Dyara hupenyu hupenyu: tsanangudzo, zvikamu, zvirongwa uye zvikamu

Upenyu hupenyu hwemuti unosanganisira zvikamu zvitatu zvinotevera:

• Origin;
• Development;
• Kubereka.

Inogona kuva nyore uye yakaoma. Somuenzaniso wekushanduka-shanduka, iwe unogona kuuya ne chlorella, iyo inowedzera ne spores. Kubudirira, iyi yerima yega yega inova chigadziko che 4-8 autospores, iyo inokura mukati momuviri waamai uye yakafukidzwa neyoyo shell. Asi pakati pemiti yakawanda kakawanda kune dambudziko rakakura rokufambira, iro rinosanganisira 2-3 zviri nyore.

Zvinyanzwisisiro zvekudyara Upenyu Maitiro

Chimwe chinhu chinokosha chezvinhu zvose zvipenyu ndiko kukwanisa kubereka. Nzira yekuberekwa ndeyikuti:

• Zvepabonde (gametes);
• Asexual (spores);
• Vegetative (chikamu chemuviri).

Mumatambudziko akasiyana-siyana, panguva yekuita zvepabonde kune nguva yakawanda yega yega gamete uye zygote phases. A gamete ndeyekuita zvepabonde zvechilimbu ne haploid (inowanzo) seti chromosomes. Zygote ine diploid (kaviri) yakagadzirwa inoumbwa nekubatanidza ma gametes maviri. A sporophyte inokura kubva ku zygote, inobereka haploid spores. Kubva kukakavara - gametophyte, iyo inhurume nekadzi.

Semuenzaniso, unogona kutora equispore fern, iyo ine marudzi maviri evanhu - fern pachayo (sporophyte) uye iyo adipose (gametophyte). Mwana ari kuyaruka ndiye mwana wevakuru vakuru. Inenge iripo kwenguva pfupi, asi inogona kugadzira mhando imwe chete yakasara. Ita Upenyu Hupenyu Nokuda kweizvi hukuru hwekubereka zvakare hunoshandiswa nekushandiswa kwezvizvarwa: kubva kumudzimai mukuru kuti amere uye zvakare kumunhu mukuru.

Nzira dzekubereka

Kuita zvepabonde kunobereka mbeu dzakawanda. Izvi zvinotungamirira pakuumbwa kwenhengo itsva kubva ku zygote mushure mekuberekwa uye kusanganiswa kwe gametes (syngamy). Parthenogenesis - kubereka pasina hutano - hunorevawo zvepabonde: mhuka yemwanasikana inoumbwa kubva kune isogamete, iyo inobatanidza nesogametes uye spores. Kuita zvepabonde kune nguva dzose kunosanganiswa nedzimwe nzira - vegetative kana asexual, nokuti iyo pachayo inoratidzika nehuwandu hwekubereka.

Panguva imwecheteyo, iyi nzira uye kuberekwa kwechikafu inowanikwa muferns, uye pamwe chete nemusiyano wezvinomera - mune dzimwe nyika. Mune mbeu mbeu, kuumbwa kwesero rinobereka kunowanikwa kubva kune imwe mwanasikana zygote, semugumisiro wekuti izvi zvinowirirana zvakafanana nekuberekwa panzvimbo pokubereka.

Muchidimbu chekuberekorora, maoospores anoumbwa - masero asina masvingo esero, ayo ari mumiti yakawanda inowanika mune sporangia inokosha, uye masero akachengetwa aplanospores. Kuzvimiririra nzira yakadai yekuberekwa inowanikwa muzvisikwa zvisinganzwisisiki. Kazhinji iyo inobatanidzwa nepabonde kana mbeu.

Kune marudzi maviri e spores: mitospores, iyo inomuka kubva kune asexual reproduction, uye meiospores - inobva mukuberekwa kwepabonde. Mitospores inowanikwa nerubatsiro rwemasosis, zvichiita mumunhu akafanana nemwana. Meiospores inoumbwa kuburikidza ne meiosis panguva yekumera kwe zygote kana mu sporangia. Kuwanda kwezvirimwa, zvose zviri zviviri zvekuberekorora zviito, nekuda kwekuti zvipi zviviri zvakasiyana-siyana zvevanhu zvinowanikwa.

