Chii yeEncoding mashoko yayo kugadzira?

Munyika pane kuramba kupanana ruzivo Rwako. Zvinotisimbisa zvingava vanhu, zvekushandisa mano, zvinhu zvakasiyana, zvinhu zvipenyu nezvisiri zvipenyu hunhu. Gamuchirai mashoko anogona sezvo rimwe chinhu, kana akawanda.
To nani kukurukura panguva Coding rinoitwa uye umboo kubudiswa panguva wokutepfenyurisa divi (kurovedzwa Data uye rokutendeutsa navo muchimiro akakodzera rokushandura, kubudiswa uye kuchengetwa), ainge atumirwa uye decoding panguva mugamuchiri divi (rokutendeutsa coded mashoko munzvimbo yepakutanga chimiro). Ichi matambudziko dyidzana: kunobva uye mugamuchiri vanofanira kunge zvakafanana date kubudiswa algorithms, kana yeEncoding-decoding muitiro chisingazogoneki. Coding uye kubudiswa graphical uye Multimedia ruzivo yemanyorero chinozoiswa pahwaro noruzivo rwemakombiyuta.

YeEncoding mashoko pakombiyuta yako

Kune nzira dzakawanda Data (chinyorwa, nhamba, Graphics, video, kurira) ne kombiyuta. All mashoko kupatsanurwa achishandisa kombiyuta, hunomirirwa binary Mubumbiro - nenhamba 1 uye 0 vanonzi matomu. Zvazviri, nzira iri rakatangwa zviri nyore chaizvo: 1 - imwe zvemagetsi chiratidzo aripo, 0 - asipo. Mumaonero omunhu, Codes aya zvakavaomera maonero - refu mitsetse Kwemagandanga Achishandisa Kombiyuta kuti zvinomirira encoded zviratidzo rakaoma zvikuru pakarepo decipher. Asi ichi kutsikisa youduku pakarepo anoratidza kuti Coding mashoko akadaro. Somuenzaniso, nhamba 8 ari masere-digit binary chimiro sokunge zvinotevera kutevedzana kwezviitiko matomu: 000001000. Asi zvakaoma murume, chete kombiyuta. Electronics nyore kubata nyore zhinji zvinhu pane shoma zvakaoma.

chinyorwa Encoding

Kana isu achizviendesa bhatani pamusoro keyboard, kombiyuta anogamuchira dzakananga bumbiro iri chakati bhatani ari kutsvaka nawo mureza ASCII unhu tafura (American Code nokuti Information Kukurudzirana), "anonzwisisa" chii bhatani rikazvisundira, uye transmits romutemo ichi kuti humwe kubudiswa (semuenzaniso, nokuti vanoratidza hunhu ). Kuchengeta unhu bumbiro iri binary muchimiro uchishandisa 8 matomu, saka kufadza nhamba anofambidzana vakaenzana 256. The 128 vatambi kutanga kushandiswa kutonga vatambi, nhamba uye tsamba. Yechipiri hafu rinotarisirwa rundanyara National uye ekunyebera.

chinyorwa Encoding

Zvichava nyore kunzwisisa chii yeEncoding mashoko, somuenzaniso. Funga Chirungu chimiro Codes "C" uye tsamba yacho Russian "C". Cherechedza kuti zviratidzo yakavhomorwa guru, uye Codes dzavo zvakasiyana lowercase. Chirungu hunhu taitsvaka akafanana 01000010, uye Russian - 11010001. The yokuti munhu ari chidzitiro anotarira chete, kombiyuta anoona zvakasiyana. Zvinokoshawo kuti kuteerera chokwadi chokuti Codes rokutanga 128 vatambi kuramba chete, asi kubvira 129 uye ipapo munhu binary remitemo anogona anoenderana tsamba siyana, zvichienderana patafura remitemo. Somuenzaniso, ari grade remitemo 194 anogona anoenderana KOI8 tsamba "b" mu SR1251 - "B" iri ISO - «T», uye muna yeEncoding SR866 uye Mus mukuru romutemo uku haasi kuwirirana munhu hunhu. Naizvozvo, kana imi kuzarura wenyaya, tinoona pachinzvimbo mashoko Russian alphanumeric hunhu abracadabra, izvo zvinoreva kuti ichi yeEncoding mashoko haisi kwatiri uye unofanira kusarudza zvakasiyana mari zviratidzo.

