridzana uye vashandi vayo (uyewo vamiririri Member States naye), akagovera runziro uye akazvimirira rusununguko mitemo mabasa.

About kudiwa nedzenyu kutapata nokuda pachiitwa pakati mashandiro anotaurwa Articles 104 uye 105 dzeUN Charter, uyewo vari constituent magwaro nemamwe masangano kazhinji kuzivikanwa, akadai UNESCO, WHO, IMF, Council of Europe, achifambirana uye nevamwe.

Kukura zviri kutapata hunonyatsodonongodza mu Magungano, zvibvumirano uye zvibvumirano zviri vakagumisa pakati dzepasi uye paumbwe hurumende. Kuwedzera mukuru kubatsira wemishonga, zvinyorwa izvi rinorondedzera ropafadzo uye vaidzivirirwa nawo pomudonzvo: kuvimbika, dzisashande hwaHerodhi, tsika ropafadzo, vasabatanidzwe pamusoro kupinda, dzokugara, mari Exchange, kudzorerwa, kodzero inokosha vatambi, mapasipoti uye zvichingodaro.

The kutapata pamusoro vamiririri Member States nemasangano dzakawanda

The kutapata wevamiriri venyika dziri shamwari Interstate yekudyidzana nani kupfuura kutapata pemudonzvo. Kutaura zvazviri, zviri zvakafanana nedzenyu, sezvazvakanyorwa inobva kurudyi inoti kumiririra zvavanoda mune dzakawanda munhandare.

The chikuru nhindi mitemo Russia, pamutemo zvinoitwa kumiririrwa zvechigarire mune dzakawanda nokushamwaridzana, ndiye Regulation "Pamusoro Permanent Mission of Russian Federation kuti munyika sangano", mvumo chirevo President of Russian Federation musi waSeptember 29, 1999 № 1316.

Zvisinei, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti vamiririri masangano vanoshandisa kodzero dzavo chete pachiyero masangano munyika yose. Havagoni ndipe nzvimbo yechigarire dzokugara ane Interstate nokuwadzana. Asi kana izvi zvikaitika, ayo zvivako simba vane basa kuitira kuti vamiririri State uye nenhume kuti Misangano ose akakodzera ropafadzo vaidzivirirwa nawo vanofanira kunakidzwa mukutenda zvakanaka.

Vaidzivirirwa nawo kuUnited Nations

UN pamutemo richinzi kwaro Charter uye Convention pamusoro Ropafadzo uye vaidzivirirwa nawo yeUnited Nations, mvumo neDare General Assembly muna 1947.

Gungano 1947 ndiko kushanda nemasangano ose muUN ino, kufungisisa chete vamwe kuchinja kunge kwakatanga uye wokurera kuratidza chaizvo basa ravo.

Maererano Article IV of Convention, vamiririri UN nevaari panguva dzakasiyana-siyana mumatunhu (vamiririri, nemakurukota, nyanzvi uye vanyori vane nenhume) vane ropafadzo, vaidzivirirwa nawo uye zvivako sezvo zvinowanikwa vamiriri.

Agreement pamusoro nzvimbo kumuzinda UN nemamwe masangano dzakawanda zvinopa nokudenga kunyika kwenyu zvachose dzinomiririra nhengo vaidzivirirwa nawo zvakafanana nedzenyu. Asi zvibvumirwano nedzimwe nyika, vari shoma. Kunyanya, chibvumirano pakati UN uye US, kuwedzera kuonga ropafadzo uye vaidzivirirwa nawo kunopa mvumo kuna US zviremera kutanga zvekufamba pamusoro UN nevaari nepfungwa kuzviunza zvinodiwa mbudo kubva kuUnited States nokuda kumbunyikidzwa ropafadzo.

Zvikuru chaiwo kutapata mhando ndiyo urongwa Section 18 Article V of Convention pakati 1947, rinotaura kuti United Nations vashandi uye masangano ayo kushandiswa haigoni kuunzwa kuti mashoko akataurwa kana akanyorwa paaigara sezvo mukuru.

Civil Procedure kutapata

Chero kutapata pamutemo kunosanganisira kubviswa zviitiko apo sezvo zvakananga ubatanidzwe ukama nharo pamutemo ndiye mamiriro, kubva chepasi wedare zvimwe mamiriro.

Nedzenyu kutapata hurumende zvekufamba vagara vandifungira Part 3 Chikamu 401 of RF Code of Civil Procedure, iyo inotaura kuti aizivikanwa zviri pamutemo vamiriri mumwe State pasi vehurumende wenharaunda yaitongwa matare Russian Federation chete mumamiriro zvaitaurwa zvokudya dzakawanda zvibvumirano zvibvumirwano pakati Russia uye dzimwe nyika.

Izvozvo nedzenyu kutapata inodzivirira vamiriri (uyewo dzavo) rimwe hurumende fanira Kupinda iri ndima hondo munyika mudare zvekufamba. Panyaya vehurumende zvekufamba zvinofungirwa kuti nedzenyu mumiririri anofanira kumanikidzwa obatanidzwa - .. The mukwirirwi ari rumhan'aro nguva zvapupu, nyanzvi, etc. Zvakare, Wenyika anogona waive kutapata ake chero pavaipfuura kwacho.

Kutapata hurumende zvekufamba hairevi kuti mamiriro ezvinhu apo vamiriri uye vomumhuri dzavo kupinda muitiro sevanhu kuti zvinotaurwa mune rusarura zvivako zvayo, iri nhaka kana kuunza yavo pachavo vabatsirwe mabasa.

Kana mumiriri nedzenyu kana mumwe munhu anofarira kutapata, achikwevewa kudare, ari ramangwana - mune iyi - havagoni kuvimba ropafadzo yawo.

Criminal Procedure kutapata

Kazhinji, nhumbi dzakawanda dzine urongwa raiti nedzenyu vamiririri vakanakidzwa hauchatamburi kusunga, izvo zvinoreva kwete "kusunungurwa kuita" uye "chokudzingwa" kubva kutsanangurwa kurangwa pamutemo. Somuenzaniso, nyaya 11 Convention on Ropafadzo uye vaidzivirirwa nawo of Shanghai Cooperation Organization 17 June 2004 wakaiswa kuti ari mundima nhengo nyika ari nenzvimbo namachinda aro hazvigoni vaita yavo kuratidza, mabhuku nezvimwe zviito akatorwa panguva aurayiwe mabasa .

Nedzenyu kutapata mumutemo mhosva rinoreva kwete kusunungurwa dzimwe vamiriri uye dzimwe vanhu neropafadzo dzakafanana kubva mhosva kuita uye chaiko chisingabviri hwokushandisa chero nemutadzi mutemo mitemo weRussia nekuda kudarika zvakaitwa navo. Izvozvo nedzenyu kutapata mune mhosva zvekufamba zvinoreva kuti mapurisa haagoni kutanga vasaenderera mberi mune rusarura nyaya dzakadai inosanganisira navo vanofungidzirwa kana kupomerwa. Chero mharuro tsotsi mhosva anofanira acharega pasi ndima 2 Part 1 Chikamu 24 weCriminal Procedure Code of Russian Federation nokuda kwokushayiwa uchapupu.

Nedzenyu kutapata chacho zviri pamutemo kukosha zvemariro kukosha, nekuti muzvinhu zvakawanda kuona ukama pakati akasiyana anoti. Vamiririri dzimwe nyika kuti ashande so "izwi" mamwe hurumende, vachava inviolable, uye pakanga pakaputsika mitemo nguva yokuti ichivharira ukama panguva renyika dzakawanda uye nokuiswa zvirango siyana.