Sei pollination uye pakusangana mu maruva miti? Kuti maruva miti parusvingo ovary anovandudza?

Flowering zvinomera zviri guru uye siyana boka, hune rinonyanya pano zvinhu zvipenyu. Kubva huru maruva miti kurimwa nemunhu, zvinoenderana kuti ivepo. Asi kuti maruva zvirimwa akazviratidza, vanofanira kuenda kuburikidza padariro pollination uye muchangosangana. Sezvo zvinoitika, verenga nyaya ino.

pollination

Izvi ndizvo kuchinjwa mukume kubva Stamens pamusoro nomutswi. Sei pollination uye pakusangana mu maruva miti? Izvi zvinoitwa nenzira mbiri: nokuzvidzora pollination uye muchinjikwa pollination. In aimbova Kana kuchinjwa mukume tsanga mune nomutsi muduri kunoitika imwe uye ruva. Saka mukume pizi kana tulips. Apo muchinjikwa pollination imwe ruva mukume mumwe chirimwa ari hwakatamisirwa pistil nomumwe. Plants mukume kazhinji nezvipembenene, mu zvisingawanzoitiki zviitiko - mhepo (tsanga Birch), shiri uye mvura.

Somugumisiro pollination aikonzerwa nezvipembenene kuumbwa, maruva zvakanaka kuoneka inopenya ane inofadza kwakanaka uye nectaire kuti pave inotapira zvokunwa. Kunyange miti yakadaro vanoumba yakawanda nepfuma. Zviri zvokudya nezvipembenene. Vari nokukwezvwa mavara unopenya uye munhuwi maruva. Apo zvipembenene vanobviswa nekita, ivo kubata panyika mukume tsanga, izvo kunamatira muviri wavo, uye munzira kuenda ruva mumwe chirimwa, kuramba uri pistil. Uye mukume ne nezvipembenene. Vazhinji maruva zvinomera zviri mukume chete zvimwe zvipembenene: zvemiti inonhuhwirira nendiro - moths, chena Clover - nyuchi, uye mumafuro - a nyuchi.

Cross-mukume zvinomera zviri nani dzakashandisa kuchinja mamiriro dzezvakatipoteredza. Asi pollination kwacho iyi kunobva zvinoverengeka pamusoro. A okuzvibatsira pollination hakunei chinhu. Nokuti haana kutya mamiriro okunze uye kushaya vanozoshanda.

muchangosangana

Mukume tsanga wakawira rusarura, zvishoma nezvishoma anotanga dzimere. Kubva vegetative masero ari kukura yakareba mukume chubhu. Pataikura, izvozvo kunosvika pachiyero ovary chinzvimbo, uye ipapo ovule. Panguva imwe chete, peya spermatozoon kuti chinopinda mukume chubhu. Iyewo, pyltsevhodu anopinda ovule. Ipapo chubhu iri muromo raputsika uye anosunungura hono dzisingaoneki, pakarepo vakatumirwa embryonic ganda, kunonzi muhomwe. Pano ari kukura zai.

Uyezve pane oocyte pakusangana pamwe chete dzisingaoneki uye paumbwe zygote, umo rwunotanga kuumba Muviri duku hutsva muviri kuti chirimwa mavambo. Panguva iyo kune Fusion wechipiri dzisingaoneki musimboti zygote kana polar cores. Zvinoguma triploid sero iro endosperm kunoitika. Inonzi inotonhorera rinenge rine matura zvakakodzera zvinhu kuti dzose kukura embryo munguva yemberi chirimwa. Ndicho miviri akapa pabonde kubereka kuti maruva zvinomera.

Kana urume pamwe zai, uye mumwe, pamwe polar nuclei Kubatanidza pamwechete, muinonzi muchangosangana kaviri. Ndiwo maitiro chete maruva uye rakasiyana kuchiitwa angiosperms. The nourume ovule inokura kuti ive mbeu. Somugumisiro, ovary inokura nomutswi. In maruva miti ovary parusvingo kukura mudumbu.

kubereka

Chero chirimwa, richisvika imwe saizi Vakati vapfuura yakakodzera padariro kukura, anotanga bereka Utachiona uhwu mhando parizvino. Uyu kubereka, inova chinodiwa chinokosha muupenyu. Saka zvinenge zvose achawedzera Kuvapo kwemarudzi. Kusiyanisa pakati pabonde uye asexual kubereka, izvo zvinoitika pamwe kutora chikamu romunhu kana mumwe chete. Apo zvirimwa kuva kushandiswa masero - spores, zvinenge vanotanga kuwanda.

Izvi ndizvo mosses, algae, ferns, tsvimbo mosses, uye horsetails. Kukakavara duku inokosha masero ane mwoyo uye cytoplasm, inova Coated. Vanokwanisa kutsungirira kwenguva refu varombo ezvinhu. Asi, usvike munyika yakanaka ezvinhu, nokukurumidza imere uye dzinotanga kuumbika mwanasikana miti vane ehupfumi regai kwakasiyana mubereki.

In dzepabonde kubereka mukono nehadzi masero utachiona vari akabatanidzwa, zvichiguma nokuumbwa chikamu zvipenyu, qualitatively zvakasiyana mubereki. Pane kare zvinobatanidzwa vabereki zvinenge navarandakadzi musimboti.

