Bashkir: chitendero, tsika, tsika

Russia - a multiethnic nyika. Hurumende iri inogarwa siyana vanhu vane zvitendero zvavo, tsika uye tsika. In iri Volga Federal District pane nyaya yacho Russian Federation - Republic of Bashkortostan. Ndezvenguva Ural muruwa zvoupfumi. nezvenyaya iyi pakati Russian Federation pamuganhu Orenburg, kuChelyabinsk Sverdlovsk kumatunhu, ari Perm Territory, ivo Republics mukati Russian Federation - Udmurtia uye Tatarstan. Guta guru Bashkortostan ndiye Ufa. Republic ndiye kuzvionera wokutanga dzemadzinza chikonzero. It yakaumbwa muna 1917. In mashoko vemo (vanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni mana), uyewo zvinotora pakutanga pakati autonomies. Republic vazadze advantageously Bashkirs. Culture, chitendero, tsika iyi rudzi ichava nyaya nyaya yedu. Zvinofanira akati Bashkirs havamuki chete muRepublic of Bashkortostan. Vamiririri vanhu vanogona kuwanikwa dzimwe Russian Federation uye Ukraine uye Hungary.

Vanhu vorudzii - the Bashkirs?

Izvi runodiwa zvakafanana zita parutivi nzvimbo rinokosha. Kana vanhu vanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni mana, madzinza Bashkirs zviri kumusha vanhu 1172287 chete (maererano okupedzisira Verenga 2010). Munguva yose Russian Federation pane hafu yemiriyoni nhengo dzorudzi urwu. About zana zviuru akaenda kunze kwenyika. mutauro Bashkir akanga dzinounzwa kubva West-Altai subgroups mhuri kare. Asi kunyora kusvikira mukutanga ramakumi remakore, vave inobva echiArabic. MuSoviet Union, "chirevo kubva kumusoro," rakashandurirwa Latin, uye mumakore Stalin kutonga - the Cyrillic arufabheti. Asi hazvisi chete mutauro dzinobatanidza vanhu. Muitiro unobatanidza chinhu, vachibvumira kuchengetedza zivikanwo yavo, uye chitendero ndicho. vatendi Most Bashkirs - vari Sunni vaMuslim. Below isu kunyatsotarisisa panguva chitendero chavo.

Nhoroondo yevanhu

Maererano masayendisiti, ivo Bashkirs yekare akatsanangura Herodotus uye Klavdiy Ptolemey. "Baba History" Argippeans akavadana akataura kuti vanhu ava akapfeka muSitia, asi akati chaiyo nomutauro. Chinese yaMakoronike chete chinzvimbo sezvo Bashkirs namarudzi ose Huns. Mu "Mubhuku sui" (zana remakore rechinomwe) rinotaura rudzi Bay uye Bo Ding-Han. Vanogona so Bashkirs uye Volga Bulgars. Kusuma zvakawanda zvijeke Ages vafambi dzechiArabhu. Inenge 840 Sallam al-Tardzhuman akashanyira nharaunda, akatsanangura pakunogumira uye mararamiro vagari. Iye inechirevo Bashkirs senyika yakazvimirira, kurarama zvose mujinga ari Ural wemakomo eJudhiya, pakati penzizi Volga, Kama, Tobol uye Yaikom. Vakanga Semi-anongofamba pastoralists, asi ngwizhingwi chaizvo. Arab mufambi anotaura animism, iro netsika dzekare Bashkirs. Chitendero aireva dzavo gumi vamwari: zhizha nechando, mvura uye mhepo, mvura uye nenyika, masikati nousiku, mabhiza vanhu, rufu. Main aiva kudenga Mweya pamusoro pavo. Zvaitendwa Bashkirs kwaisanganisirawo zvinhu totemism (mamwe madzinza vairemekedza Cranes, hove uye nyoka) nechishamani.

