Notumwe: mukuru unhu uye kukosha

Zvikuru kwemashoko akazara pamusoro zvinenge inotifadza kupa Tutorials nyaya "Biology" (Grade 6). Zvisinei General zvechadenga notumwe tupukanana, - dingindira mabhuku ose uye mapepa yesayenzi. Izvi hazvishamisi - kudzidza navo anonakidza zvikuru.

Howa, tsanangudzo mukuru uko munyaya iyi, kwezvakatipoteredza uye trophic indices - heterotrophic eukaryotes pamwe chete osmotrofnym mhando zvokudya. Tsanangudzo iyi chinosiyanisa zvakajeka nevamwe zvinenge pazvakaringana maigara Biota. General unhu hunokuvadza kunoratidza kuti osmotrofnym nzira simba nokuda morphological, vasiri uye nokukanganisika maitiro.

Vegetative mutumbi notumwe

The vegetative muviri notumwe vakawanda ndiro zvikuru mapazi filaments (hyphae) pamwe parinogumira kukura, iyo pamwe chete dzinonzi mycelium kana mycelium. Kazhinji, asi mycelium rwunokwanisa Kunyudzwa substrate (ivhu, chirimwa rinenge ndove mhuka, zvirimwa residues, uye zvichingodaro.), Uye izvozvo zvinhu zvayo mamiriro anobvumira kunonyanyisa mushoma kubva zvinovaka muviri zvose muviri kushandisa ekzoosmosa.

Organic zvinhu zviri substrates ava kunyanya muchimiro yakakwirira samolecular uremu Polymers (mapuroteni, polysaccharides, nucleic acids) kuti murege kupfuura muchitokisi cover. Saka notumwe, zvainyanya mukuru izvo tiri kufarira substrate emit depolymerase makemikari kuti anamatire oligo- uye Polymers pamusoro monomers inogona kuendeswa mumakamuri. Kana mhuka zvomudumbu makemikari zviri secreted kupinda ura, ipapo howa vakamira panze, uye ipapo fungal hyphae ingafananidzwa ane everted dumbu.

kubereka vana notumwe

Full kunyudza kupinda substrate mycelium ichikutadzisa dispersal yavo muchadenga. Naizvozvo, avo nhengo dzokubereka nadzo dziri kuisa mberi pamusoro pemvura substrate, kana makamutswa pamusoro payo kupararira mudenga, kana (kana substrate mumvura) ari aqueous svikiro. notumwe zhinji (macromycetes) miviri inobereka spore-yakakura, pachena zvinoonekwa kuti akashama ziso (achifumira pamusoro ivhu shlyapochnye howa kuti kukura kana sorwonzi tree). Other notumwe (mikromitcety) miviri diki sporulation, mamiriro avo anogona kuonekwa bedzi pasi maikorosikopu, asi zvinoumba vakawanda kukura ruvara muchimiro vachirwisa notumwe pamusoro substrates siyana.

Vaviri umambo notumwe

Phylogenetic pazvinhu zvinoratidza kuti ecomorphs "howa" hakusi homogeneous monophyletic boka, uye ari huviri phyla (umambo). Chakanakisisa chikamu, inonzi "notumwe yechokwadi" (eumitsety) monophyly uye chaizvoizvo umambo notumwe (Mafungus). Chikamu duku, inonzi "Utachiona gribopodobnymi" (psevdomitsety) anouya pamwe nevamwe matope muumambo Stramenopila, izvo mumapoka mapoka maviri - Oomycota (oomycetes) uye Labyrinthulomycota (mambure nebhitumini anoumba). Pahwaro weboka iri anovaka mukuru maitiro ose notumwe. Amanita, sezvaungaona - izvi chete chikamu zvose kusiyana kwavakaita.

