Dzheykob Shiff - Biography, nhoroondo chokubudirira, kubudirira uye zvinonakidza zvinhu

. J. Schiff (zvizere zita: Jacob Genri Shiff) ane American Jewish bhenga, philanthropist nemagariro mumiriri. nzvimbo dzakawanda upenyu muna US, musha wechipiri Schiff akafukidza ake kukuru philanthropic mabasa. ukama hwake Tsarist kare Russian kupa tsanangudzo "hondo pachake". Mamiriro vaJudha muna Russian Dzheykob Shiff ichienzaniswa njodzi zvemadzitateguru avo mubhaibheri muIjipiti munguva Kubuda kukuru.

Biography

Jacob Henry Schiff akaberekwa muna 1847 mune mukurumbira mhuri chokuita nezita Rothschild. Baba bhenga aiva rabhi. The Jaya akapiwa yakanaka yokunyika uye zvechitendero dzidzo. Muna 1865 iye vachienda kuUnited States, uko akatanga kushanda mubhengi. Muna 1875, Dzheykob Shiff akaroora mwanasikana mumwe mamaneja kubhangi Kuhn, Loeb & Co, chikamu nyaya-mutemo, uye muna 1885 akava maneja kubhengi. Vachitungamirirwa tsika Schiff kubudirira kunowedzera, + zvinovawo zvinobvira kuti ndiitewo mari vakawanda makuru okuvaka munyika sectors siyana hwenyika. Shiff Dzheykob Henry muupenyu hwake hwose kushanda philanthropic mabasa.

Akanga akaroora kuti Tereze BSN (mwanasikana muridzi kubhangi, umo jaya akavaka basa). vana Married vakaberekerwa: mwanasikana Frieda uye mwanakomana Mortimer. Dzheykob Shiff akafa pazera 73 muna 1920. Akavigwa New York.

Dzheykob Shiff - nomukurumbira

Anozivikanwa bhenga aiva mumwe vatungamiriri vechiJudha munharaunda muUnited States. Ivo mari anoverengeka mabasa: pakusikwa chikamu wavaJudha raibhurari muNew York, "Hibri College Union", vechiJudha Theological Seminary, uye vamwe.

Jacob Genri Shiff wayo vakanaka akarayira kuti vakawanda mabasa nemasangano vasiri vaJudha. Saka, iye akapa zvinokosha zvizhinji kune American masangano yedzidzo, mukomana Scouts of America, sangano iri Red Cross uye zvichingodaro. D.

Schiff akambomisa siyana honorary zvepamusoro, zvikurukuru, akanga mutevedzeri purezidhendi Chamber of Commerce muUnited States, aiva New York City Council pamusoro Education.

Dzheykob Shiff: kubatanidzwa mune zvematongerwo enyika

Muna 1904, Schiff akanga paakavapa vateereri pamwe Mambo Great Britain Edward VII. kutsigirwa Japan kuti hondo yacho Russian-Japanese, kuti bhangi vakagamuchira mubayiro kubva hurumende Japanese: sezvakarayirwa Sacred Pfuma, uye kumabvazuva. Panguva musarudzo muUnited States (1909 ndipo) Schiff William Taft vakatsigira mumiriri.

Muna 1914, Dzheykob Shiff akaita somumwe creators ari "Joint" (American Distribution Jewish Committee). The wezvematongerwe enyika aiva anokumhan'arira pamusoro Zionism, achidana pfungwa iyi pakuva.

"The Balfour Declaration"

Izvi hazvina kutadzisa Schiff muna 1917 kukwira achitsigirwa "Balfour Declaration". Muna 1917, Britain Foreign Munyori Arthur Balfour kuna Ishe Rothschild akataura achimiririra vokuBritain nevaJudha, ane tsamba yakazaruka kuna Zionist Federation. Tsamba akataura tsitsi ne Jewish Zionist zvinangwa hurumende. Pakati aiti bhuku zvinangwa kare kuona gwaro:

• Kuunza kumanikidza hurumende US pamusoro chikamu American Jewish munharaunda nechinangwa yokukurudzira hwokupinda mariri Hondo Yenyika I sezvo nhengo Entente.
• Kuunza kumanikidza vaJudha Russian nechinangwa kudzivisa kupararira pfungwa Bolshevism pakati pavo uye kudzivirira nyika mbudo kubva hondo.
• Kuona kuti kodzero yokushandisa achitonetsekawo Palestinian ndima kubva UK.

