Chii ukama pakati chakagadzirwa kusarudzwa uye maberekero? Chakagadzirwa vakasarudzwa uye kusarudzwa: muenzaniso

Kuchengeta vepasi nezvokudya - chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha uye zvikuru zvenzara nyaya panguva. Zvakakwana kuyeuka kuti inenge 12% vagere panyika vanoziya nenzara, uye vanoda kusvika bhiriyoni vanhu vane chirwere nzara. Kukura itsva mukuru-ichibereka akasiyana miti uye kusikwa nemhuka dzemarudzi purazi kunogona kubatsira pakugadzirisa dambudziko iri. Rinotaura mabasa uye kusarudzwa kwakadaro. Munyaya ino tichakurukura wayo zvinokosha unyanzvi, uyewo uzive chii ukama pakati chakagadzirwa vakasarudzwa uye maberekero nemhuka, zvinomera uye tupukanana tusingaoneki.

Modern chirimwa rutoto uye zvinangwa

Kunofudza Vagari venyika - chikuru Kuisa sayenzi hunobatsira pakubata kuwedzera negoho mhando ano uye dzinoita, uyewo kusikwa avo chitsva siyana, izvo hwaiitirwa chimbi zvido zvose zvokurima uye siyana sectors zvokudya indasitiri. Sezvo dzakamakwa nokuda kwazvo Russian geneticist N. I. Vavilov, ongororo zvaidiwa ukama pakati chakagadzirwa kusarudzwa uye maberekero kunokosha kusarudza kutsvakwa chimiro, uyewo panguva hybridization. N. I. Vavilov akapa basa rinokosha vakasiyana genotypes yevanhu dzinotsigirwa maberekero kuedza. Chimwe chikuru dambudziko sayenzi - kudzivirira yokugara zvinhu dzomusango mhando nemhuka, ane genotypes ndiwo dzigare mairi zvinokosha hunhu uye zvivako.

Charles Darwin uye zvaaidzidzisa chakagadzirwa vakasarudzwa

Kuti tinzwisise chii ukama pakati chakagadzirwa kusarudzwa uye maberekero, ngationei kunzwisisa chinhu hazvizivi chaizvo pakusarudza uye ayo basa kukura dzinoita itsva pezvipfuwo uye anorimwa chirimwa mhando. Ngatiyeukei kuti Charles Darwin nekutsanangura zvinoreva hazvizivi kusarudza somunhu kwakadaro kwevanhu, zvainanga zvose mukusaziva uye ine chinangwa chokuchengetedza kupfuura zvibereko vanhu uye kutambira zvavo vachiyambuka vakawanda nevazukuru. Yakarongeka chimiro chakagadzirwa kusarudzwa pari imwe huru zvishandiso ari zvombo pakati Breeders vanoita.

Zvinosuruvarisa, asi zvivako uye zvinhu akasarudzwa kuva anobatsira uye zvakafanira kuti munhu, kazhinji vanozova hanya uye kunotokuvadza mupudzi kana mhuka. Zvipenyu vava hostages zvido uye vachida womunhu. Somuenzaniso, anozivikanwa Dutch rudzi mombe, kupa kusvika 14 zviuru litres mukaka pagore, haagoni kurarama pasina rinokosha dyisa uye kutarisirwa zvakanaka. Mumwe muenzaniso: manyana tumbler - Decorative dzemarudzi twenjiva - kwete vakazvimiririra zvinopfuura goko ari zai, somugumisiro chakagadzirwa pakusarudza kureba muromo shiri yacho ipfupi kwazvo, asi kugona kwavo zvakaoma tumbling panguva kutiza, nekusiyana, rwakasimudzwa chaizvo. Uyezve, vakawana kuti rutapudzo chinhanho zvose zvinomera nemhuka zvinenge correlatively chokuita rakawedzera nadzurudzo variability zvinenge.

Chimiro chakagadzirwa selection, uye avo efficacy

Kuramba tiine mubvunzo, chii ukama pakati chakagadzirwa kusarudzwa uye maberekero, funga kaviri: nomumwe uye vakawanda. Wokutanga anopa yakanakisisa dzinoshanda zvabuda, sezvo ongororo kusiya vanhu vasina pamwe ndiyo genotypes uye kwokunze zvinhu. Majini padziva zvipenyu pakutsvaga nzira yacho mazita uye chokuongorora backcrossing. Misa maonero maonero Kusarudzwa zvishoma nokuda zvimwe zvainovhiringidzawo, akadai phenotypically homogenous boka revanhu vangava homo- kana heterozygous. Last chaiyambuka mumwe, ari mwene anogona kutanga vabudirire kuratidzwa nokukurumidza kuti zvinoyemurika, asi mukufamba kwohumwe matings chichachengetwa yakawedzera kakawanda panowanikwa homozygous vanhu, zvichiita kuti rovira mu maberekero.

sarudzo zvabuda

Woga, uyewo hombe chakagadzirwa kusarudzwa uye maberekero anogona kushandisa migumisiro kwose variability sei mutation uye Modification. Izvi zvinobvumira masayendisiti rokusika uye kubereka mhando pamwe pre-kutarisirwa zvinhu uye zvivako. Kusarudzirwa vabereki vakaroorana izvo zvinoshanda siyana hybridization, zvinopa pakuonekwa vana pamwe zvakafanotaurwa phenotypic unhu.