Nesekondari metabolites

metabolites All conventionally rakakamurwa nesekondari. Primary metabolites zvinokosha kuti muviri ukure, uye irreplaceable. Ichi nucleic acids, mapuroteni, makabhohaidhiretsi, coenzymes, lipids, etc. Of izvi akavaka cellular organelles -. Mwoyo wesero, mitochondria, ribosomes, sero rusvingo uye Kamudzira ezvirevo zviri howa. General zvechadenga chinonyanya metabolite ndechokuti mafuta masero dzavo anoshandiswa seinokonzera zvokudya uye simba. Secondary metabolites zvinodiwa kuchinjira kumamiriro ezvinhu oupenyu. Vanogona kuitika mune mamwe marudzi uye ndisipo vamwe. Kusiyana chinonyanya, yechipiri metabolites - Kazhinji yakaderera samolecular uremu yeimwe.

mapuroteni

Structural mapuroteni tiri chikamu muchitokisi rusvingo, Kamudzira zvivako, okutodza dzinovakwa cytoskeletal zvinhu - microtubules uye microfilaments. Enzayemu mapuroteni anopa zvose intracellular pezvakaitwa uye kudyidzana pamwe zvakatipoteredza.

makabhohaidhiretsi

Structural polymeric makabhohaidhiretsi - hwaro sero rusvingo, vari notumwe. General zvechadenga makabhohaidhiretsi maererano makemikari anoumba runoita kugovera vave mapoka matatu: shuga nezvimwe monosaccharides uye makabhohaidhiretsi covalently kwakabatana peptides (glycoproteins).

Shuga Polymers - iri glucans, chitin uye cellulose. Glucans vari Linear kana mapazi kumaketeni shuga mamorekuru. Idzowo chokunze paiva sero rusvingo notumwe vakawanda. Mune mamorekuru ose chitin shuga residues zvabatanidzwa nemapoka amino (aminated) icho, akavapindurawo, vari kuda acetic asidhi residues (acetylated). Molecules "vaisona" pamwe chete mapazi mamorekuru dzimwe polysaccharides vanoumba yakasimba marangwanda muchitokisi rusvingo. Cellulose rinowanikwa zvose amutsvaka Oomycetes pazviri vanenge 10% muchitokisi rusvingo vakawanda. vakatenda refu kuti haisi notumwe vechokwadi, asi ikozvino rinoratidza kuvapo kwayo pamadziro dzimwe Ascomycetes (genus Ophiostoma).

Polymers dzimwe monosaccharides (mannose, galactose, uye vamwe.), Akadana dzakanga miti hemicellulose, havasi mapoka ose notumwe. Kunyanya yakawanda Polymers ose mannose - mannans - muchitokisi masvingo mbiriso. Sezviri pachena, munhu mamiriro akadaro kunopa yotunga masvingo nani pane glucan.

Pakupedzisira, mumwe mukuru hunhu notumwe anogona vaisanganisa ndechokuti ravo muchitokisi masvingo, uyewo miti rine polysaccharides zhinji chokuita mapuroteni mamorekuru -. Peptidoglycan mannanoproteiny etc. Vanoita panozogadzirika rukoko pamusoro multilayer muchitokisi rusvingo uye basa rinokosha kuramba sero STRUCTURAL kuvimbika, uye mukutsinhana dzaro zvakatipoteredza kwendangariro.

kupembedza makabhohaidhiretsi

bepa rino rine kumbonyanya hwakadzama vakawanda zvechadenga notumwe. 6 chikoro wava mugwaro - imwe nguva patakatanga kuzivana kwazvo pamwe zvinenge aya zvipenyu mukirasi. We zano kudzamisa zivo yavo uye kuti todziongorora zvizere. zvino isu anotsanangura yaitsiva carbohydrate.