Vegetative mode yekuberekwa

Muchidimbu chinomera chekuberekorora, kupatsanurwa kuva akinetis - masero-akadzivirira masero - inoitika. Inosanganisira pakuparadzanisa kubva kunekadzikadzi kune imwe chikamu chayo - kidyo yembudzi kana mhuru. Nenzira iyi, mbeu dzakasara dzakadzika dzinobereka, kusanganisira sargasso, tsvuku uye nyekundu algae. Kunyangwe nemichero, semuenzaniso duckweed, inokura kunyange yemiti. Mune dzimwe dzadzo, mazai emvura anoumbwa, anowira pasi uye anotemwa ipapo. Uyezve, itsvo dzinogona kuvhara uye dziparadzanise kubva mumurimi weamai. Angiosperm boka rezvipembenene rinowanikwa kakawanda kukura kwemafuro pasi pevhu kubva kuRhizome.

Kupararira kwemiti

Chimwe chezvikamu zvekupedzisira zvekuberekwa ndekupararira kwemiti. Muzvisikwa kunogona kuva nezvikamu zvitatu zvekugadzirisa: embryo, spores nembeu. Muzviitiko zvisingawanzoitiki, kupararira kunogona kuitika nekubatsirwa kwe zygotes. Imwe K. Linnaeus inobatanidzwa mbeu uye kushandiswa kweporesi ne cryptic uye phanerogamous plants. Kune wechipiri rudzi rweboka re gymnosperms uye angiosperms, uye kune yekutanga-mamwe mapoka ose, kusanganisira algae, moss uye ferns.

Nzira dzekudyara mbeu dzakapfuura kwenguva yakareba nzira yekushanduka-shanduka kubva pazvirimwa kusvika kune zvesexual uye zvepabonde. Iye zvino kupatsana kwezvirimwa kuva spore uye seminal hakubatanidzi nekuparadzirwa, asi nekuberekwa. Mbeu iyo inopiwa kune rimwe boka rakasiyana, sezvo rinoonekwa sechikamu chekuberekwa ne spores uye gametes. Mbeu yekubereka inosanganisira zvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana: kuumbwa kwe zygotes, gametes, spores, embryos uye mbeu, pamwe nekupararira kwemiti.

Zvimwe zvezvizvarwa

Upenyu hwezvirimwa nenzira yezvizvarwa zviviri zvakasiyana zvinogona kutakura mazita akasiyana-siyana: kuchinja mumhando dzekukudziridza, kushandiswa kwezvizvarwa, nekudaro. Kuchinjwa kwefern yakakura uye inomera munyaya ye fern equisperse ndiyo muenzaniso wekushandiswa kwezvizvarwa, zvinoratidzwa nezvikamu zvevanhu vakuru vemarudzi evanhu. Iyi miviri miviri yakasiyana zvakasiyana pakuonekwa kuti zvakaoma kuziva chimiro chimwe chete mavari. Fern yakanyanya kuoma kuona nemeso asina kujeka. Mune ma angiosperms, mifananidzo yezvinomera ndeye embryonic sac, iyo inonyanya kudarika uye yakavanzwa muhupamhi hwehuva. Pakati pemamwe mapoka ezvinyorwa, marudzi aya evanhu akafanana akafanana, asi akasiyana zvachose muzvinhu zvehupenyu. Rudzi rwechimwe shanduko runoitika munharaunda dzose dzakakwirira uye nekushanduka-shanduka kwakagadzirisa zvinyorwa.

Upenyu Maitiro Emiti Yakakwirira

Hupenyu hwehupenyu hwemichero yakakwirira, kunze kwebruphytes, inoratidzirwa nekuti gametophyte haina kunyatsogadzirwa, uye sporophyte inonyanya kushandisa muhupenyu hwehupenyu. Zvipembenene zvinokonzerwa nemakemikari zvinoratidzirwa nezvokuti sporophyte inokura mukati memhizha yepabonde yevakadzi uye iri mukukurukurirana nguva dzose ne gametophyte. Mukati yemashizha-akatemwa, inoita sebhokisi rine spores iri kukura kubva kumucheto wepamusoro we gametophyte.

Miti yakasara yakasara yakataura kuti sporophytes, iyo yakakura uye yakaoma miviri yakawanda ine nhengo dzakadai semavara, mashizha uye midzi. Zvizhinji zvezvirimwa izvo munhu anofungidzira kana achitaura pamusoro pemabhiza, ferns kana mamwe mapoka ari sporophytes.

