Earth Sciences: Geography. Ndivanaani vari masayendisiti kutanga rokuti "jogirafi"?

Kune sayenzi dzakawanda, izvo anoita sezvo chinhu kudzidza Earth uye pezvawakaita. Munyaya ino tichakurukura mumwe wavo. Chii geography uye kuti kudzidza? Ndiani uye kana chakaunzwa nesayenzi izwi?

Earth sayenzi

Pane sayenzi yakaoma, chinangwa pakudzidza umo mumwe - Nyika yayo hunhu. Vanewo vachinzi sayenzi yepanyama. Ichi Physics (izwi kubva muchiGiriki uye rinoreva "hunhu"), zvipenyu, ikoroji, kemisitiri uye, chokwadi, jogirafi. Next, isu funga Zvinangwa chirango ichi dzesayenzi muudzame, uyewo tione izvo mumwe masayendisiti yokutanga rokuti "jogirafi".

Sezvineiwo, kare, mumazuva okutanga nesayenzi yakadaro, ruzivo zvose zvenyika vakanga vakabatana mu chirango chete. Asi zvino, pamwe kuunganidza ruzivo rutsva, vakatanga sayenzi Pasi kusiyanisa. Saka pakanga wefizikisi, jogirafi, zvemaumbirwo, zvipenyu, uye ipapo vakawanda anoranga matsva.

Asi, sayenzi izvi zvose vakabatana chimwe chinhu kutsvakurudza. Ndizvo zvinangwa uye zvinangwa zvavanazvo - zvakasiyana. Physics kudzidza zvose zvakasikwa urongwa uye zvoga, zvipenyu rinotsanangura kusiyana nemiti uye Fauna of yedu, asi jogirafi - iri sayenzi inoshanda kuti kudzidza kushanda munharaunda hamvuropu Pasi.

Ndivanaani vari masayendisiti kutanga rokuti "jogirafi"?

Shoko rokuti "jogirafi" ine mashoko maviri: "Geoffrey" - nyika uye "Count" - I kunyora, I tsanangura. Ndizvo chaizvo rinogona kushandurudzwa se "zemleopisanie". Ndiani akatanga kushandisa mashoko okuti "nzvimbo" munhoroondo nesayenzi?

Yaiva kunoshamisa Muzivi wechiGiriki uye anofunga kubva Eratosthenes wokuKurini. Akararama uye aishanda muGirisi yekare rechitatu remakore BC. Eratosthenes tsvakurudzo zvido zvaiva zvokuti siyana kuti nhasi nayo aizonzi, uye geographer uye yemasvomhu uye nyanzvi, uye philologist.

Eratosthenes Kirensk anogona kunzi mumwe yokutanga munhoroondo geographers. Kunze kwake, sayenzi iyi anobata uye mamwe masayendisiti Greek yekare - Strabo, Herodotus, Ptolemy. Yokupedzisira, nenzira, akanyora voluminous basa pasi laconic rokuti "Geography".

Eratosthenes mupiro nenzvimbo sayenzi

Eratosthenes munorumbidzirweiko iri chokwadi chokuti kutanga akaedza kuyera kukura yepasi (kureva sekamufarenzi kwayo). Chokwadi, akatenda nechekare kuti Earth wedu ane bhora. Somugumisiro kuyerwa zvikazooneka zvikuru nhamba chaiyo - 39 590? Km (kureba neequator paNyika wechokwadi anenge 40.000 km)!

Sei Eratosthenes akakwanisa saka zvakarurama kuverenga kukura Pasi? Handiti, haana chaiyoiyo zviridzwa uye mano, uye kukwira muchadenga, iye, zvakare, Chokwadi, vakasagona. The chikuru Chestkuva musayendisiti aiva ... zuva! Nokuti kuyerwa ake akatora maguta maviri: Alexandria uye Siena. Kana zuva riri kwaro pamusoro-soro pamusoro Siena, akaverenga kuti muAlexandria orb "lagging shure" riri 1/50 chikamu zvizere denderedzwa. Kuziva chaiyo kure pakati maguta maviri, Eratosthenes vachiwanda kubudikidza ka50 uye vakagamuchira refu Range pasi!

Zvino imi munoziva ndeupi masayendisiti rokutanga rokuti "jogirafi". Chii kudzidza sayenzi iyi panguva ino Danho?

Chii kudzidza jogirafi?

Pari, chikuru chinhu nokudzidza jogirafi zvinogona muchidimbu sezvinotevera: Kuongorora spatial zviri sangano racho nenzvimbo hamvuropu Pasi. The yokupedzisira, sezvo tichiziva, ine Geospheres zvina: lithosphere, mhepo, hydro- uye biosphere. Saizvozvowo, wose sayenzi jogirafi rakakamurwa kuva muzvizhinji ezvitanda anoranga, imwe neimwe ine pachake zvinangwa zvayo uye zvinangwa.

zvikamu zvikuru zviviri zviri dzinounzwa mune maumbirwo ano nenzvimbo nesayenzi:

1. Physical jogirafi.
2. Socio-upfumi jogirafi.

Pakati makuru uye kupfuura kukurumidza matambudziko chokuita geographers ano, ndedzinotevera:

• mhinduro yomubvunzo wokuti, "Chii kudzidza jogirafi";
• kuti pfungwa nokuti kuvapo sayenzi kwakadaro;
• kutsunga huru mabasa nzvimbo chaiyo yaiva XXI remakore;
• sangano tsanangudzo okuti "nzvimbo goko", "nzvimbo muchadenga," "nzvimbo," "rwokuzvarwa hurongwa", "geosystem" uye vamwe;
• Yokungotaura Kugadzirwa dzidziso uye maitiro jogirafi (kana metageography);
• kumusoro kuroorwa uye kusimba musoro gadziriro sayenzi nenzvimbo;
• kutsvaka nzira dzokuvandudza nenzvimbo nokutsvakurudza nzira , uye zvichingodaro. d.

In mhedziso ...

Zvino imi munoziva ndeupi masayendisiti rokutanga rokuti "jogirafi" sayenzi. Yaiva yekare muzivi wechiGiriki Eratosthenes weKurini, uyo akararama III remakore BC. Asi munhoroondo yenyika sainzi, akazvisiyanisa kwete kubudirira ichi. Zvikurukuru, Eratosthenes zvakarurama kwazvo kuyera kukura yedu, vasina chinhu ano mano.

Shoko rokuti "jogirafi" rinoshandurwa kubva muchiGiriki se "zemleopisanie". Zvisinei, zvinangwa uye mabasa nesayenzi yemazuva ano zvakawanda zvinokosha uye chinoumbwa nezvinhu zvakawanda kupfuura zvatinosiita rondedzero pepasi.