Communist International. Nhoroondo rechiKomonisiti kufamba: musi, vatungamiri

Vanhu vakawanda vanoziva kuti Communist International akadana sangano renyika, izvo zvabatanidzwa nyika dzakasiyana pamusoro Communist Party muna 1919-1943, ukuwo. The chete sangano vamwe anonzi Third International, kana Comintern.

inotungamirwa Izvi rakaumbwa muna 1919, March 4, akumbirwa kuti RCP (B) uye mutungamiri waro V. I. Lenina kuti kuparadzirwa uye kukura pfungwa dzakawanda echimurenga gutsaruzhinji, kuti kana tichienzanisa kuchinja gutsaruzhinji reInternational Yechipiri yaiva chaizvo pakatarisana chaiyo. Musiyano uri pakati coalitions maviri yakaitika nokuda kusiyana mafungiro pamusoro First World War uye October Revolution.

Congress of Comintern

Congress of Comintern vakabata haana kudaro kakawanda. Ngationgororei navo kuitira:

• Origin (Constitutive). It yarongwa 1919 (March) muMoscow. Rakanga wakapindwa 52 vaibva mumapoka 35 uye mapato kubva munyika 21.
• The Second Congress. Vakaperekedza July kusvika 19 July muSt Petersburg. Panguva chiitiko ichi, vanoverengeka sarudzo pamusoro nzira uye hwevakuru rechiKomonisiti mabasa, dzakadai muenzaniso kuitawo National Liberation kwebasa Communist Parties, pamusoro nemitemo kupinda mubato iri 3 International, iro Communist International Charter, uye zvichingodaro. Nhambo akasikwa dzakawanda pamwe dhipatimendi Comintern.
• The Third Congress. Rakaitirwa Moscow muna 1921, kubva 22 June kusvika 12 July. The chiitiko vakasvika 605 vaibva 103 kumapati uye masangano.
• Chechina Congress. Chiitiko kwakaitika kubva November kusvika December 1922. Purogiramu yakanga wakapindwa 408 gungano, yakatumirwa 66 kumapati uye makambani kubva munyika 58. Congress akasarudza kuronga imwe kambani remarudzi kubatsira varwi vechimurenga.
• The musangano Communist International wechishanu waiitwa kubva June kusvika July 1924. Vechikamu vakasarudza kurichinja kuva National Communist Party Bolshevik changed dzavo nzira muchiedza pokukundwa echimurenga kuita mu Europe.
• Wechitanhatu Congress yakaitirwa kubva July kuna September 1928. Pamusangano uyu, vatori vakafunga enyika mamiriro ezvinhu munyika ave yezwi ichangobva pachikuva. Rakanga dzinoratidzwa upfumi dambudziko, izvo vakapararira mhiri nyika, uye intensification mukirasi hondo. Nhengo Congress aigona kuva chinyorwa pamusoro mumagariro Fascism. Ivo atara okuti political yechiKomonisiti pamwe nevasina rworudyi uye nokuruboshwe-bapiro evanhu democrats hazvibviri. Uyewo, Charter uye Program of Communist International vakagamuchirwa panguva musangano.
• The Rechinomwe Conference yakaitwa muna 1935, kubva July 25 kusvika August 20. The chikuru Musoro musangano pfungwa nenzvimbo Mauto uye pakurwisana kuwedzera kutyisidzira Nazi. The Working mberi yakabatana, raiva muviri ekufambisa basa vanoshanda vanhu siyana enyika zvinhu izvi nguva akasikwa.

nyaya

Kazhinji, yeutongi International kudzidza anonakidza zvikuru. Saka, zvinozivikanwa kuti Trotskyists kunge rakabvumira Congress vatsigiri mana vasara-komiyunizimu wokutanga - maviri chete wokutanga. Somugumisiro, rutsigiro kubva 1937-1938, zvikamu zvakawanda Comintern vakanga chapedzwa. chikamu muchiPolish Comintern pakupedzisira pamutemo chikaparara.