In notumwe haawaniki huru kuchengeterwa polysaccharide kuri mumashoko dzakakwirira zvinomera uye algae zhinji - starch. Shuga anochengeterwa eumitsetov glucan sezvo pedyo mhuka starch glycogen. Kuwedzera glucans kubva howa mamwe haringakupembedzi makabhohaidhiretsi, uye vamwe nevamwe kuti umambo notumwe. Izvi anonyanya disaccharide trehalose. Kwenguva refu trehalose kuwanikwa chete notumwe, nei akagamuchira zita rechipiri - Mycosis. Zvino rinowanikwa vamwe yepamusoro zvinomera sezvo remubatanidzwa zviduku. Trehalose inoita basa rinokosha mune kwadzakabva pakati iri fungal masero kusimbisa uye mutemo osmotic kwendangariro. The fungal Masero vari yaiva shuga alcohols - mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol uye nevamwe.

lipids

Lipids (glycerol esters ose monocarboxylic acids ane unbranched aliphatic chain) zvinokosha haringakupembedzi zvigadzirwa, zviri iiswe muchitokisi muchimiro mafuta mumate. For notumwe dzinoratidzwa mukuru zviri polyunsaturated (kuva shoma kaviri zvisungo zviri aliphatic chain) mafuta acids akadai linolenic - matatu, uye arachidonic - mana kaviri zvisungo. The phospholipid chimiro (akabatanidza Ester chisungo ine phosphoric acid), lipids vari zvikuru zvinoriumba foni membranes. A guru muchinangwa pakusikwa Zvivako Kamudzira lipids uye sterols kutamba, achipa Kamudzira simba. Kusiyana remafuta akawandisa nemhuka ane 27 kabhoni maatomu ari Morekuru (C-27) uye phytosterols (C-29) miti, chikuru fungal sterol - ergosterol (C-28).

Secondary metabolites: pigments

Howa vari kunyimwa photosynthetic pigments, asi zvibereko vazhinji yeimwe, coloring mycelium propagative nhengo kana substrate. Maererano makemikari hunhu pigments vakawanda chokuita terpenoid (carotenoids) kana kuti zvinonhuwirira yeimwe. Ivo vanoita zvakasiyana-siyana mabasa. Saka, orenji carotene nomukaka kunyengedza aibuda zvounzenza kwacho Mucorales; rima girini uye dema pigments phenolic Aspergillus rakachengetedzwa chete midziyo Sporiferous iyo, kusiyana substrate mycelium, achiumbwa mhepo, uye mune kupokana kuti vadzivirirwe ultraviolet chiedza; rwe-melanin nerima-mavara ari iiswe muchitokisi masvingo, vachiwedzera simba ravo.

Muchetura uye mishonga

notumwe zhinji kubudisa zvinhu chepfu kune dzimwe zvipenyu kazhinji Zvakacherechedzwa kana kunyora mukuru unhu hunokuvadza (6 bhuku giredhi kana gwaronhau chesekondari). Zvinhu kuti muchetura kuti tupukanana tusingaoneki, inonzi mishonga kuti muchetura kuti miti - phytotoxins chepfu mhuka uye vanhu - mycotoxins. Vamwe metabolites pamusoro notumwe, kuva chepfu kuna akasiyana mapoka zvipenyu (zvinomera uye tupukanana tusingaoneki, nemhuka), vane kunzwisisa chiito. Mishonga inorwisa utachiona synthesized ne notumwe zhinji vaigara ivhu, zvinofanira kukwikwidzana kuti zvinovaka muviri substrates nevamwe tusingaoneki. Dzavo makemikari hunhu uye kwadzinoita kuita zviri siyana. Saka, mishonga-penicillins uye cephalosporins tunodzivisa sero rusvingo usage mune utachiona, trichothecenes - mapuroteni usage mu eukaryotic Utachiona, griseofulvin - mitosis.

Phytotoxins uye mitotoksiny

Phytotoxins dzinounzwa notumwe mune utachiona chirimwa rinenge kukonzera rufu chirimwa masero, iyo zvino yava nyore kuti chisvetasimba. Zvinokachidza tunodzivisa enzymatic pezvakaitwa mumasero utachiona miti (semuenzaniso, chakuvhe Alternaria tentoksin kuchititadzisa photosynthetic phosphorylation) nhaka simba Kamudzira kushanda uye kuchinja chokufambisa kuti zvinhu kuburikidza Kamudzira, iyo transmembrane Ion kutapurirana (fusaric acid, fusicoccin, et unto.).

