Rhythmicity mu biology. Kukosha kwezvinyorwa zvehupenyu. Human Biorhythms

Sayenzi, kuverenga rhythm mu biology, yakabuda mumakore ekupedzisira XVIII. Muvambi wayo ndiye chiremba wechiGermany Christopher William Gufelyand. Kubva pakuzviisa pasi kwenguva yakareba, maitiro ezvinyorwa zvehupenyu aifungidzirwa kuti anongotarirwa chete kune dzimwe nzira dzekunze, kunyanya pakutenderera kwePasi pasi pezuva neShoko rayo. Nhasi chronobiology yakakurumbira. Maererano nedzidziso inowanikwa mauri, zvikonzero zvebiorhythms ndezvekunze uye mukati mimwe mhuka. Uye kuchinja, kunodzokororwa munguva, kunoshamisa kwete kune munhu mumwe nomumwe. Icho chinowedzera zvikamu zvose zvezvigadzirwa zvehupenyu - kubva pachitokisi kuenda kune biosphere.

Rhythmicity mu Biology: Tsanangudzo

Nokudaro, chivako chiri pasi pekufungisisa ndechimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvechinhu chinorarama. Rhythmicity mu biology inogona kurondedzerwa sekuchinja kwehutano hwehutano uye mhinduro dzehupenyu. Rinomiririra nguva nenguva kuchinja kwehupenyu hwehupenyu hwehupenyu hwehupenyu hunomuka pasi pesimba rekunze nekunze zvinhu. Uyewo ivo vanonzi synchronizers.

Biorhythms iyo haifaniri kuvimba nekunze kwezvinhu zvinoshandiswa pane imwe nzira kunze kwayo inogumira. Yakanyanyisa, zvakatarisana, usapindira kune zvinoitika mukatikati (kushanda mukati mehutano) machishoni.

Zvinokonzera

Sezvatatoona, pamatanho ekutanga ekuumbwa kwesayenzi itsva, rhythmicity mu biology yakanzi yakarongedzwa chete nekunze kwezvinhu. Iyi nyanzvi yakatsiviwa nehutano hwemukati determinism. Mariri, kunze kwezvinhu zvakapiwa basa risina basa. Zvisinei, panzvimbo pfupi, vatsvakurudzi vakauya kuti vanzwisise kukosha kwezvinhu zvose zviri zviviri zvekufananidza. Nhasi inofungidzirwa kuti maitiro ehupenyu ehupenyu, anogadzikana mune zvakasikwa, anoenderana nekushandurwa pasi pesimba remamiriro ekunze. Iyi pfungwa inomira pakati penzira yakasiyana-siyana yekugadzirisa mitemo yakadaro.

Chinokosha chetano

Maererano neiyi pfungwa, kusagadzikana kwemaitiro ekugadzirisa zvirongwa zvinoshandiswa zvinoshandiswa nekunze kwekufananidza. Nhamba huru yekunze kwemazwi ekunyenyeka kwehupenyu huzhinji hunovakwa mune imwe nzira yakarongeka. Pamwoyo wekugadzirisa kwayo ndeye nzira dzehupenyu. Vanobatanidza ukama hwepakati hwemashoko akasiyana-siyana: unidirectional zvinopfuurira zvakanyatsoenderana, uye zvinopindirana zvinoshanda mu antiphase.

Zvose izvi zvakaoma kufungidzira pasina oscillator (mutungamiri). Muchirevo ichi, zvitatu zvekurongeka zvinoratidzika zvakasiyana: epiphysis, pituitary gland uye grenal adlands. Iyo epiphysis inonzi ndiyo yakare-kare.

Zvichida mune zvipenyu izvo zvinomira pamaderera mashoma ekubudirira kwekushanduka-shanduka, epiphysis ine basa guru. Iko melatonin inogadzirwa naye inobudiswa murima uye kuora mukati mechiedza. Ichokwadi, anoudza ose masero maererano nenguva yezuva. Nekunetseka kwesangano, epiphysis inotanga kutamba chikamu chechipiri, kubvuma kukudzwa kumusoro wepamusoro we hypothalamus. Mubvunzo wehukama huri mumutemo wezvinyorwa zvezvivako zvose hazvina kugadziriswa zvakakwana. Mune mhaka ipi zvayo, maererano nedzidziso, vane "mubatsiri" -drenal glands.