Upenyu Maitiro eMaruva Zvimwe

Kunyanya kufambira mberi maererano nekushanduka-shanduka kune maruva. Upenyu huripo hwemichero hunoonekwa nehuwandu hwekuti kazhinji embryo inokwanisa kukura kubva kune unfertilized ovule (apomixis). Nzira yakakurumbira yemaruva ndiyo sporophyte sporerophy, iyo inomera ine mashizha uye tsinde. Mukadzi mukono wegetophyte unomiririrwa nemaruva, uye mukomana wegemetophyte anomiririrwa ne embryo sac (inokura nokukurumidza kupfuura gymnosperms). Nhengo yevari zvepabonde uye yekuberekwa kwezvekuberekwa ndeyekushandurwa kwakashandurwa - maruva. Mishonga yembeu inodzivirirwa nemasvingo evhavha. Upenyu huripo hwekusimbiswa kwemiti yeboka iri hunoguma mushure mekuberekwa uye kuumbwa kwembeu, embryo umo mune zvigadziriswa uye hazvibvi pane zvinhu zvekunze.

Upenyu hutsika dze gymnosperms uye angiosperms

Iboka re gymnosperms rinosanganisira vamiririri veti coniferous miti uye shrubs. Vakawanda vavo vakashandura mashizha akafanana neshizha. Hupenyu hwemagymnosperms hwakasiyana mune microspores (mapoleni) inoumbwa mumaduku evanhu vaduku (anthers), uye megaspores inoumbwa mukadzi (semyachatkach). Kubva ma microspores mukomana ane gambophyte anoumbwa, uye kubva kuma megaspora - musikana wechidiki gametophyte. Upenyu huripo hwegorosi kubva muboka iri hunoratidzirwa nekuti kuve nekudyara kunoitika nekubatsirwa nemhepo inoburitsa pepene kumaovules. Mushure meizvi, mukati me ovule inotanga kukura embryo, uye kubva nayo mbeu inoumbwa. Inorara pambeu yembeu uye haina kuvharwa. Mbeu inopa itsva sporophyte, iyo inomera inokura.

Upenyu huripo hweAngiosperms hunoratidzika nekuti boka iri rine maruva umo mbeu dzinogadzira uye dzinoza gametophytes uye inovandudza mbeu. Ihwo hunoshamisa hweboka iri riri mukuchengetedzwa kwembeu, iyo yakavanzwa mukati memucheche uye inodzivirirwa kubva pamigumisiro yemamiriro ekunze.

Upenyu hupenyu hwezvipembenene zvepore

Zvipembenene zvinomera hazvibudi, nokuti zvinonziwo zvisingaiti mazai. Vanouya mumapoka maviri:

• Pamusoro (ferns, horsetails, mosses, mosses);
• Pasi (algae, lichens).

Hupenyu huripo hwema spore, zvichienderana nemhando dzezvipenyu, zvinogona kuenda kana sechinhu chepabonde kana chesexual. Havana kukwanisa kubereka zvepabonde pasina kubatanidzwa kwemamiriro emvura. Kuita zvepabonde kunoshandiswa gametophyte, uye ye-asexual - sporophyte. Kune zvikamu zviviri zvezvirimwa zvepore: haploid uye diploid. Iyo haploid subgroup inosanganisira musses, horsetails uye ferns, umo gametophyte yakawedzerwa zvakanyanya, uye sporophyte inoumbwa sechitsva. Iyo haploid subgroup inosiyaniswa nekuti iyo sporophyte ine mamiriro mashoma mairi.

Upenyu Misiyano yeMiti: Zvirongwa

Mosesi ndivo vamiririri vemhando yekare yemiti yakakwirira. Vanove nekuparadzanisa kwakanyanya kwechimiro kusvika mune tsinde uye mashizha, panzvimbo yemidzi - filiform rhizoids. Dzinokura mumatope, nzvimbo dzisina maturo uye inopisa mhepo zhinji. Vanobereka zvepabonde, sporophyte inobva kune gametophyte, spores inoumbwa mune rimwe bhokisi rinokosha riri pamusoro pe gametophyte uye rinobatanidzwa naro.

Vamiririri veferns vane mahwendefa makuru emichero (sporangia iri pazasi). Chimiro chacho chine chirevo chemizimiro, uye mashizha ari chaizvoizvo masangano ebazi, anonzi vaye kana pre-bias. Upenyu huripo hwechimiro cheboka referns hune zvikamu zviviri: zvepabonde uye zvekare. Chikamu chepabonde chinoitika nekubatanidzwa kwemagetet, uye chikamu chisina hanya ndechepore. Chizvarwa chisina chimiro chinotanga ne diploid zygote, uye zvepabonde zvinotanga nemafaro epamweti. Kuchinjana kwezvikamu izvi chikamu chikuru chekufamba.