Mycotoxins vari mapoka mapoka maviri - the zvinokachidza zviri nemaziso notumwe (mikromitcetov) uye fungal zvinokachidza macromycetes vane hombe fruiting miviri. Rokutanga kunyanya notumwe ngozi kuti kukanganisa chirimwa mishonga zvinoshandiswa zvokudya. Somuenzaniso, muna sclerotia ergot alkaloids kuunganidza (heterocycles ane senitrogen), izvo neuro-mitezo muchetura. Havazivi kuputsa panguva kubika, saka chingwa chakabikwa efurawa ane nokuputsanya zviri yakapwanyika sclerotia, kune ngozi chaizvo. Kushandiswa kwaro kungaita zvakakomba chepfu, kazhinji pamwe nokufa kwomunhu. Other zviyo chisvetasimba - utachiona hwakakura Fusarium musoro kukanganiswawo. Zviri howa pamusoro Fusarium, iyo allocates zviyo terpenoid zvinokachidza anokonzerawo zvikuru chepfu (chingwa chakabikwa efurawa kwakasvibiswa Fusarium, dzakakurumbira kunzi "vakadhakwa chingwa", sezvo rinoita dzungu, kurutsa uye zvimwe zviratidzo akafanana zvikuru doro chepfu).

kudya howa

Pari, zvakawanda pamusoro zvavo kudya yawana sayenzi uye zvipenyu. General zvechadenga notumwe, semaonero iyi maonero ari sezvinotevera. Power notumwe vazhinji imhaka mupudzi, saka vane basa makemikari kuti ndiputse STRUCTURAL uye kupembedza polysaccharides zvipenyu zvinomera uye chirimwa ungwandangwanda. Kwakadaro pectinases achiparadza polygalacturonic asidhi (pectin) pamusoro yakaderera samolecular uremu oligogalakturonidy, xylanase, cellobiase uye cellulose dzikisira cellulose uye hemicellulose - huru carbohydrate chezvinonhuwira chirimwa sero masvingo, amylase uchiora starch, etc. Chechipiri, mushure cellulose maererano nokurema zvinoumba chirimwa masero -. Lignin, anomirira-dimensional matatu polymer zvinonhuwirira zvindori. Kunyanya yakawanda yacho Woody mumasero. Lignin - zvikuru nemishonga vegetative polymer uye chete howa (kunyanya drevorazrushayuschih Polypore) vane lignazy unhu makemikari nayo. Howa tupukanana yekutapurira cover mhuka uye vanhu (ganda, bvudzi, minhenga), secrete makemikari kuti kuputsa mapuroteni puroteni kubva yavakanga zvakavakwa.

Vazhinji makemikari izvi nesimba aponese vari synthesized nemasero kwete nguva dzose asi pamberi fuma iri zvakatipoteredza (semuenzaniso, kana pasina pectin mu zvakatipoteredza, pectinase hauna synthesized). Havasi constitutive, sezvo pasi substrate induction. Uyezve, havana kuumbwa kana svikiro iri musanganiswa inotonhorera yeimwe pamwe nani. simba muviri (catabolites). Somuenzaniso, mugumo yemudzimu kuparadzwa polysaccharides vakawanda - Shuga Zvisinei mumamiriro ezvinhu umo Kuwedzera ine pectin kana cellulose, shuga, cellulase uye pectinase havasi akabudiswa. Kashoma kuti zvingabatsira kubudisa zvakaoma namakemikari pezvakaitwa dzokugadzira shuga, kana zviri vatovapo ari kukura svikiro. chengetedzo kwakadaro anonzi catabolite udzvanyiriri.