Encoding nhamba

Mugore binary mamiriro vanotorwa maviri chete nzira tsika - 0 uye 1. All dzinokosha akavhiyiwa pamwe binary nhamba vachishandisa sainzi inonzi binary svomhu. Zviito izvi vane maitiro avo. Somuenzaniso, nhamba 45, vataipa pamusoro kiibhodhi. nhamba nomumwe ane masere-digit pachake bumbiro raro patafura ASCII code, saka nhamba anopindura bytes maviri (16 matomu): 5 - 01,010,011 4 - 01.000.011. Kushandisa nhamba iyi dzemaitirwe, zvinonzi rakashandurwa chinokosha algorithms kune binary nhamba wemuTesitamende muchimiro masere-digit binary nhamba: 45 - 00101101.

Coding uye kubudiswa Graphics

Muna 50-ies pamusoro makombiyuta zvinonyanya yaiwanzoshandiswa zvinangwa kwesayenzi uye zvechiuto, kokutanga vakaziva graphical kuratidzwa mashoko. Nhasi Kuona mupfungwa mashoko kubva kombiyuta, vakawanda uye yaizivikanwa munhu upi Chiitiko, uye mumazuva iwayo yakabereka imwe chimurenga hunoshamisa kushanda zvemichina. Zvichida kukanganiswa kwaitwa yevanhu psyche: a kutarisana kumiririrwa mashoko ozeyewa uye akagamuchira nani. A waruka mukuru mberi mune mashoko Visualization kukura chakaitika mune 80s, kana yeEncoding uye kubudiswa Graphics mashoko akapiwa kukura simba.

Analog uye discrete Graphics waivako

Graphic mashoko ane mhando mbiri: analoginen (mufananidzo pamwe akaramba kuchinja ruvara) uye discrete (mufananidzo ina muzvizhinji dzakasiyana ruvara pixels). Nokuti zvivanakire basa nemifananidzo pakombiyuta dzavo kubatwa - spatial zvakabudiswa, kwamakadarika nechimwe chine maatomu akafanana zviri basa chairo ruvara ukoshi muchimiro yakasiyana nedzimwe remitemo. Coding uye kubudiswa graphical mashoko akafanana basa pamwe mubatanidzwa wezvidimbu rinoumbwa zhinji duku zvimedu. Chine yeEncoding unhu ichitovimbawo kukura Dots (duku kukura chinhu - pfungwa achava mukuru mari pa Unit nharaunda, - hwepamusorosoro unhu) uye kukura palette mavara akashandiswa (dzakanga ruvara inoti anogona kutora neimwe pfungwa, ukuwo, akatakura mamwe mashoko, nani unhu ).

Kuunza uye kuchengeta calculators

Kune akawanda zvikuru mufananidzo zvinogona - vector, Raster, uye Fractal. Oga vanoonekwa mubatanidzwa Raster uye vector - kwakapararira kwedu nguva Multimedia 3D-Graphics anomirira unyanzvi uye nzira rokuvaka-dimensional matatu zvinhu zviri rakapotsa nzvimbo. Coding uye kubudiswa graphical uye Multimedia ruzivo rwakasiyana nomumwe mufananidzo format.

bitmap

Musimboti wacho hwakajeka zvinowanika kuti mufananidzo rakakamurwa Dots duku chitsvuku (pixels). The kumusoro nechokuruboshwe pfungwa kuzvidzora. Coding mufananidzo mashoko dzose rinotanga kubva kuruboshwe kukona mufananidzo mutsetse norwonzi, mumwe Pixel anogamuchira ruvara yekubvuma. Musha bitmap inogona dzaona kuburikidza vachiwedzera kuwanda dzinokosha ane ruzivo vhoriyamu nechimwe (izvo kunoenderana nenhamba ruvara dzakasiyana). The yakakwirira chisarudzo pamusoro tarisisa, zvikuru uwandu Raster mitsetse uye Dots mumutsara mumwe nomumwe, ukuwo, yepamusoro mufananidzo unhu. binary Bumbiro anogona kushandiswa processing mufananidzo Data ari Raster mhando, sezvo kupenya neimwe pfungwa uye Coordonatele kwayo nzvimbo zvinogona achimiririrwa integers.

Vector mufananidzo

Coding Graphics uye Multimedia ruzivo Vector mhando ipfupi kuti chokwadi chokuti hwakajeka chinhu rinomiririrwa muchimiro zvokutanga zvikamu uye arcs. Line ehupfumi, izvo zvibve chinhu vari chimiro (yakananga kana munyonga), ruvara, ukobvu, maitiro (chipitipiti kana mutsetse zvikukutu). mitsetse avo kuti dzakavharika, vane mumwe pfuma - achizadza zvimwe zvinhu kana ruvara. Nzvimbo chinhu iri pakutsvaga pfungwa mavambo uye kuguma mutsetse uye nharaunda yose curvature yacho chinhu chakakombama. Volume Graphics mu Vector pamanyorerwo Raster ndoda, asi zvinoda Software chaiwo kuona calculators kwakadai. Panewo zvirongwa - vectorizers tichichinja Raster mifananidzo kupinda vector.