Zvaizobuda Large of Danube

Muzana remakore rechipfumbamwe, pamapani ari Urals kundotsvaka mafuro nani vakasiya kwete Magyars vekare chete. Vakanga yabatana vamwe Bashkir amarudzi - Kese Eneasi, Yurmaty nevamwe. Izvi mubatanidzwa anongofamba, tanga munzvimbo pakati Dnieper uye Don, achiumba nyika Levediyu. Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechigumi, achitungamirirwa neAripadhi, akatanga kusimudzira mamwe kumavirira. Kuhwina Carpathians namarudzi anongofamba akakunda Pannonia uye akavamba Hungary. Asi hatifaniri kufunga kuti Bashkirs vakakurumidza wakafananidzwa pamwe Magyars vekare. Madzinza vakapesana uye ndakatanga kugara vose pemahombekombe Danube. Zvatinotenda Bashkirs, akanga Islamized kunyange Urals, zvishoma nezvishoma vanotanga mumwechete. Arab yaMakoronike wegumi remakore taura kuti kuchamhembe kumahombekombe Danube inogarwa nevaKristu Khunkar. Uye kumaodzanyemba Umambo Hungary kurarama Bashgird maMoziremu. The guta chikuru vakanga keratitis. Chokwadi, Islam uri mumoyo Europe haaizorarama kwenguva refu. Nechekare muzana remakore rechigumi nematatu, ruzhinji Bashkirs kuchiKristu. Zvino mugore rechigumi nemana vaMuslim muHungary hazvina zvachose.

Tengrianism

Asi shure mumazuva okutanga, asati mugumisiro marudzi anongofamba kubva Urals. Ngatikurukurei muudzame pazvitendero, iyo zvino vaizviti Bashkirs. chitendero ichi anonzi Tengri - zita raBaba zvose uye mwari kudenga. Zvose, maererano Bashkirs yekare, pane zvinhu zvitatu: nyika pamusoro payo uye pasi payo. Uye mumwe nomumwe wavo wakanga wakajeka uye chikamu chisingaoneki. Denga yakakamurwa kupinda tiers akawanda. At wepamusorosoro inogarwa Tengri Khan. Bashkirs, havana kuziva mamiriro akanga Zvisinei, mumwe pfungwa zvakajeka simba tote. All vamwe vanamwari vaiva nebasa zvinhu zvakasikwa (mwaka, dutu, mvura, mhepo, nezvimwewo) uye zvachose pasi Khan Tengri. Bashkirs Ancient vasingadaviri rumuko kwomweya. Asi vaidavira kuti zuva richauya kuti varege kurarama mumuviri, uye icharamba kurarama panyika kwaigara enyika mararamiro.

Remubatanidzwa pamwe Islam

Muzana remakore rechigumi, nharaunda yaigarwa Bashkirs uye Volga Bulgars, akatanga munhumbi mamishinari Muslim. Kusiyana dzekubhabhatidzwa Russia, izvo akasangana kukuru nemishonga yechihedheni vanhu, runochengeta tengriantsy akagamuchira Islam pasina kunyanyisa. Pfungwa chitendero Bashkirs zvakakwana vakabatana pfungwa Mwari mumwe, iyo Bhaibheri rinopa. Tengri vakabatana navo Mwari. Kunyange zvakadaro, "vamwari maduku" avo vane basa okunze uye zvakasikwa, yagara ichiitwa zvikuru. Uye zvino kutevera dzidziso yekare kunogona kurondwa mumadimikira, mitambo uye zvinoitwa. Tinogona kutaura kuti Tengriism refracted mune vakawanda kuziva vanhu, ndinosika yetsika chiitiko mumwe mhando.

Kuitwa Islam

Chokutanga kuvigwa muna Republic of Bashkortostan Muslim zvomuzana remakore rechisere. Asi kutonga nezvinooneka zvinhu zvinowanikwa kumakuva, zvinogona kuonekwa kuti mushakabvu chinowanzoitika kunge kunze vanhu. Panguva pavaipfuura pakurapa vemo Islam mangwanani (zana remakore rechigumi) wakapata hombe basa mamishinari brotherhoods akadai Naqshbandiyya uye Yasaviya. Vakabva kumaguta Central Asia, kunyanya kubva Bukhara. Izvi kwatemwa kuti chii zvino chitendero Bashkirs. Pashure Bukhara umambo vakanamatira Sunni Islam, iyo hwakada zvakanyatsobatana Sufi maonero Hanafi kududzirwa Koran. Asi nokuda dzokumadokero vavakidzani nuances zvose izvi Islam havana zvakajeka. Franciscans John-Hungary uye William vakambogara akaramba kwemakore matanhatu Bashkortostan, vakatumira 1320 imwe communique kuna General akarongeka ake: "Takawana Changamire Baskardii uye zvinenge zvose veimba yake zvachose utachiona Saracen zvikanganiso." Uye ichi kunoratidza kuti vakagamuchira Islam rokutanga yezana remakore namana, vakawanda vacho enyika.