Marongerwo uye Kugadzirwa mupudzi ovule

Senzira ovule kureva basa makrosporangy. Kuti zvinoitika achiisa sero rimwe amai kubva zviri kuumbwa makrospory. Vatatu vavo kutanga kufa, uye, pakupedzisira, vakaparadzwa. makrospora Wechina - zvechikadzi, izvozvo Lengthens uye mwoyo weatomu rinokamukana. Ipapo kwebasa mwanasikana nuclei iri siyana matanda muchitokisi elongated chimiro. Mumwe Vanoumba musimboti ichiri rinokamukana kaviri.

Masero pedyo nematanda siyana, achiumbwa pedyo cores mana. Izvi zvinonzi embryo zai, rine haploid nuclei ari uwandu zvidimbu masere. Achibva ose mana cores pamusoro mumwe wavo kunoteverwa musimboti embryo zai. Apo ivo batanidza, zvichiguma yechipiri neerekitironi -diploidnoe.

Ipapo embryonic saga iri cytoplasm, nuclei vari kuumbwa pakati partitions panguva cellular chechetere. The bhegi anova masero nomwe. About rimwe matanda ayo ari zai midziyo, rinosanganisira guru zai uye ebetsero masero maviri. Panguva imwe danda vari akaisa antipodes masero, vose vatatu. Saka, muhomwe zvino matanhatu haploid masero uye rimwe diploid, pamwe yechipiri musimboti. Riri pakati embryo zai.

Chii ovary?

Inonzi pasi thickened mugove nomutswi mukati namahwindo mhango umo dziri pasi ovule. Mukume chikawira kubva rusarura pakati pistil iri ovule, riri anodzivirirwa kukanganiswa ezvinhu enyika womukati mhango nyoro. The ovule ndiyo kukura hadzi utachiona masero - oocytes.

In maruva miti parusvingo ovary anovandudza zvibereko mbeu. Ovary mumwe ruva riri multilocular uye unilocular. Muchiitiko chokutanga rakakamurwa mudendere partitions, uye wechipiri - kwete. Ovary maruva miti iri rakakamurwa seeded uye polyspermous. It zvinoenderana nokuwanda ovules mairi: kubva plums Somuenzaniso - mumwe, nepo Poppy - zvizhinji.

Ndezvipi ovaries?

Mhando ovaries ose maruva zvirimwa vari:

• Upper. Pakazosvika mudziyo akatasva pachena, kwete kukura pamwe nemamwe madhipatimendi ari ruva. rusvingo ovary aumba kubva carpels. In maruva miti ovary parusvingo kukura mudumbu. Muenzaniso ndiye buttercup uye zviyo. Mavara aya anonzi kurutivi hypogynous kana okolopestichnyh.
• Lower ovary anogara mudziyo. It yakaumbwa pamwe kutora chikamu nezvimwe madhipatimendi ari ruva: mujinga sepals uye petals pamwe Stamens kuti maruva vazhinji vasiyana pamusoro ovary. In maruva miti, masvingo ovary razvivaetsyaplod. Muenzaniso ndiye Asteraceae, mukonde uye Orchid zvinomera. Flower akadana nadpestichnym.

• Semi-vakaderera ovary. pamusoro wayo hauna fused kune dzimwe nhengo, saka zviri pachena. Maruva ichi mhando vanonzi polunadpestichnymi. Ndivo mhando ovaries kuti maruva zvirimwa ikoko.

maruva miti

Ndivo kupfuura mberi boka zvinomera, rinosvika mhando mazana maviri namakumi mashanu nezviviri richiparadzirwa munyika Nyika. Zviduku chirimwa ichaongororwa duckweed, iro dhayamita izvo akaenzana imwe millimeter. Iye anogara mumvura. Kudeuka maruva miti - zviri miti, yokusvika kukwirira makubhiti zana uye zvakawanda.

The kwaita maruva miti imhaka kukura chaizvo nhengo dzokubereka nadzo - ruva. Mune dzimwe mbesa zvinonzi kupendwa namavara dzinopenya, apo vamwe - kunhuhwa anoshamisa. Maruva zvidiki uye asazivikanwa miti, akafanana uswa. Pasinei hombe-siyana maruva zvinomera, vari chichinyatsobatanidzwa revatema muupenyu hwedu: shongedza minda nemapaki, mupe mufaro dzokukurukurirana nadzo.

The nemamiriro ruva

Ruva iri kunzwisisa nhengo zvinosvika maberekero chirimwa mbeu. Chitarisiko chake chakaita kwakapararira angiosperm (maruva) zvinomera panyika. Flower anoita akawanda anoitwa. Akabatsira zvinoumba Stamens pamwe mukume zviyo, pistils pamwe ovules. It kukonzera iri pollination, fertilization, inotungamirwa mbeu uye zvibereko.

Flower ari truncated, mutated, dzisina kukura kwokutizira akatakura perianth, pistils uye Stamens. All angiosperms akafanana ari marongerwo uye zvakasiyana chimiro maruva. Izvi zvikaitika pollination mudziyo nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana.

Flower anogona kugumisa chikuru kana lateral madzinde, zvimwe izvo zvakafukurwa pasi ruva anonzi pedicel. It Wakafupisa zvikuru kana kunyange ndisipo nemaruva sessile. Peduncle anochinja kupinda mudziyo, izvo elongated, convex, concave kana sandarara. Rine zvose zvikamu ruva. Izvi pamwe petals sepals, Stamens nomutswi, pasi uko inoumbwa ovary, umo mune ovules kana ovules. The ruva pamwe ovary concave mudziyo. Kana ovary achiumbwa rokumusoro chikamu pistil, ari mudziyo uri convex kana sandarara.