agamobium

Kuramba kuvhura nyaya yakadai "General zvechadenga notumwe", zvishoma kurondedzera zvinhu kupararira. Asexual kubereka ezvinhu zvipenyu izvi zvinogona kuva Mobile uye immobile spores. Zoospores unoumba vashoma notumwe, hwemvura uye yenyika, vane majini kunyatsoonekwa nokuda mvura. flagella mamiriro uye dzimwe zoospores Oomycetes gifihitrievyh akafanana zvinorondedzerwa kuti ochrophyta, apo Chytridiomycota ichakurukurwa rondedzero boka iri. mhando dzakawanda notumwe spores reproduces waanogadzirirwa, zvichiratidza kuti ivo chaizvo-refu nguva kuenda kunyika. Spores inogona kuumbwa endogenously mu sporangia (sporangiospory) kana exogenously (conidia). Endogenous spores vanosunungurwa chete pashure kuparadzwa sporangium, izvo kazhinji chinoitika kana nyoro. vazhinji (zviuru) pamusoro spores, asi dzimwe mhando vanoumba sporangium diki (sporangioli) ndiro chete spores shoma (dzimwe nguva mumwe) rinowanzoshandurwa kuumbwa mune sporangia. Mukupera Kana goko sporangioli uye spores vanogona coalesce, uye ipapo nharo endogenous mabasa sezvo exogenous. Izvi zvinoratidza chinonyanya panowanikwa endogenous spores, iyo vaiva Precursors ose exogenous.

syngenesis

Vakawanda mhando zvepabonde kwacho, pamwe zvikuru nyore - the Fusion pamusoro gametes vaviri vasiri kusiyaniswa pamusoro vegetative masero, inonzi somatogamiya. Izvi mhando kwacho ndizvo kuti pabonde askomitsetnyh yeasts, Basidiomycetes nezvimwe notumwe zhinji. Dzimwe zvinotora kunyange pasina muchitokisi Fusion, iri nyore Fusion pamusoro nuclei mukati masero. A zvikuru kunzwisisa muitiro iri pakurukurwa kurara voga migove mycelium vakaroorana (gametangia) izvo zvino batanidza. pabonde mutoo akadaro, gametangiogamiya, kwese kuti vazhinji zigo- uye Ascomycetes. Pakupedzisira, muna notumwe akawana uye zvatinosiita zvimwe eukaryotic Utachiona gametogamiya, kureva batanidzo specialized gametes.

Classic i- uye heterogamy chinoratidza algae, anowanikwa chete dzakaderera notumwe - Chytridiomycota. Classical oogamy notumwe non-aripo. Kunyange oomycetes, saka akadana nokuda kuva kwavo oogamy vasina varume gametes (dzisingaoneki kana spermatsiev) uye zai iri oogonia kunyimwa pachake muchitokisi rusvingo uye zita oosferami. Mune dzimwe mhando dzose marsupials howa ane oogonium (asi pasina hadzi gametes vari mazai, kureva anomiririra gametangium), asi hapana antheridium, saka kuti muchangosangana kunoitika autonomic gifoy. Vamwe askomitsegov uye bazidiomitsetnyh nengura notumwe vari varume gametes - spermatsii, asi hapana munhukadzi gametes, uye dzimwe nguva gametangia (spermatogamiya). Mune dzimwe mhando spermatsii vari hunyambiri basa - hono gametes uye asexual spores (conidia).

mhedziso

General unhu hunokuvadza: kudya kufema, Spore kubereka - zvose zvikuru vanoda hunhu. Ndiyo rakasiyana zvinenge zviri kana zvirimwa kana mhuka. Opening mu bhuku rinonzi "General unhu hunokuvadza" (Grade 7), uchaona kuti idzowo yoga umambo. Other umambo - imhuka, zvinomera, utachiona uye utachiona. The Musoro "General unhu hunokuvadza uye zvinokosha" kusimuka mabhuku uye munyaya ino - kunongova chinokosha mashoko pamusoro pavo. On zvainyorwa mabhuku yose, saka mubasa pakudzidza kwavo kunogona refu chaizvo. Imwe zvinofadza zvikuru misoro yedu pfungwa, ndiye mukuru unhu hunokuvadza. Mould - mumwe kupfuura yekare munyika marudzi zvipenyu. Iye wakaonekwa Makore mamiriyoni 200. Kare uye dzichifarira ano. Chikamu Open chero chikoro bhuku "Umambo notumwe. General maitiro" (Grade 6), uye muchawana ruzivo nezvazvo.