Maererano voruzhinji ongororo inoitwa muna 2004 pakati vanopfuura zviuru 20. Vamiririri dzechiArab rudzi vakadzidza munyika dzakasiyana, "Balfour Declaration" anoonekwa kuti kare chemakore, "kupfuura anotyisa gwaro."

Russia

Theme "Schiff uye Russia" wakapedzera dzavo mabasa kare zhinji. Vazhinji vavo Dzheykob Shiff idambudziko anotyisa anokumhan'arira wokuRussia autocracy. Izvi zvakanga zvakafanira, kunyanya, pamwe discriminatory policies vakadzinganiswa ari tsarist hurumende kurutivi vaJudha.

Schiff akanga achishingaira akashandisa simba rake pachake uye simba mune rwezvemabhengi uye mari kwemauto of US angatidzvinyirira zviremera Russian. Kuti kumanikidza hurumende yeRussia kumisa kutyora dzevanhu uye kodzero dzevanhu vaJudha Schiff overlaps nyika kuwana dzimwe zvikwereti kubva US, Japan mari hondo iri Russian-Japanese War, aiva muvambi dzinoverengeka dzimwe mutemo zvirongwa kuti zvingaita kuti kudzikira mune nedzenyu hukama pakati US uye Russia. Biographers Gwaro rinonzi zviito ake akananga Russia "hondo pachake" oshandura "ive-unoparadza zvose chido." Nzvimbo vechiJudha munyika Schiff akaenzanisa njodzi yemadzitateguru yemubhaibheri muIjipiti kubvira Kubuda kukuru. Pachake kuonekwa sezvo mutsva Moses. Rakanga akaziviswa Schiff pachake kushingirira pamusoro Russia, vanyori venhau tenda, vakabatsira kwaro yake, kujairika kuti mutungamiri wechiJudha.

Pashure pokukunda yaFebruary Revolution Schiff achinja mafungiro kurutivi Russia. Akagamuchira zvokungoitawo hurumende policies, zvange akadzima zvitendero kurambidzwa uye kutsigirwa nemari zvikwereti zvayo hondo.

The Russian chimurenga

Vanoverengeka zvenhoroondo dzekare anoratidza kunge kunobatanidza Schiff mari yechimurenga Russia mukuvamba XX remakore. nyaya iyi kunyanya zvikuru kukurukurwa panguva pravomonarhicheskimi emigre madenderedzwa. Zvisinei, mabhuku kuti aigona pachena kuratidza kana kusaratidza mhosva idzi, wakapiwa uye hazvina. Uyezve, vanyori venhau dzakaitika zvinyorwa zvenhema vakagadzirira vaname Schiff akawanikwa, achiratidza Kupindura aro nemari Russian Revolution.

Zvinozivikanwa kuti muna 1919 imwe monarchist mabhuku Rostov-on-Don gwaro ndokugadzira wakabudiswa parakatonga kuti Bolsheviks Multi miriyoni emadhora ngaabvumire yakagamuchirwa kubva bhenga Schiff, izvo akavabatsira kuhwina chimurenga.

Kurwira kodzero vaJudha

Schiff afunge kuti mamiriro ezvinhu kwevaJudha Russian vakadzoswa mukufamba mhirizhonga muna 1881. Nechekwokutanga kwezana remakore rechi20. ari zvombo maturusi, akakurukura US nevaJudha vakawanda ayo kuramba kutamburira kodzero vaJudha dzimwe nyika, zvikuru chinobatsira paumbwe voruzhinji uye kumanikidzwa pamusoro United States hurumende. Mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 zvombo kukasawedzerwa. Schiff kwaari chinhu chitsva Wakawedzerwa - international Zvemari kuti nedzenyu voga weRussia.

