Chimiro cheseri bhakitiriya: kune vanoda kuziva

Mabhakitiriya angaratidzika semashiripiti asiri nyore, asi usanyengedzwa nezviri nyore. Muzvokwadi, chimiro cheseri bhakitiriya chinoita kuti chigadziriswe zvikuru kune zvinodiwa zvayo. Mamwe mabhakitiriya masero maitiro akasiyana uye anotsanangura maitiro avo asina kujairika.

Pakupedzisira, shoko rokuti "mabhakitiriya" raireva "chero mapurokotaiti." Munguva yedu, mamwe maitiro ekare uye maduku ehupenyu anozivikanwa - archaea. Ivo vakasiyana kubva kubhakiteriya yechokwadi. Izvo zvekupedzisira zvine nzvimbo, nokuti vanochera matongo havana uncharacteristic.

Asati atanga magetsi emasikironi emakore makumi mashanu ezana remakore apfuura, chimiro chebhakitiriya chese chaiva chakavanzika kune masayendisiti. Kunyanya chaizvo, mabhakitiriya ainzwisiswa se "mamwe mapuroteni uye lipid." Chimiro cheseri bhakitiriya chakava chinhu chinongororwa chete mushure mekunge nyika isingazivikanwi yemhando shoma dzehupenyu yakawanikwa.

Kune mhando inenge 4 yebhakitiriya mune chimiro: spherical cocci, mabhakitiriya anonzi filamentous, bacillus sticks uye crimped spirilla tsvimbo. Iko tsanga shoma yebhakitiriya inoita kuti ive shanduko yekushanduka-shanduka, nokuti nzvimbo yepamusoro / yevhoriyamu yakawanda yakakura kwazvo, iyo inobvumira kuti bhakitiriya sero ribudirire kuenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu, zvirongwa zvemagetsi zvinowedzera nokukurumidza uye zvakajeka.

Icho chinyorwa che cytoplasmic chinokonzera zviri mukati mukati memubhedha bhakitiriya. Asi chinonyanya kukosha ndechokuita kwayo kuti uchengetedze kugadzikana kwemamiriro ekunze, nekuti nekuda kwekusimudzira osmotic, zvirongwa hazvingagoni kufamba nenzira yakarurama, asi membrane inopesana nehutsika iyi. Chimwe chinhu chinoshamisa chinogara chichitaura pakutaura pamusoro pekugadzirwa kwebhakitiriya sero iseri masvingo, ane chinhu chinonzi peptidoglycan. Izvo zvinoshandiswa uye zvinotapira mhinduro dzakawanda kune membrane. Mamwe mabhakitiriya emusero masero haana (mycoplasmas), asi izvi hazvisi izvo. Nokudaro, penicillin antibiotics nemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya-cephalosporins, iyo inokanganisa kushandiswa kwemasero masero, inoshanda pakurwisa utachiona hwehutachiona. Hazvivhiringidzi masero emammalian, nokuti iyi yekupedzisira haifaniri kushandiswa kwekamuri. Uye mabhakitiriya asina iyo haagoni kupona - ndeye skeleton yavo yekunze uye chipingamupinyi chinopesana nezvinetso zvinokuvadza.

Zvichienderana nekumirisana nekupfeya maererano nemaitiro eGram, mabhakitiriya akaparadzaniswa kuva gram-positive (bhuruu mushure mekusvibisa) uye gram-negative (pink). Mune mabhakitiriya e gram-positive, peptidoglycans ane zvivako zvakawanda zvepolysaccharide, asi mu bhakitiriya re gram-negative, iyo yakateteka yakaonda kwazvo, uye kune pfupa yekunze ye phospholipid kubva kunze.

Mune mabhakitiriya, nucleus haisi yakasarudzwa ne membrane, zvose zvinowanikwa mukuwedzera kweDNA, kudhindwa nekushandura kunoitika pakati pezvimwe zvikamu. DNA haina kuiswa pasi nerubatsiro rwe histones, asi iri mune chimwe chinhu chisinganzwisisiki chinoshamisa. Uyewo mukudhindwa kwemashoko ekuberekwa anosanganisira plasmids, maitiro akasiyana mu cytoplasm. Havana kutakura mashoko anonyanya kukosha, asi vanogona kupa muridzi wacho basa. Zvinotapurirwa pazvinenge zvichinyatsoyerera. Zvimwe chete, avo vanowanikwa pakaparadzanisa masero muviri - uye nenyasha.

Sero rinosanganisira ribosomes, iyo mumasero ese ezvisikwa zvipenyu inoita mapuroteni. Munyaya iyi, mabhakitiriya haasi izvozvi. Chimiro cheseri bhakitiriya chinoratidzwawo nechokuti mazhinji mabhakitiriya haana mazamu emukati anosiyanisa zvikamu zvakasiyana zvemasero. Kunze kwekare - mamwe mapototrofu uye mabhakitiriya, oxidizing methane.

Bhakitiriya inogona kuchengetedza kabhoni nenzira ye glycogen, sulfure nenzira yegranules uye nitrogen nenzira ye nitrate. Uyezve, mabhakitiriya anogara mumvura ane magasi anoputika anovabvumira kunamatira kumusoro. Mamwe marudzi ane organelles chaiwo - carboxysomes (kugadzirisa carbon dioxide kubva mumhepo) uye magnetosomes - inotarisa bhakitiriya mune magnetic field (yei-chirabwe).

Zvose zvinokonzera mapuroteni maitiro emabhakitiriya - wechipiri, nokuda kwokuti mabhakitiriya anonamatira kune nzvimbo. Uyewo zvakare kufadza flagella, zvichivabvumira kutenderera munzvimbo.

Nyika yebhakitiriya inomirira vatsvakurudzi vanobvunza. Uye vamwe iye zvino havazovhiringidzi basa racho: "Tsanangura marongerwo emakirini ebhakitiriya."