Chokwadi, mapato remakore rechi20 ndavhiyiwa yakawanda kuchinja. Repressions pamusoro kurovedzera ari rechiKomonisiti yemarudzi kufamba, akawana pachavo muSoviet Union muna avo kana zvimwe zvikonzero, dzakabuda Germany uye Soviet Union asati aita asiri utsinye chibvumirano muna 1939.

Marxism-Leninism takanakidzwa mukurumbira zvikuru pakati pavanhu. Uye mangwanani 1937, nhengo German Communist Party Directorate G. Remmele, H. Eberlein, F. Schulte, G. Neumann, G. Kippenberger, vatungamiri dzokuYugoslavia Communist Party M. Filipovic, M. Gorkich vakasungwa. B. Chopich akaraira muSpain namashanu ainzi Lincoln Brigade, asi paakadzoka, iye akanga asungwa.

Sezvaunogona kuona, kuti Communist International akasika guru nhamba yevanhu. Pane yave vaidzvinyirirwa akakurumbira munhoroondo yeutongi dzakawanda kufamba Hungarian vaBhera Kun, vatungamiri Polish Communist Party vazhinji - Ya Pashin, E. Pruchniak, Koshutskaya M., Y. Lensky nevamwe vazhinji. Vaimbove General Munyori wechiGiriki Communist Party A. Kaitas akasungwa uye vapfurwa. The zvinoitirwa uye akagamuchira rimwe Party vatungamiriri Iran A. Sultan Zadeh: raiva nhengo ECCI, nhumwa II, III, IV uye VI Congress.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti mapato remakore rechi20 vakawanda zvirongwa zvakasiyana. Stalin vakapomera vatungamiri Communist Party kuti Poland Anti-Bolshevism, Trotskyism, nzvimbo Anti-Soviet. zvesimba ake zvakaguma kurwiswa rinoda Jerzy Czeszejko-Sochacki nevamwe vatungamiriri wePolish vaKomonisiti (1933). Vamwe udzvanyiriri ndokuwana muna 1937.

Marxism-Leninism Chokwadi, yaiva dzidziso yakanaka. Asi muna 1938 Presidium of Executive Committee of Comintern akasarudza wokuparadza Polish Communist Party. Vachitungamirirwa sefungu udzvanyiriri vaiva creators of Hungarian Communist Party uye vatungamiri Hungarian Soviet Republic - F. Bayaki, D. Bokan, Bhera Kun, Rabinovich, Kelen J., Gavro, S. Szabados, F. Karikash. Bulgarian vaKomonisiti dzakatamira kune USSR, vaidzvinyirirwa: H. Rakowski, R. Abhuramu B. Stomoniakov.

Romanian vaKomonisiti akatanga kuparadza. In Finland, kuti udzvanyiriri pakati havaoni of Communist Party Rovio G. uye A. Shotman, General Munyori K. Zvokukurukurirana kutanga uye vakawanda neshamwari dzavo.

Zvinozivikanwa kuti Communist International akazviratidza pasina. Nokuda kwavo, chave anopfuura zana Italian vaKomonisiti, vaigara muSoviet Union muna 1930s. Vakanga vakasungwa zvose uye hwakatamisirwa kumusasa. Misa repressions asina akapfuura vatungamiriri rechiKomonisiti vemapato uye twa Lithuania, Latvia, Western Ukraine, Western Belarus uye Estonia (wozoita nazvo USSR).

The nemamiriro Comintern

Saka, isu akatarira congresses of Comintern, uye ikozvino kutarisa nemamiriro sangano. Charter Its rakagamuchirwa muna August 1920. Mariri zvakanyorwa: "Chokwadi, Communist International vanosungirwa chaizvoizvo uye zvechokwadi kuva pose rakabatana Communist Party, munhu wacho subsidiaries izvo kushanda ose ezvinhu."