Aina

Zvose biorhythms zvakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zviviri zvakanyanya:

• Physiological inomiririra kuchinja kwebasa rehumwe hurumende dzomuviri;

• Zvigadziriro, kana kugadzirisa zvinoshandiswa kuti zvienderane nemamiriro ezvinhu anogara achichinja mamiriro ezvinhu.

Uyewo zvakajairika ndeyechirongwa chinotsanangurwa na chronobiologist F. Halberg. Sezvo chiri chikonzero chekuparadzaniswa kwemitauro yezvinyorwa, akatora nguva yavo:

• Kusiyanisa kwepamusoro-kuru-kubva pamasekondi mashomanana kusvika hafu yeawa;

• Kusiyana kwepakati pevhesi yenguva yakawanda - kubva pahafu yeawa kusvika kumatanhatu;

• Kusiyana kwemhepo yakaderera-kubva pamazuva matanhatu kusvika pagore.

Nzira dzekutanga dzinopfurikidza kupema, palpitation, magetsi basa reropi uye mamwe maitiro akafanana mu biology. Mienzaniso yekuchinja kwehuwandu inoreva nguva yakawanda inoshanduka mukati mezuva remagetsi ekugadzirisa, kurara nekumuka. Rudzi rwechitatu rwekutsvaira kunosanganisira nguva, gore negore rwiyo.

Svikoni yekunze kune vanofananidza vanhu vanobatanidzwa muhupenyu hwevanhu. Yokutanga ndiyo tsika yezuva nezuva uye mitemo yakasiyana-siyana yakagamuchirwa munzvimbo yebasa, mumusha kana mumagariro sekuzara. Kugadziriswa kwepanyama kunomiririrwa nekushandurwa kwemasikati neusiku, kuwanda kwemagetsi emagetsi, kuchinja kwekushisa, humhu, nezvimwe zvakadaro.

Desynchronization

Mamiriro akanaka emuviri anoitika apo bhihyhythm mukati memunhu inoshanda maererano nemamiriro ekunze. Nhamo, izvi hazvisi nguva dzose. Iyo nyika, kana paine kusanzwisisana pakati pemitambo yechipfuva nemasikirwo ekunze, inonzi desynchronosis. Iko inowanikwawo mumarudzi maviri.

Internal desynchronosis - mismatch processes zvakananga mumuviri. Chimwe chimiro chinowanzovhiringidza kukanganisa kwemaitiro ekurara uye kumuka. Kunze kwe-deynchronosis isinganzwisisiki mukati mezvinyorwa zvehupenyu uye zvakatipoteredza. Kukanganisa kwakafanana kunoitika, somuenzaniso, kana uchibhururuka kubva pane imwe nguva kuenda kune imwe.

Desynchronosis inoratidzika muhupenyu hwekuchinja muhutano hwemamiriro ezvinhu akafanana neropa rega. Kazhinji inowedzera nekuwedzera kusagadzikana, kusava nenzara, kuneta kwakakurumidza. Maererano nema chronobiologists, sezvatotaurwa kare, chirwere chipi nechipi chinokonzerwa nekusaziva kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvekushambadzira.

Daily biological rhythms

Kunzwisisa manzwisisiro ekuchinja kwehupenyu hunoita kuti zvive nyore kugadzirisa zvirongwa zvakanaka. Muchirevo ichi, kunyanya kukosha ndiko kukosha kwezvinyorwa zvehupenyu zvinosvika zuva. Zvinoshandiswa zvose kuti zvione kushanda kwebasa rekuzorora nekuzorora, uye nekurapa kurapwa, kurapwa, uye kunyange kusarudzwa kwemuti wemishonga.

Mumumuviri womunhu, zuva ndiro nguva yekutsvaga kwehuwandu hwehutano. Vamwe vavo vanochinja zvikuru, vamwe - vashoma. Zvakakosha kuti zviratidzo zvezvose zvisapfuurire zvakashata, kureva kuti, hazvisi kutyisidzira hutano.

