Chikwereti chevanhu chikamu chemari yekare yezvemari kana huwandu hwemari?

Vanhu vose vanoziva nepfungwa yekodzero yemari: zvikwereti mumabhangi, zvivako muzvitoro, nezvimwe.

Uye ndiani ane nyika uye nei? Zvinobatsira here kubhadhara hurumende? Iko pfungwa ye "chikwereti chevanhu" inorevei? Icho ichi chikwereti chemari kana mari inotangira here? Tichaedza kunzwisisa izvi zvakare.

Pfungwa yebhajheji

Iko chikwereti chenyika chiyero chemari inotangira mari.

Ichi ndechimwe chetsanangudzo. Mhedziso inokosha mauri ibhajethi. Ichi ndicho chiyero chezvinhu zvose zvehurumende zvinoshandiswa nemari. Mhedzisiro yekudzorerwa kwayo ndeyikuti:

• Inotora mitero: Mubairo Womutero Mutero, purogiramu, Murima wekurima, nezvimwewo.
• Nzira isina kukodzera - mari yekutengeserana kwekutenga zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana: fodya, doro, kunze kwemotokari. Mangwana rondedzero inogona kuzadzikiswa ne sodas dzakasiyana-siyana, zvinwiwa zvezvinwiwa, zviputi, sezvo hurumende dziri kumusoro dzakakurukura.
• Matanho ekubhadhara.
• Mhosva, mari, nezvimwewo.

Aina dzebhajheji

Mari iyi inowira mubhadharo yehurumende, uye zvino, zvichienderana nehuwandu, mukati uye kunze kwemari inorongwa.

Kubva pakubudirira kwemurairo wezvino, bhajeti inogona kuva:

• Izvo zvakasara - kuwana mari yakawanda.
• Kuenzanisa - zvakaenzana zviratidzo.
• Kusakwana - mari shoma shoma.

Inofungidzirwa kuti bhajeti yakatarwa inofungidzirwa yakakodzera, iyo inotaura nezvehutano hwakanaka hwehurumende uye hutungamiri hwepamusoro.

Zvikonzero zvekusara kwemari

Nokudaro pfungwa yekukwereta chikwereti chevanhu inokonzerwa - ichi ndicho chiyero chemari inotangira, iyo yakareba kupfuura mari. Zvikonzero zveizvi zvingave zvakasiyana:

• Shanduko mumakemikari mamiriro, somuenzaniso, dhesi mumafuta muhafu.
• Kuchinja kwesimba munyika, uye, somugumisiro, kuverenga nekunyora kwemari.
• Kuwedzerwa mune zvekubhadhara mari mune zvemari zvinosanganiswa, semuenzaniso, nehuwandu hwevanhu vanoita huwandu hwevanhu, nezvimwewo.

Sezvatareva kare, chikwereti chevanhu chikamu chemari yekare yekusarudzwa kwemari. Asi inogona kuwedzera uye iyo inouya mari. Izvi zvinorevei? Izvo bhajeti yenyika yakarongerwa kwemakore anotevera kwenguva refu. MuRussia inogamuchirwa kwemakore akawanda. Hurumende yave ichinyatsoziva nhasi kuti inguva yakawanda sei inofanira kupedza mangwana: pensions, hurumende yevashandi, mitemo yenyika, nezvimwewo.

Izvi zvinoreva kuti chikwereti chenhasi chemazuva ndicho chiyero chemashandisirwo emakore akapfuura , ayo anofanira kunge ari akakwirira kudarika mari kubva munguva yakapfuura. Hatifaniri kukanganwa kuti, pane zvimwe zvikonzero, inogona kukura mumakore anotevera. Kuti tinzwisise nzira dzose, kuti hurumende inoenzanisa sei mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, tinosvika kune pfungwa ye "federal bond bonds" (OFZ). Zvimwe pane izvi zvakare.

Federal bond bonds (OFZ)

Federal bond bonds ndeyezvinyorwa zvinotaurwa pamusoro peMoscow Stock Exchange. Kutaura zvazviri, aya ndiwo mazamu ayo hurumende inotarisa pane imwe nzvimbo yehuwandu. Mune nzira dzakasiyana-siyana, vanopinda muchitsinhanho, apo kuburikidza nekupindirana kwevatengesi nevatengesi vemabhizimisi, mutengesi chero ipi zvayo anogona kuwana. Chinangwa ndechokuwedzera mari nehuwandu hwehutsika pasi pehutano hwehurumende. Zvechokwadi, inogonawo kunyengedza avo vakararama muna 1998, vanoziva chinhu chakadai sechinhu chisipo - kuramba kubhadhara zvavanosungirwa. Pasinei neizvi, zviremera zvinotendwa kupfuura zvigadzirwa zvebhizimisi, izvo zvingaita kuti zvikanganise chero zuva.

