Ehupfumi zvokunyama nesarufa. Description sarufa

Sarufa - imwe pfuma kuti pari kudzidzwa nevanhu vanenge zvachose. Kare zvaionekwa husinganzwisisiki, akanga akapoteredzwa zvakavanzika, ngano kuti vavapo nokuda mashura kutya vanhu asingazivikanwi rose. Zvisinei, vazhinji zvivako rwesarufa vaizivikanwa kuti vanhu Mendeleev kunyange vasati akaisa zvinhu zviri periodic table mumuviri uye akamupa nhamba 16. fuma iyi zvinowanzoshandiswa nenguva Homer, mukuwedzera, mamwe mashoko (nekaupenyu akavimbika) nezvazvo anogona kuwanikwa itsva uye Old Testaments.

mushonga eremendi

Afternoon systematize ari akaunganidza emakore mashoko panyaya iyi, sezvo nesarufa, zvakanga zvakaoma. Izvi zvakaitwa nemasayendisiti akawanda, asi kuziva kuti ndeye boka zvine maatomu akafanana D. aigona I. Mendeleevu. Muna batch mangé gadziriro anoratidza bhuku nhamba 16. Zvinowanikwa nesarufa wechitatu munguva, wechitanhatu subgroup huru boka, maatomu guru - 32, arambe achirema (pasi kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu) - 2070 makirogiramu / m ^3.

History of kushandiswa

vanhu vekare vave achishingaira akashandisa ehupfumi zvokunyama nesarufa, izvo vaizivikanwa kwavari. The kunobva kwayakatangira vaionekwa vanamwari panyika, kana pasi vanhu, takaberekwa tine anokosha unhu. The maitiro kunhuwa nefuma uye kudekara kuvesa nechechi anobatsira mukuita siyana mhemberero dzechitendero kudzingwa "midzimu yakaipa". Gare gare sarufa akatanga kushandiswa zvinangwa zvechiuto, zvakanga chikamu combustible nezvakasanganiswa. With matunhu fungidziro tingati nayo akashandisa kusika "Greek moto", zvichireva tsvene chityiso muvengi. In mhuri sarufa ayo yeimwe vari kushandiswa zvizoro, kurima, achibatsirwa bleached zvinyama uye akadzora tupukanana. Makare China, wokutanga pyrotechnic kuedza rwaiitwa nokubatsirwa nesurferi. The zvichiguma wemisanganiswa vakanga vasati unzenza upfu, asi akashanda sepokutangira pakasikwa yemaitiro kwayo, izvo, Sezvineiwo, mune chipo ezvinhu akanga upgraded. Zvisinei, panguva kutanga kwekupwanyiwa nheyo dzaro raiva nesarufa. Chemistry, kana panzvimbo alchemy iyoyo, zvinoda ichi chaikosha "baba zvose zvacho." mhedziso iyi inobva pamberi nesarufa ores zhinji uye ayo kunowedzerwa combustibility. Kubvisa ngano iyi ndapererwa Lavoisier muna 1789. The musayendisiti akatora chinhu kune vasiri nesimbi, uye, sezvinoratidzwa zvimwe zvidzidzo, akanga akarurama. Mukurapa, nesarufa mukomboni inoshandiswa sechinhu akambozvishandisa kuuraya utachiona uye Anti-parasitic nevamiririri.

Zvakasikwa,

Pamabwe goko sarufa kunowanzoitika. Maererano mwero kuwanikwa uye yokupararira nawo rechi16 panzvimbo pakati ose zvine maatomu akafanana. Maumbirwo nesarufa atomu inoita nefuma kuva kwayo yakaisvonaka chimiro (mu zvimwe zvirwere dzezvakatipoteredza). Asi kakawanda zviri chikamu ores siyana, mune yeimwe nokuumba sulfides uye sulfates. Vakawanda nezvezvakanga dzaro simbi: pyrites simbi (pyrite), cinnabar, galena (galena), zingi blende (sphalerite). Mumakungwa pamusoro magnesium sulfate, calcium, yavaibvisa. To musi, vanopfuura 200 vanozivikanwa zvicherwa. Chechipiri - vakawanda chakapatsanurwa kugutsikana - boka vari gypsum, kieserite, Glauber kuti munyu. Sarufa chinosanganisirwa murwiyo mapuroteni mamorekuru, kureva. E. kuwanikwa zvinenge mhuka. Very zvikuru kuwanika Organic yeimwe vari mafuta, negasi uye marasha. Kwainyanya rwesarufa nezvinogadzirwa nomukaka ndiwo anoputika, asi basa kwevanhu (maindasitiri, mhuri) nokukurumidza uye zvabatsira muitiro. A chinokosha chitsama nefuma vaunganidza pasi, That, gypsum, nechepasi kwemakungwa uye nyanza, mafuta, negasi uye marasha, mune munyu marshes uye yomugungwa mvura. Nesarufa kutenderera ari biosphere kunoitika kuburikidza zvigare, kunobatsira kuti ichi uye mwando kuti runopwa kubva pemvura guru muviri mvura, rikawira sezvo mvura, uye pamwe matongo nzizi Nzizi wodzokera makungwa, uye nyanza.