Kupisa kwekushanduka

Thermoregulation ndiyo chivimbo chekugara kwechimiro chemukati, nekudaro kushanda kwakakodzera kwechimiro chezvipfuwo zvose, kusanganisira vanhu. Kuchinja kwekushisa kunowanikwa masikati, nehuwandu hwekudzikisa hudiki. Minimal zviratidzo zvinowanzoitika kubva panguva dza1: 1 kusvika pa5: 00 mangwanani, zvakanyanya kunyorwa panguva inenge yechitanhatu neawa manheru. Kukura kwekudzora ndiko, munyaya iyi, kazhinji kudarika imwe yero.

Mwoyo uye endocrine maitiro

Basa re "motokari" huru yemuviri wemunhu inosanganawo nekuchinja. Kune mairi maviri maawa, umo maitiro emwoyo yematambudziko inoderera: awa yezuva uye mapfumbamwe manheru.

Mifananidzo yavo inofananidzwa nhengo dzose dze hematopoiesis. Nhamba yepamusoro yebasa ramashonga emangwanani riri mangwanani, uye chirwere chiri pa8 masikati manheru.

Kuvharwa kwehomoni kunogarawo kusingagumi zuva rese. Kuwedzera kweAdrenaline muropa kunobuda mangwanani-ngwanani uye kunosvika pakakwirira pa9: 00. Izvi zvinotsanangura zvinoreva vivacity uye basa rakawanda kuvanhu kuvanhu mangwanani.

Vanhurume vanoziva curious statistics: basa rebasa mumatambudziko akawanda rinotanga pakati peusiku husiku. Izvi zvinosanganiswawo nehutsika hwemagariro endocrine. Nenguva ino, iyo yakasara yakasvibiswa yeganda repituitary, iyo inobereka mahomoni anokwana, inoshandiswa.

Mangwanani - nyama, manheru - mukaka

Kune vateveri vekudya kwakakodzera, chokwadi chakakonzerwa nekugadzirisa chirongwa chichave chinonakidza. Hafu yekutanga yezuva ndiyo nguva iyo kuparara kwechikamu chemuviri kunowedzera kuipa, kubudiswa kweB bile kunowedzera. Chiropa chinopedza glycogen mangwanani uye inopa mvura. Kubva maitiro aya chronobiologists anowana mitemo iri nyore: zvokudya zvakakomba uye zvakakora zviri nani mangwanani, uye shure kwekudya kwemanheru uye manheru, mishonga yemakaka nemiriwo zvakanaka.

Kushanda nesimba

Haisi chakavanzika chokuti biorhythms yevanhu inobata basa rayo masikati. Kukanganiswa kunosiyana kubva kumunhu kusvika kune mumwe munhu, asi maitiro akawanda anogonawo kuonekwa. Nhatu "shiri" dzemazuva ano, kubatanidza zviratidzo zvehupenyu uye simba rekushanda, zvichida, rinozivikanwa kune vose. Uyu ndiwo "lark", "owl" uye "njiva". Iviri yekutanga ndiyo yakasarudzwa. "Inotaura" izere nesimba uye simba mangwanani, nyore nyore kusimuka uye kuenda kunorara.

"Mahombe", semuenzaniso wavo, masikati. Nguva yekushanda iyo inotanga painenge nhanhatu manheru. Kumuka kwekutanga kwakaoma kwazvo kuti vatsungirire. "Njiwa" dzinokwanisa kushanda zvose masikati uye manheru. Mu chronobiology ivo vanonzi rhythmics.

Kuziva rudzi rwako, munhu anogona kunyatsogadzirisa mabasa ake oga. Zvisinei, kune pfungwa yokuti chero "cherovha" inogona kuva "rama" kana ichidikanwa uye kutsungirira, uye kupatsanurana kuva mhando mitatu kunogadziriswa, pane, nemaitiro, pane kuiswa pasi.

Constant change

Biorhythms yemunhu nezvimwe zvipenyu hazvisi zvakasimba, zvinogadziriswa zviratidzo. Pakugadzirwa kwe-ne-phylogenesis, kureva, kukurudzirwa kwomunhu mumwe nomumwe nekushanduka-shanduka, zvinoshanduka pane dzimwe nguva. Chii chinokonzera kuchinja kwakadaro, kusvika kumugumo hachiri pachena. Pano pane maBhaibheri maviri mairi mune izvi. Maererano neumwe wavo, kuchinja kwakaiswa pamasero emagetsi kunotungamirirwa nekushandurwa-kunogona kunzi maawa ehupenyu.