Zvinozivikanwa kuti utungamiriri Comintern rikaparadzirwa nomudzimu Executive Committee (ECCI). Kusvikira muna 1922 hwakanga vamiririri agoverwa neDare Communist Party. Uye muna 1922 iye akasarudzwa Congress of Comintern. Small Office ECCI akaonekwa July 1919. Muna September 1921 zvakanzi kunzi Presidium of ECCI. ECCI Secretariat akasikwa muna 1919, akanga munyaya dzevanhu uye musangano nyaya. The sangano iripo kusvikira 1926. A kweSangano Bureau (Kuronga Bureau) ECCI akasikwa 1921 uye akavapo kusvikira 1926.

Zvinofadza kuti kubva muna 1919 kusvika 1926, sachigaro of ECCI akanga Grigory Zinoviev. Muna 1926 chakagumisa pambiru sachigaro ECCI. Asi yakaonekwa Political Secretariat of ECCI zvipfumbamwe. Muna August 1929, Zvinoumba inotungamirwa itsva iyi rave dzinounzwa ari Political Commission of Political Secretariat of ECCI. Aifanira kubata nekugadzirira dzakasiyana-siyana panyaya, izvo mberi nezvenzvimbo Political Secretariat. Raisanganisira Manuilsky D., O. Kuusinen, mumiririri Communist Party pakati Germany (abvumirana CC pakati KKE) uye A. Pyatnitsky (mumiriri).

Muna 1935, chinzvimbo itsva - Munyori General of ECCI. Zvakatora Dimitrov. Ivo chakagumisa Political Commission uye Political Secretariat. Zvakare Secretariat of ECCI rakarongwa.

Kuzvidzora dzakawanda basa akamisa muna 1921. Iye Akaongorora basa ECCI midziyo, vakaparadzana Zvikamu (mapati) uye akanga achiparidza odhita pakati Finance.

Chii masangano aiva Communist International?

• Profintern.
• Mezhrabpom.
• Sportintern.
• YechiKomonisiti youth International (CMM).
• Krestintern.
• Vakadzi International Secretariat.
• Kusanganisa breakaway dzemitambo (International).
• Kusanganisa vanyori breakaway (International).
• International vakasununguka-proletarians.
• World Committee Soviet mamwe masoja.
• International varimi.
• "Red Aid" inosimbisa masangano dzakawanda inonzi kuipandukira kana DENR.
• Anti-Imperialist League.

disbanding ari Comintern

Kana paiva pokufa Communist International? Musi pamutemo liquidation yakakurumbira sangano ichi chichaitwa musi May 15, 1943. On pokufa Comintern, Stalin akati aida kufadza Western vatsigiri, hunogutsa kuti zvirongwa pokugadzwa rechiKomonisiti uye neChikomonisiti aifarira-Soviet munyika nyika dzokuEurope hwakadzikira. Zvinozivikanwa kuti mukurumbira 3rd International kusvikira pakutanga kwema1940 zvakanaka chaizvo. Mukuwedzera, muna kuEurope vaNazi dzisabudiswe uye vakaparadza zvinenge zvose masero.

Kubvira makore 1920s, Stalin pachake uye (b) CPSU akaedza kudzora Third International. nuance ichi zvange zvakaitika nguva. Kwakaitwa uye kubviswa zvinenge mapazi ose Comintern (kunze International Youth uye Executive Committee) mumakore ose paitonga Stalin udzvanyiriri (pezana 1930s). Zvisinei, 3 International akakwanisa kuchengeta Executive Committee: izvozvo chete kunzi Department World of CPSU (b).

Muna June 1947, ratora Paris Conference musi Marshall rubatsiro. Muna September 1947, Stalin of mugovanisi mapato akasika Cominform - the Communist Information Bureau. It chakatsiva Comintern. Kutaura zvazviri, akanga pomumbure aumba kubva vechiKomonisiti kumapati pamusoro Bulgaria, Albania, Hungary, France, Italy, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Soviet Union, Romania uye Yugoslavia (nekuti Tito uye Stalin Kusawirirana yaro dzadzimwa kubva ndandanda muna 1948).