zita

Munguva kukura alchemy, paiva mazita akawanda kuti kureva ano makemikari eremendi sarufa. Chii fuma chinorehwa navo - haana pachena zvachose, zvichida, yaiva mubvunzo pamusoro kubatana, mhangura kana sulfide gasi. In periodic hurongwa Mendeleev sarufa yakasarudzwa chiratidzo S (Sarufa). zita iri Latin haana mavambo yakajeka, zvichida, rakanga rakumbirwa kubva mutauro wechiGiriki uye kurishandura zvinogoneka se "unopfuta". In mazwi akashandiswa mumutauro wokuRussia iri midzi chaizvo kare. Shoko "sarufa" rinoreva unpleasantly hwema zvinhu, combustible nezvakasanganiswa. Pane shanduro kwakabva zita ruvara zvinhu zvakare: .. "Pale tsvuku", "kuchena", kureva kwete chivakashure. Saka isu akadana Inogadzirwa nemasiridzi anobuda mumiti zvose. Zita nefuma yechipiri haina kushandiswa mazuva ano - "bogey". Kunewo tsanangudzo Dzidziso flammability uye kunhuhwa akaipa. Nyanzvi dzemitauro vakasvika pakugumisa kuti Sanskrit mudzi shoko "kuuraya", iro nokuda ehupfumi rwesarufa yakasviba zvimwe.

Physical ehupfumi Sarufa

Zvichienderana allotropic okunatsiridza mukati muchitokisi kukurukurirana siyana. Rakakamurwa zvitatu kuumbwa yekamuri fomu (kugadzikana mabhomba ngetani): orthorhombic, mapurasitiki, monoclinic. Color, zvivako zviri pfuma chaiko kunobva nesarufa nadzurudzo. Zvinonyanyozivikanwa yakatsiga uye S ₈ cyclic akakura. Zviri ichi mhando neketani maitire nokuda crystalline sarufa - pfava zvinhu ane yellowish tint. Plastic uye monoclinic nadzurudzo dzinotsauka uye ichachinjwa kuva cyclic marongerwo nomuzvarirwo pashure imwe nguva pashure risiti. Formula nesarufa iyi unotora chiratidzo S ₄ uye S _6. Under kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu (kamuri tembiricha), kugadzikana remubatanidzwa ndiyo rhombic ngetani panguva muchidziisa fuma Kuchinja mugomba mvura ezvinhu aggregation, ipapo richikora. Zvishoma nezvishoma kutonhora unoumba monoclinic sarufa tsono dzine yero ruvara rakadzika. In zvakaitwa zvinhu yakanyungudutswa waitonhora mvura marudzi purasitiki allotropic nadzurudzo, ine chimiro chakafanana rabha uye rinoumbwa polymer ngetani akawanda, ine tsvina-yellow (rima) ruvara. The kupfuura kakawanda rwesarufa sezvo tsanangudzo tsvuku chikukutu asingasvavi dyidzana nemvura vasara yawo pamusoro. Sezvo solvent inogona kushandiswa Organic yeimwe: .. Turpentine, carbon disulfide, etc. The nesurferi sechinhu nyore fuma chaiye ezvinhu ane zvinotevera thermodynamic ehupfumi:

1. Hama Density - 2,070 g / masendimita ^3.
2. Thermal conductivity - 300 K.
3. Utsotso pfungwa - 112 ° ^C.
4. Matadza kupisa vanokwanisa - J 22.6.
5. Kubika pfungwa - 444 ° ^C.
6. Matadza vhoriyamu - 15.5 ^cm3 / nhuta.

Panguva kudziyisa, nhamba nesarufa maatomu muzana Morekuru kunoderedza. At 300 ^C zviri kushingaira ichifamba fluid nokuti pakugamuchira mhute tembiricha yakawedzera kusvika 450 ° ^C monatomic sarufa kunogona kuwanikwa panguva muchidziisa zvinhu kuti 1760 ^C (S ₈ - S ₆ - S ₄ - S ₂ - S). Ichi acho ari murombo kondakita dzemagetsi nokupisa, iro zvikuru kushandiswa kushandiswa kwayo.