Misiyano chakagadzirwa pakusarudza maberekero

Kufunga nzira ruminant dzinoita itsva uye dzakasiyana-siyana anoshandiswa vaongorori, zvinokwanisika kuti kuronda zvakajairika features, kureva kushandiswa outbreeding, uye Chiitiko kuti heterosis uye kuongorora maumbirwo kuyambuka. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti chakagadzirwa kusarudzwa uye maberekero - chetezvo. Kutaura zvazviri, zvakadai maberekero unyanzvi, akadai vakafurira mutagenesis, retsiproktnoe hybridization, Gene kuchinjirwa zvinhu noutachiona nzira, yekudyidzana zvikuru kunzwisisa uye upamhi hwazvo hunopfuura nenyanzvi chakagadzirwa vakasarudzwa.

Mhando idzi chirimwa maberekero kwakakonzera kwaita kare vasiri aripo ari hunhu zvinoberekeswa dzakachinjwa zvipenyu, vane ehupfumi muri varayirwa wandei unokosha kupfuura kuti zviripo. Somuenzaniso, majini dzakachinjwa mbatatisi mhando vane genomes ane DNA molecules Kuparadzaniswa chromosome of Colorado mbatatisi beetles ndiyo husingakwanisi tupukanana zhinji uye zvisina kukanganiswa phytophthora.

A-siyana yepakutanga siyana - hwaro maberekero

Kujairirana kumatunhu manomwe Earth, ndiye musimboti kwakabva uye domestication kuti zvirimwa nemhuka, rinobatsira kujekesa mubvunzo, chii ukama pakati chakagadzirwa kusarudzwa uye maberekero. Zvakadzama muunganidzwa mbeu (anenge 1600 marudzi zvinomera) inounganidzwa ari nzendo pamusoro Academician Nikolai Vavilov, ichiri mukuru maberekero zvinhu rinoshandiswa nemasayendisiti kunyika dzakasiyana-siyana vari inoshanda basa pamusoro pokumuka mhando itsva nemamwe maitiro. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti zvose nzvimbo kwakabva kukudziridzwa siyana munharaunda yakakura uye munhoroondo chokuita kwenzanga vokutanga, ari mubasa yekare pamazuva nokurima uye mhuka minda.

Kushanda vasanangurwa zvabuda

Vagari zvinoitwa international maberekero masangano uye tsvakurudzo Kudya zvino vakaratidza vakawanda itsva mhando, dzinoita uye utachiona, uyewo akasika zvipenyu, amborarama Panyika. Somuenzaniso, maererano hybridization chemasanganiswa makabheji uye colza akasikwa, rinonzi chibharo. Pari, ndiyo imwe huru-melliferous zvirimwa. Rinoshandiswawo nevakawanda senzira zvinokosha munyoro zvokudya.

Ngatisakanganwa kuti hwaro kwezvisikwa maberekero nzira itsva chakagadzirwa vakasarudzwa. Selection, muenzaniso migumisiro zvatakawana wakapiwa kwokutanga, vakabatsira pave vaizotibata maindasitiri akadai Gene uye muchitokisi engineering, uye hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu. Kupfuura zviuru zvina mhando gorosi, vanenge zviuru zvisere AND tulip serin'i, 25,000 akasiyana zvikuru zvokudya zvinomera: mupunga, mbatatisi, chibage, sunflower - mupiro chaicho kukura kusarudzwa kugadzirwa nyika zvokudya.

Hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu uye ayo muchinangwa National upfumi

Bazi iri sayenzi sepokutangira kwavo yokutsvakurudza anoshandisawo chakagadzirwa vakasarudzwa. Selection zvigare kare vakabata murume chavanoziva uye dzinowanzotsigi- kushandiswa kubika, mukurima waini zvemichina uye chizi. Muzana remakore rechi20, mishonga inonzi nguva, hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu tusingaoneki rave richishandiswa nevakawanda kuti zvinowana utachiona zvikuru kugadzira kuti penicillin nezvinogadzirwa nomukaka. Pari, rinopa vimbiso huru chokubvisa okuva notumwe, algae uye majemusi, vaikwanisa zvoutachiona wokunatswa mvura uye ivhu.

Munyaya ino takazoziva kworudzii ukama pakati chakagadzirwa kusarudzwa uye maberekero, uyewo chidzore basa ravo pakurwisa kwezvokudya munyika vepasi.