Bonds yemadhora ehurumende ndeyekutanga mabhizimisi. Nokuti kutendeseka kwavo kunoona kutengesa. Vatengesi nhasi vanotenga zvikwereti, izvo pashure peimwe nguva iwe unogona kuwana mari. Iko kune OFZ, iyo inofanirwa kubhadhara mumakore makumi maviri nemaviri. Vatenzi vavo, sekutonga, vagamuchira mabhonasi egore negore (makononi).

Tatove tataura pamusoro apa kuti chikwereti chevanhu vose chikamu chemari yakapfuura. Asi mari iyi inobva kupi? Ndiani anobata nyika? Imwe yezvinyorwa ndeyeZZ. Icho chikonzero, bhajeti yakagara yakarongerwa kubhadhara zvinotarisirwa kwemakore anotevera, asi zviratidzo zvaro zvakanyanya kuipa. Muchiitiko ichi, Vehupfumi Vehurumende vanoedza kupfuurira pamusoro pekodzero dzomubatsiri nemubatsiro weCentral Bank, ndiko kuti, kudzorera kubhadhara chikwereti. Inopa mamwe mazano anobatsira (kufarira) pazvisungo uye inomutsa mazita avo mazita (chiyero chakaratidzwa pamhosva pamagumo ekubhadhara nguva).

Saka, chikwereti chevanhu chikamu chemari yepasimari yekare.

Marudzi evanhu chikwereti

Zvichienderana nemari yemari yakweretwa, chikwereti chevanhu chakakamurwa kuva:

• Internal;
• Kunze.

Iko mukati kunoumbwa nekuda kweOZZ kutengesa pamusoro peMoscow exchange exchange. Nezvezvisungo zvipi, isu tatozvitaura. Chikwereti chekunze chinogona kuumbwa kubva pane zvakasiyana-siyana. Izvozvo ndezvekuti:

• I International Monetary Fund ndiyo yakawanda chikwereti chematunhu panyika. Sangano rakasikwa nevatsigiri vevamwe, asi rinoshanda pamwe neUnited States neEuropean Union.
• International bank.
• Zvimwe zvinotaurwa.
• Zvikwereti pamarudzi ose anotengeserana pasi.

Chero chero chikwereti chevanhu pachirwere chekunze chinowanzofungidzirwa kunze, sezvo zviremera uye Central Bank yeRussia hazvikwanisi kuzvicheka nemitemo yakasiyana-siyana yezvemari: kudhura, inflation, denomination, nezvimwe.

Chikwereti chevanhu veRussia nhasi

Isati tati kare chikwereti chenyika ndicho chiyero chezvakaitika zvekare zvebhajhenesi, asi chii chaicho chakawanda nhasi.

Kubva munaOctober 2015, Hurumende yeRussia ichave ne7,7 trillion ruble mune chikwereti chemari, uye pakati pegore ra2016 chiyero ichi chawedzera kusvika ku7,9 trillion rubles.

Chikwereti chekunze chiri $ 7 biliyoni, izvo zvisingabviri, zvichienzaniswa neGDP yenyika. Zvisinei, zviremera zvakaratidza kushingaira kwekubhadhara kwemari pamakwikwi emarudzi ose, uyewo mumisika yepamusha.

Somuenzaniso, chikwereti cheU.S $ 19 trillion. Nhamba yacho inoratidzika se inoshamisa, asi iyo 109% yeGDP yenyika. Dai Russia yakanga ine chikwereti chakadaro, saka, tikapiwa macroeconomic zviratidzo, taizobhadhara zvizvarwa zvakawanda.

Zvisizvo hazvizovi?

Asati ataura nezvekusavapo kwenyika, zvakakosha kuwirirana neGDP yenyika, chikwereti chekwereti uye kushanda pairi.

Mamiriro ezvinhu mumusika weRussia anowedzera nezvikwereti zvemakambani makuru. Maitiro aya, mazita aya haana kuiswa mubhadharo yemari yehurumende, asi chaizvoizvo zviremera zvinotsigira mabhizinesi aya, uye mazhinji acho anokanganisa hupenyu hwedu. Pakutanga kwegore ra2016, chikwereti chekambani chaive $ 599 mabhiriyoni, iyo inopfuura madhora mabhiriyoni manomwe.Zvino zvikamu zvezvikamu zveMadokero, munhu anogona kutaura kuti makambani aya haakwanisi ikozvino kubhadharwa kune mabhengi ekunze, uye, naizvozvo, kugadzirisa, kudzorera chikwereti chavo. Kana mamiriro acho asingashanduki munguva yemberi iri pedo, ipapo makambani achasarudzwa kamwe chete. Izvi zvinotungamirira ku kuora kwehuwandu hwekuvimba munyika, sezvo pasina mumwe munhu achada kuisa mumabhizimisi angangoparara.

Mhedziso

Saka, chikwereti chevanhu chikamu icho hurumende inokweretesa kune vashandi vekutsvaga kuvhara mari yekusarudzwa munguva yakapfuura. Tinovimba kuti nyaya yacho yaibatsira uye inodzidzisa.