Imwe nyanzvi inopa basa rinokosha mukugadzirisa uku kwezvinhu zvenyika izvo zvisati zvadzidzwa. Vashandi veiyi pfungwa vanotsanangura kusiyana kwebhrihythm mumwe nomumwe nechigaro chavo pamusana wekushanduka. Iyo yakakwirira yehutano hwesangano, iyo yakanyanya kuwedzera metabolism. Muchiitiko ichi, hutano hwemakwikwi hahuchinje, asi hukuru hwekutsvaira hunowedzera. Icho chimiro mu biology uye chichienderana nekugadzirwa kwenyika, vanoona sechigumisiro chebasa rekusarudzwa kwezvisikwa, zvichiita kuti kuchinja kwekunze (somuenzaniso, kuchinja kwemasikati neusiku) kune mukati (basa uye kurara) rhythm fluctuation.

Izvozvo zvinokonzerwa nemakore

Chronobiologists vakakwanisa kugadzirisa kuti mukugadzirwa kweinorgenisis, zvichienderana nesiteji yakapfuudzwa nemuviri, zvinyorwa zve circadian zvinoshanduka. Nguva imwe neimwe yekufambira mberi kwekuberekwa inofananidzwa nekuchinja kwayo mukati mehutano hwemukati. Uyezve, kuchinja kwemashoko ehupenyu kunowanikwa kune imwe nzira, yakatsanangurwa neRussia nyanzvi G.D. Gubin. Zviri nyore kuifunga pamusoro pemuenzaniso wezvipfuwo. Pakati pavo kuchinja kwakafanana kunosangana kutanga ne amplitudes ye circadian rhythms. Kubva pamatanho ekutanga ekubudirira kweumwe munhu, vanokura nekusvika pakukwirira kwevechidiki nekukura. Zvadaro ma amplitudes anotanga kuderera.

Aya haasi ega kuchinja mumhanzi ane chokuita nezera. Kuenzanisa kwe-acrophases kunoshandurawo (acrophase ndiyo nguva yenguva apo huwandu hunokosha hweparamende hunoonekwa) uye hukuru hwehuwandu hwemazuva ehurumende (chronodesm). Kana tikafungisisa zvose izvi kuchinja, zvinova pachena kuti zviri mukukura kuti biorhythm yakanyatsogadziriswa uye muviri wemunhu unokwanisa kukurira zvakasiyana-siyana kunze kwekuchengetedza hutano hwako. Nokufamba kwenguva, mamiriro ezvinhu ari kuchinja. Somugumisiro wekusava nehanya nemaitiro akasiyana, utano hunochengetedza zvishoma nezvishoma.

Chronobiologists dzinofanirwa kushandisa maitiro akafanana nehutano hwehutano. Pachikonzero chezivo yezvinyanzvi zvekuchinja kwemashoko emutauro wemunhu mukati mehupenyu hwose, zvinodaro kuti zvinokwanisika kuvaka imwe girafu kuratidzira hupenyu hwehutano, hukuru uye minima munguva. Kuedzwa kwakadaro nyaya yeramangwana, maererano nevasayendisiti vakawanda. Zvisinei, kune mafungiro anokubvumira kuvaka chimwe chinhu chakaita purogiramu iyi ikozvino.

Mitatu mitambo

Ngationei zvishoma kuti chifukidziro chekuvanzika uye tikuudzei kuti mungaziva sei mabhyhythm enyu. Kuverenga mavari kunoitwa maererano nenheyo yengano yemapfungwa Herman Svoboda, chiremba Wilhelm Fiss uye unyanzvi Alfred Telcher, akavakwa navo panguva yekupera kwezana reXIX ne XX. Chinokosha chechirevo ndechekuti pane mitatu miviri: muviri, pfungwa uye pfungwa. Zvinowanzoitika panguva yekuzvarwa uye muupenyu hwavo hwose hazvichinje maitiro avo:

• Nyama - mazuva makumi maviri;

• Emotional - mazuva makumi mana;

• Intellectual - 33 mazuva.