Cominform akanga liquidated muna 1956, mushure Twentieth Party Congress. Sangano rino chakarongwa mutsivi haana Zvisinei, dzakadaro Warsaw chibvumirano uye Comecon, uye nguva dzose misangano friendliest vashandi Soviet uye vechiKomonisiti mapati.

Archive of Third International

Archive of Comintern anochengeterwa State Archives Enyika uye Social History muMoscow. Pane magwaro mumitauro 90: inokosha nokushanda mutauro German. Available pane mishumo mapato anopfuura 80.

edzidzo masangano

Third International anazvo:

1. Vashandi Communist China kuti yunivhesiti (codend) - kusvika 17 September 1928 rainzi University vashandi ainzi Sun Yat-sen mu China (UGC).
2. Communist East University vashandi (TAS).
3. Communist University of National vashoma of West (KUNMZ).
4. International Lenin School (MLSH) (1925-1938).

masangano

Third International kuraswa:

1. Statistical uye Information Institute of ECCI (Bureau Mashunya) (1921-1928).
2. International zvekurima akatanga (1925-1940).

nhoroondo zvinhu

Pakusikwa Communist International Akaperekedzwa siyana zviitiko zvinonakidza. Saka, muna 1928, nokuti iye, Hans Eisler akanyora rwiyo kukuru German. The mutauro Russian nayo rakashandurwa I. L. Frenkel muna 1929. The korasi mabasa kakawanda vanzwa mashoko: "! Sirogani Our - World Soviet Union"

Kazhinji, kana Communist International yakatangwa, isu munotoriziva - yaiva yakaoma nguva. Zvinozivikanwa kuti murayiro Red Army, pamwe Propaganda of Third International Bureau kugadzirira uye akabudisa bhuku "kumukira nezvombo". Muna 1928, basa iri zvakatobudiswa German, uye muna 1931 - muna French. Basa zvakanyorwa sokudzidzisa uye bhuku riri dzidziso kurongwa yokumukira nezvombo.

Bhuku akasikwa pasi rekunyepedzera A. Neuberg, munyori wayo chaiye munhu akakurumbira echimurenga masangano munyika yose.

Marxism-Leninism

Chii Marxism-Leninism? Izvi dzidziso kwouzivi uye socio-enyika romutemo kutamburira abolition pamusoro capitalist ino uye kuvakwa communism. It Vakakurukura V. I. Lenin, uyo akakurukura dzidziso Marx uye vakashandisa nayo tsika. The kwaita Marxism-Leninism dzakatsigira zvinorehwa Lenin mupiro kuna Marxism.

V. I. Lenin akasika dzidziso huru yakadai kuti mugovanisi nyika, zvava pamutemo "kushanda kirasi dzidziso." The dzematongerwe kwakanga kunofambira mberi, izvozvo modifies uye kuchinjira zvinodiwa vepamusoro. Mariri, nenzira, rakachengetedzwa zvaisanganisira uye dzidziso Regional vatungamiriri Communist vanenge akatungamirira kukosha kwavo mugovanisi inoti.

MuSoviet paradigm kuti dzidziso V. I. Lenina ndiye chete wechokwadi yesayenzi hurongwa zveupfumi, uzivi, uye zvematongerwo enyika uye magariro evanhu maonero. Marxist-Leninist dzidziso anokwanisa nokusangana Conceptual maonero noruremekedzo kutsvakurudza uye echimurenga kuchinja pano nzvimbo. Inoburitsa mitemo kukura kwenzanga, yevanhu pfungwa uye hunhu, anotsanangura kirasi kutamburira uye mhando yezwi gutsaruzhinji (kusanganisira kubviswa capitalism), anotaura nezve mabasa okusika vashandi mubasa rokuvaka uye yeutongi uye mugovanisi vanhu.