Mukutanga 1890s, Schiff anoitisa rutsigiro wayo mari nokuda racho pamwedzi "Free Russia", inova sangano enyika riri mubasa kuparadzira zvakavanzika "mwero makomborero" SRs. Panguva ino nhamba vakava shamwari John. Kennan, imwe wenhau American, yaizivikanwa kutsigirwa kuipandukira mu Russia. Public vachiona Kennan inorema ezvinhu umo muhubatwa Siberian vakatapwa vasungwa vezvematongerwo enyika, vaiva nhangaruvanze kuti aparadzirwe muUnited States yakaoma Kutarira aivapo hurumende iri Russian Empire.

On wenyaya yacho okunyanyisa dambudziko pane kuvandudza mamiriro ezvinhu kwevaJudha yeRussia rakanga ravira. Basa iri rakanga - Russian democratization kuburikidza sapakuparadzwa of Romanov dzinza.

Russian-Japanese hondo

Muna 1890, pakashanya kuna New York Port Russian mudziyo wengarava, Schiff rakarongwa danidziro boycott yacho chiitiko pedyo vechiJudha vemunharaunda. In hondo Russia nechinhu kuti kufunga regai chete pachake Jakobho Genri Shiff.

Cyrus Adler, wenhoroondo, akanyora mubhuku rake rinonzi pamusoro nemumiriri ichi: muna February 1904 yokutanga Schiff vakaungana muimba yake vamiririri masangano dzechiJudha uye akavaudza kuti hapana mazuva anopfuura maviri pakati Japan uye Russia kutanga hondo. The bhenga Akatiwo akavingwa aine chikumbiro sechikwereti kuti hurumende Japanese. Schiff aida kunzwa pfungwa vaivapo, sezvo izvi kungaita nzvimbo yavo Russian co-vezvitendero. Kunenge, vanyori venhau dzakaitika vanoti, yakanaka chakazoitwa pamusangano. Ndaratidzwa nokusingaperi Schiff kuzvidemba nokuda hombe kukuvara kunokonzerwa nezviito ake Russia? Nhoroondo iyi haina kuzivikanwa.

zvikwereti

Pakutanga hondo akakwanisa Schiff American Syndicate (rwezvemabhengi imba "Kuhn, Loeb uye K °», National uye vezvokutengeserana mabhanga) vakanga nekanzuru reBritain neAmerica zvikwereti nokuti hurumende Japanese (mari inenge 110 miriyoni. Dollars. It akabatanidzwa inokosha basa iri mari munhu pikisa Japan uye kuona kwayo kukunda. Uyezve, Schiff kushingaira uye zvinobudirira mubasa mhingaidzo kuti vakagovera zvikwereti Russian muna US pamusika. vaiita mamwe mabhanga mazhinji US kubva anokweretesa hurumende yeRussia.

Schiff akanga nemari chirongwa J. Kennan kuti kuparadzirwa mumwe echimurenga mabhuku unokosha Russian POW misasa Japan. Basa racho zvakanaka kwazvo yakazonyorwa. Muchirimo 1917, Kennan pachake akaudza nezvazvo nevatori venhau. Maererano naye, pamisasa, achitsigirwa Schiff zvakakwanisika anunure matani echimurenga mabhuku, saka vakadzokera kumusha kwavo vanenge 50 zviuru. Wepachokwadi kuipandukira.

kuedza Russian kusvika sungano Schiff

Russian Kuedza hurumende vakaitwa kusvika sungano Schiff, "zvuva" kuna parutivi rwake, kana zvinenge neutralized. No mirayiro vakatadza kunyengetedza Schiff kurega kubatsira Russian echimurenga kufamba. World of Romanovs hazvigoni akagumisa, Schiff akati.

pogroms

Vazhinji kare vanodavira kuti nzvimbo rakatorwa bhenga munguva Russian-Japanese Hondo, rine chokuita kuderera ezvinhu vaJudha muna Russia zvakananga. Schiff, vanyori venhau tenda, akaita kupfuura ani zvake kuti kuramba achiipa matambudziko ake Russian co-vezvitendero, nekuti havasi kuviga chokwadi kuti hondo Japan uye Russia yave zvibvire nemhaka mari vokubhengi vechiJudha.