Ndakabatana Russia

Muna 1552, pashure kuwa Kazan Khanate, Bashkiria yakava chikamu Moscow umambo. Asi vakuru veko kuti waiti kodzero yevamwe kuzvionera. Saka, Bashkirs aigona kuramba kunyika yavo, zvechitendero chavo uye kurarama nenzira yekare youpenyu. Local vamabhiza muchirongwa Russian mauto hondo kuzorwa wokuLivonia Order. Chitendero pakati Tatars uye Bashkirs nedudziro wandei. Ekupedzisira akavambundira Islam ipapa. Uye chitendero kwava chinhu wokuzvidzora kuziva vanhu. Tiine accession pamusoro Bashkiria kuRussia, kuti nharaunda vakatanga kupinda vaMuslim ndizvo ezvitendero. State achida kuramba kudzora zvose vakatendeka nyika, dzakasimbiswa 1782 muna Ufa muftiat. Kudzora zvokunamata Izvi zvakakonzera kuti negore regumi namapfumbamwe remakore, vatendi kuputswa kumicheto. Chero traditionalist bapiro (kadimizm), kuchinja (Jadidism) uye ishanizm (akarasika hwaro dzvene Sufism).

Iyo chitendero Bashkirs zvino?

Sezvo nemanomwe remakore, mudunhu vaigara kupandukira rwokumusoro-wokumavirira muvakidzani simba. Zvikurukuru kakawanda vari nemasere remakore. kumukira izvi dzisabudiswe nechisimba. Asi Bashkirs, ane chitendero aiva rallying chinhu wokuzvidzora kuziva vanhu vakakwanisa vachengetedze kodzero dzavo kutenda. Vakaramba Vanobvuma Sunni Islam pamwe zvinhu Sufism. Zvisinei, Bashkortostan ndiyo musimboti zvokunamata Russian vaMuslim zvose. Muna Republic mune mosques anopfuura mazana matatu, kwechiIslam Institute, vanoverengeka madrasas. Ufa ndiye Board Central Pamweya vechiMuslim weRussia.

Religion Bashkir nemagariro zveBhaibheri

Vanhu akachengetedzwa uye mangwanani pre-Islamic zvitendero. Nokudzidza tsika Bashkirs, unogona kuona kuti mavari, mumwe syncretism anoshamisa. Saka, Tengri rava mupfungwa vanhu vaMwari mumwe, Allah. zvifananidzo Vamwe vakava nechokuita nemidzimu Muslim - madhimoni zvakaipa kana zvakanaka dzinongoda varume jinn. A nzvimbo inokosha pakati pavo inogarwa Yorty eyyahe (analoginen necheSalvic dzimba), Huu eyyahe (mvura) uye Shurale (dhiabhorosi). Rakanakisisa mufananidzo yechitendero syncretism vashumire mazango, iyo, pamwe mazino uye nenzara nezvikara, kubva zvakaipa ziso rubatsiro rakanyorwa Birch omuti mashoko kubva Koran. Grachinoye zororo Kargat maperekadzi kungoda kunamatwa yemadzitateguru, kana tsika Porridge rweruboshwe pamusoro musango. tsika zhinji dzaiitwa pakuzvarwa, pamariro uye yemariro, anoratidzawo yechihedheni kare vanhu.

Zvimwe zvitendero Bashkortostan

Kwakapiwa kuti zvachose vanhu dzemadzinza Bashkirs vanoumba chete muzvina, kududzwa kunofanira kuitwa pamusoro nezvimwe zvitendero. Kutanga, zviri chiKristu Orthodox, izvo kupinda pano vakatanga kugara Russian (kuguma XVI remakore.). Gare gare ivo vakagara pasi pano, uye Old Vatendi. Muzana XIX remakore, munyika vakauya vatenzi German uye vechiJudha. Paiva kereke yeLutheran uye nesinagogi. Apo Poland uye Lithuania akava chikamu Russian Empire, pamuuyo akatanga kugadzirisa zvechiuto uye vakatapwa vaKaturike. Mukutanga ramakumi remakore muna Ufa nyuchi maBhaptisti vakabva Kharkiv nharaunda. Multi-kwemadzinza yevagari of Republic, uye ndiye aikonzera kusiyana zvaanotenda, anoshivirira zvikuru zvizvarwa Bashkirs. The chitendero rudzi, yayo yokusafa syncretism, ichiri chinhu dzemadzinza ani.