Kana iwe ukaronga kuchinja kwemazuva, zvinotora mawonekedwe e sinusoid. Nezvikamu zvitatu zvitatu, chikamu chemafuro pamusoro peex axis chinokonzerwa nekuwedzera kwezvikamu, pasi payo kune nzvimbo yekuderera mumuviri, mupfungwa uye mupfungwa. Biorhythms, iyo kuverengwa yeiyo inogona kuitwa pane imwe purogiramu yakafanana, pamucheto wepakati penzira nehana inoratidza chiratidzo chekutanga kwemamiriro ekusaziva, apo kushorwa kwechiripo kune zvinokonzera zvakatipoteredza kunoderedzwa zvikuru.

Tsanangudzo yezvikwangwani

Kuyera kwezvinyorwa zvipenyu zvichienderana nedzidziso iyi zvinogona kuitwa zvakasununguka. Kuti uite izvi, unofanirwa kuverenga kuti wakave wakagara sei: wedzera nguva nehuwandu hwemazuva mugore (usakanganwa kuti pane 366 vavo mumwaka wegore). Chimiro chinoguma chinofanira kugoverwa nehuwandu hwebiorhythm, chivako chauri kuvaka (23, 28 kana 33). Tine huwandu hwekuwedzera uye zvakasara. Nhengo yose zvakare inowedzera nekureba kwebiorhythm chaiyo? F kubvisa kubva mumazuva emazuva. Zvasara ndiyo nhamba yemazuva emakore panguva ino.

Kana huwandu hunowanikwa huri kudarika imwe-yechina yenguva yekufamba, iyi ndiyo nguva yekusimudza. Zvichienderana ne-biorhythm, zvinosanganisira kufara uye kuita zvekuita, mafungiro akanaka uye kugadzikana mupfungwa, kugadziriswa kwekusika nekunyanya kwepfungwa. Chinokosha chakaenzana nehafu yenguva yechiratidzo chinoratidza nguva yekusava nechokwadi. Kurova muchitatu yekupedzisira kwehupenyu hwebiorhythm chero ipi zvayo zvinoreva kuwana munharaunda yezvekuita zvekugadzirisa zvemari. Panguva ino, vanhu vanowanzoti vaneta vakaneta, njodzi yezvirwere inowedzera, kana iri mubvunzo wekufamba. Muurongwa hwemangariro, pane kuderera kwemafungiro kusvikira pakuora mwoyo, kuora kwekugona kudzivisa simba mukati memwoyo. Pakati pehuchenjeri, nguva yekuderera inoratidzirwa nekutambudzika mukuita zvisarudzo, chimwe chimiro chekufunga.

Ukama nedzidziso

Munyika yesayenzi, pfungwa yezvinhu zvitatu biorhythms mumutauro uyu, sekutonga, inoshorwa. Hapana humwe huchapupu hwakakwana hunoratidza kuti mumuviri womunhu, chimwe chinhu chinogona kunge chisina kuchinjwa. Izvi zvinoratidzwa nemamiriro ose anoonekwa, ayo ari pasi pechirevo muzvinyorwa zvehupenyu, maitiro emukati maitiro anowanikwa mumatanho akasiyana ehupenyu hwehupenyu. Nokudaro, iyo yakatsanangurwa nzira yekuverenga uye iyo nheyo yose inowanzoonekwa sechinhu chinonakidza chekufungidzira, asi kwete pfungwa yakajeka inobva pane inofanira kuronga mabasa ayo.

Biological mutinhimira kurara uye takamuka, saka haana varipo chete mumuviri. Nokufamba inozviisa zvose hurongwa anoumba muviri wedu, kwete chete panguva pachiyero mapoka makuru, somoyo kana nemapapu. Mutinhimira pezvakaitwa vakaradzikwa ari mumasero, uye nokudaro tiri yo nyaya mhenyu rose. The sainzi kuti inodzidza nokufamba izvi, apo vaduku chaizvo, asi anotsvaka kutsanangura zvakawanda mitemo kuripo muupenyu hwevanhu uye zvose zvakasikwa. Atova narwo date zvinoratidza kuti zvingakwanisa chronobiology chaizvoizvo yakakwirira chaizvo. Zvichida munguva pfupi achapiwa nenheyo dzayo uye vanachiremba, mabasa ari dose kurapwa maererano zvinoitwa imwe chokutambudzika zvipenyu mutinhimira.