Muna August-September 1904, wechipiri muna October 1905 mumaguta uye maguta Ukraine, Belarus, uye ipapo yose ndima Russia, sefungu zvinotyisa pogroms kukonzerwa tsamwisa navaJudha hondo uye gadziriro chimurenga. Panguva nemhirizhonga vakauraya vaJudha vanopfuura 800 (nhamba iyi haibatanidzi vakafa kubva mukukuvara). Zvinhu zvakakanganiswa kuti vechiJudha, vanofungidzirwa zvinopfuura 70 mln. Kuzora. Maererano nemamwe mabhuku, mhirizhonga vakauraya vanopfuura 4 chiuru. Uye akuvadzwa vanenge 10 zviuru. VaJudha. Schiff ave rutsigiro vanoshingaira mari yechiJudha kuzvidzivirira dzakabatana.

Somugumisiro, Schiff uye boka racho ake pamusoro hurumende yeRussia kuna nedzenyu kumanikidzwa nzvimbo vaJudha Russian hwaipa kunyange mberi: munguva kubva 1912 kusvikira 1913th mitemo utsinye munyika vakagamuchirwa, iyo vaJudha kunyimwa residues evanhu kodzero norusununguko.

The yokutanga World

Sezvo kutanga hondo, hurumende yeRussia zvakare akatsvaka rubatsiro kubva US pamusika zvemari. Schiff haana kuchinja maonero ayo. Urongwa Russian mbiri, akafunga zvinogoneka chete pasi nemamiriro shanduko pamusoro mutemo zviremera Russian Jewish.

February chimurenga

The kukunda of February Revolution Schiff acclaimed. Chirevo 06.04.1917 vaJudha vokutanga akazvipiwa vakaenzana kodzero nevamwe vagari venyika. The chimurenga, akatenda Schiff - chishamiso chaicho, kunyange kupfuura nokubudiswa yomuBhaibheri madzitateguru vanhu vechiJudha pakutapwa muIjipiti. rutsigiro rwemari kuti hurumende yokupandukira nayo, rakaratidza kuva zvinokosha chaizvo.

"Disassociate pachavo kubva dzvuku ..."

Muna 1918, Schiff akapomerwa pakuti, nemhaka mari yake muRussia, asi Bolsheviks akunda. Schiff tsamba kuna US Department of State, umo bhenga categorically vakazvibvisa musangano pachake kubva Mavara.

Zvisinei, vamwe vanyori venhau dzakaitika, vachitsigirwa ruzivo pamusoro rinoita mari Schiff Lva Trotskogo. Uyezve, zvinozivikanwa kuti kweanenge makore makumi matatu pashure mukukunda pokuchinja, US vamiriri uye noungwaru vakuru akapa nemari Schiff Syndicate.

Book Adler Cyrus

The chikuru mupinduriri zvose nokumukirana Russian Dzheykob Shiff, Biography uye nhoroondo kubudirira izvo dzinotaurwa mubhuku wenhoroondo uye wenhau naKoreshi Adler, uye nhasi iri mhindu. Bhuku rakabudiswa muna 2017 muMoscow rokubudisa imba "Tsentrpoligraf". 575 mapeji ane zvimwe dzinonakidza chokwadi paupenyu yakakurumbira American bhenga, philanthropist uye nomukurumbira, kuratidza zvakawanda zvinoratidza unhu hwake. Bhuku inowanika ave matsamba Schiff nezvimwe kuratidza pakawanda zvido zvake.