Nhamba huru bato munyika anonzi kuva Communist Party of China. Zvinofanira kuva mukuedza kwavo dzidziso Lenin. In kwayo bumbiro rine mashoko anotevera: "Marxism-Leninism akawana mitemo nhoroondo shanduka vanhu. nzvimbo yake inokosha iri nguva dzose dzakarurama uye simba roupenyu rimwe simba. "

tanga International

Zvinozivikanwa kuti Communist International wakashanda revane basa hondo kushanda vanhu kuti upenyu huri nani. Yemarudzi kuwadzana vashandi vaiva pamutemo akatumidza wokutanga International. Ndiyo dzakawanda inotungamirwa rwekuita mukirasi, iyo yakatangwa September 28, 1864 muLondon yokutanga.

Sangano iri namambo mumwe chete dzakaparara mushure paradzanisa kwakaitika muna 1872.

2nd International

2nd International (Working kana Socialist) yatovapo remarudzi sangano revashandi 'mugovanisi mapati, yakatangwa 1889. Akagara nhaka tsika nowakautangira, asi mamiriro ayo akanga asiri vapanduki muna 1893. Nokuti kuramba kutaurirana pakati nhengo mapato ari Socialist International Bureau yakamira kweBrussels zvakanzi vakanyorwa muna 1900. International akaita chisarudzo kuti ayo constituent mapato havana fanira.

chechina International

The Wechina International, ndicho international yechiKomonisiti sangano, pane Stalinism. Zvinonzi inobva yokungotaura nhaka Lva Trotskogo. The zvebasa inotungamirwa uyu Kuzadziswa yenyika chimurenga, kukunda rwekuita mukirasi uye kusikwa gutsaruzhinji.

International Izvi hwagadzwa muna 1938, Trotsky nevamwe vake muFrance. vanhu ava vaidavira kuti Comintern zvizere kudzora Stalinists kuti haagoni kutungamirira nekubata kirasi yose nyika kupedzisa kukunda simba rezvematongerwo enyika. Ndokusaka, kusiyana ivo zvakasikwa pachake "International Chechina" zvavo, vane nhengo apo kutevera NKVD nevamiririri. Mukuwedzera, vaipomerwa vatsigiri USSR uye vachangobva Maoism muna illegitimacy, rakakuya bourgeoisie (France uye USA).

Sangano iri kutanga yakarohwawo aparadzane muna 1940, uyewo ane simba nokupesana 1953. Muna 1963 makanga zvishomanana kusanganazve, asi mapoka akawanda vanoti enyika preemstvennikami "International Chechina".

wechishanu International

Chii chinonzi Fifth International? Iri ndiro izwi rakasara radicals rinoratidza, richida kusika sangano rinoshandiswa renyika rose, zvichienderana nemafungiro eMarxist-Leninist dzidziso neTrotskyism. Nhengo dzeboka iri vanozviona sevamwe vekutanga veSouth International, Communist Third, Trotskyite Fourth uye yechipiri.

Communism

Pakupedzisira, chii chinonzi Russian Communist Party? Izvo zvinovakirwa pa communism. MuMarxism, iyi inofungidzira nezvehupfumi uye hutano hwevanhu hunoenderana nekuenzana kwehutano, hupfumi hwevanhu hunogadzirwa kubva munzira dzekugadzira.

Imwe yezvinyorwa zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa zvemitemo yemakomunisi ndeyekuti: "Vashandi vemarudzi ose, batana!". Ani nani akataura mazwi aya akakurumbira kokutanga anoziva zvishomanana. Asi isu tichazarura chakavanzika: nokuti kokutanga chirevo ichi chakataurwa naFriedrich Engels naKarl Marx muManifesto yeCommunist Party.

Mushure memakore zana nemapfumbamwe, izwi rokuti "communism" raiwanzoshandiswa kurondedzera hupfumi hwehupfumi hwevanhu hunofanotaurwa neMarxists mumabasa avo. Yakanga yakavakirwa pahupfumi hwepasimusi yakagadzirwa nenzira yekugadzira. Pakati pese, maikorosi eMarxism anotenda kuti sangano remakomunisti rinoziva chirevo chekuti "Munhu wose - maererano neunyanzvi hwake, ega-nehudiwa!".

Tinovimba kuti vaverengi vedu vachakwanisa, kuburikidza neshoko rino, kuti vanzwisise Communist Internationals.