Fractal Graphics

Izvi mhando yakajeka sechinhu Vector, inobva masvomhu, asi chiri chikuru chinobikiswa ari fomura pachayo. In kombiyuta ndangariro hapana chikonzero kuchengetera chero mifananidzo kana zvinhu, mufananidzo wavhomorwa kubva nzira pacharwo chete. Machati kwakadai zviri nyore kufungidzira kwete chete nyore nguva mamiriro, asiwo mienzaniso yakaoma, simulating Somuenzaniso, kuti nharaunda iri mitambo kana Emulators.

Sound waves

Chii yeEncoding mashoko, asi chinogona kuenzanisirwa muenzaniso kushanda pamwe inzwi. Tinoziva kuti nyika yedu izere kurira. Kubvira kare, vanhu vave afunga kuti ruzha anobudiswa - sefungu compressed uye rarefied mhepo, kukanganisa eardrum. Munhu anogona kuona chinozunguzirwa pamwe kakawanda 16 Hz kusvika 20 kHz (1 Hertz - mumwe oscillation pa wechipiri). Mafungu All vane maitikiro vibrations kunze kwaasingasvikiri ichi zvinonzi kurira.

ehupfumi nokurira

kuridza unhu vari matauriro, timbre (mutsindo ruvara izvo kunobva waveform), nokukwirira (kakawanda uko pakutsvaga kakawanda oscillations por wechipiri) uye bhuku riri kunoenderana kusimba vibrations. Chero kurira chaiko inoumbwa musanganiswa harmonic oscillation ane wakaiswa iine frequencies. Kwapera pamwe yakadereresa kakawanda anonzi chinokosha matauriro, vamwe - nechimiro chokureva. A rinokosha ruvara inzwi anopa ruzha - siyana uwandu nechimiro chokureva kuri mumashoko chaiyo ruzha urwu. Kuti matauriro, tinogona kuziva manzwi vadiwa, kusiyanisa inzwi zviridzwa.

Program kushanda ruzha

Zvimiso pamusoro functionality purogiramu inogona rakakamurwa mhando dzakawanda: utilities uye vatyairi kuti ruzha makadhi, kushanda navo panguva yakaderera pamwero, makaseti vapepeti kuti kuvhiya-siyana pamwe okuteerera uye kushandisa dzakasiyana-siyana zvinokonzerwa kwavari, software synthesizers uye converters, analogue-digitaalinen ( ADC) uye digitaalinen-kuti-analoginen (DAC).

Audio yeEncoding

Coding pamusoro Multimedia ruzivo ndiko kutendeutsa analoginen inzwi kupinda discrete hunhu nokuda yamunenge kugadzira. ADC anogamuchira mazano analoginen chiratidzo, anoyera amplitude kwayo panguva imwe nguva zvikamu uye outputs ari digitaalinen kutevedzana chete nokuchinja amplitude mashoko. No kusanduka chaiko kunoitika.

The goho mureza ndiwo discrete Zvisinei, zvakawanda zviri amplitude kuyerwa kakawanda (mharidzo), zvikuru chaiwo goho chiratidzo anoenderana mazano, Coding nani pemipata uye processing Multimedia mashoko. Mimwe vari akataurawo ive akarayira kutevedzana kwezviitiko digitaalinen Data vakawana kubudikidza ADC. Masero pachayo akashevedza zvakabudiswa, muna Russian - vakatora.

The Ivan Kuchin kuchinja zvinoitwa DAC pahwaro akapiwa chiyamuro digitaalinen Data pane imwe nguva kunoita kuti Chizvarwa yemagetsi chiratidzo zvakakodzera amplitude.

zvakabudiswa parameters

Seplirovaniya huru parameters havasi chete kakawanda kuyerwa, asi vo zvishoma - kururama kuyera yekupindurwa amplitude nerimwe mharidzo. Neyakarurama digitization iri inoparadzirwa kana kukosha neimwe chairema nguva chiratidzo amplitude, dzakanga kunaka chiratidzo mushure ADC, dzakanga kururama nokupora chinozunguzirwa ari neizvi kutendeuka.