mushonga ehupfumi

Sarufa ikasakendenga pamwe simbi zvose zvichiguma nokuumbwa sulfides. Kazhinji, makemikari kumashoko kunoda anowedzera, iyo anoita se kupisa. Under kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu (kamuri tembiricha), mukomboni chete kunoitika pamwe nemekiyuri. pfuma iyi inoshandiswa nokuda neutralization pakati vapor ayo, izvo inoumbwa kubata pamusoro simbi pamwe okisijeni madonhwe. Hazvina nekutaurirana navo chinhu Platinum, iridium, nendarama. The zvichiguma sulfides vari zvinobata moto yeimwe kupisa kana dzakaparira zvakakwana nyanyisa. Sarufa, kucheneswa panze ikasakendenga pamwe oxygen. Izvi remubatanidzwa muitiro kunoratidzwa paumbwe imwe Hauoneki gasi (sarufa yakasviba) uye unopfuta. The reversible maitiro pamwe rehydrogen kunoitika munguva kudziyisa (nomuenzaniso pamwe kabhoni nesilicon), kuti magasi inoumbwa rehydrogen sulfide anonzi, carbon disulfide. Sedzimwe zvinhu boka VI periodic table, sarufa iri vakaita rakanamwa chubhu ine halogen (fluorine, bromine, kuiisa chlorine, phosphorus). At kamuri tembiricha, maitiro zvinogoneka chete fluorine. sarufa chloride chinhu zvinhu rinonyanya kushandiswa makemikari indasitiri. Nemvura uye asidhi mhinduro vasina akaita, aine alkali remubatanidzwa vari reversible - vari aumba pasi Zvakaitwa tiwedzere. Vazhinji huripo asidhi uye munyu inoumbwa wemishonga (a chinodiwa ndiwo tembiricha) rwesarufa pamwe okisijeni uye rehydrogen.

Electronic mamiriro

Maumbirwo nesarufa atomu inoita chinhu kuoneka sechinhu oxidizing mumiririri uye kuderedza mumiriri, uye makemikari maitiro akasiyana Valencia. Izvi anokonzerwa kugovera Erekitironi siyana. mabhomba neerekitironi ane mhaka 16 apo mabhomba kurema 32 (16 protons uye neutrons) nharaunda - 127 pm. sarufa Scheme (e) sezvinotevera: S + 16) 2) 8) 6; pa zororo - 1S ² 2S ² 3S 2P ^{6 2 4} 3P. Pazuva rechitatu pamwero nesarufa atomu rine orbitals shanu dzisingafambwi Naizvozvo Valence zvayo yeimwe kunosiyana-siyana mune zvinotevera chikuva: -2, + 2, + 4, + 6, iyo kuvimba mwero excitation.

dhipoziti

Huwandu nesarufa anogadzirwa iri kuwedzera pagore. Izvi chokuita zvakawanda chikumbiro, iyo inongogara kukura nokuda rwokugadzira zvinhu uye zvakawanda tikanyatsoongorora nechakare zvine maatomu akafanana. Hunhu nesarufa huri chizvarwa chimiro uye chikamu vakawanda ores. Zvichienderana ichi, nzira dzakasiyana dzinoshandiswa kwaro kugadzirwa. Stratiform deposits richiparadzirwa muUnited States, Iraq, kuMiddle Volga uye Carpathian nharaunda. Ndivo kupfuura zvinobatsira mune kubva muzana nemashoko, pane rinobudiswa kubva 50 kusvika 60% sarufa. The carbonate uye sulfate dombo idzodzo nhema hombe, richisvika makumi ezviuru metres zvakadzama uye mazana anoverengeka - pakureba. Soljanokupolnyh deposits vari yo zvikuru peturu kugadzirwa kumatunhu. Nokuti deposits kupfuura yacho zvinosanganisira Gulf of Mexico, izvo zvinofambirana kukudziridza US, Chile uye Mexico. Unonyanya ano, ichangogadzwa kuumbwa deposits vari kuputika deposits. mavambo kwavo kwakabatana tectonic kutadza goko uye kuputika chiito. Saizvozvowo, deposits izvi dziri muna Pacific Ocean. Vachishingaira kuongorora umboo Japan uye Russian mapazi. In Eurasia anonyanya chizvarwa sarufa deposits, iro kwakatangira zvakakwana yekare uye zvinganaka riri pamusoro akaturikidzana. Ural Mountains, chitsuwa kweSisiri, ari Volga nharaunda, yeLviv ravapo pave deposits, izvo dzinokudziridzwa kusvikira nhasi. World kugadzirwa nesarufa ndiyo matani anopfuura mamiriyoni 50 pagore, iyo 30% - zvinokosha, 33% - gasi uye mafuta zvigadzirwa, 14% - kubudiswa maindasitiri choutsi, 16% - kubva sulfides, 6% - kubva sulfates.

kugadzirwa Nzira

Zvichienderana kudzama nesarufa ine ores kushandisa nzira dzakasiyana siyana dzokubudisa uye zvakare kugadzira. The ehupfumi zvokunyama nesarufa nechekumberi, pasinei nzira inoshandiswa, goho muitiro kuchengeteka. Kazhinji, nefuma dura pamwe guru kuunganidza chepfu magasi vari dziripowo zviitiko vaingoerekana combustion. Zvachero akaturikidzana esimbi akaturikidzana vanobviswa kushandisa Vacheri - nzira iri muduku ngozi (achiita zvaidiwa zvose kwesayenzi zvinodiwa). Sarufa akanatsa kunobva mamwe ayo kubudiswa panguva nhengo zvinomera, apo azviri kubva matombo. Nzira okuzvinatsa uye mumisasa dzaisiyana: chafariz, centrifuge, filtration, Steam, dzokubudisa.

Zviri nyore zvikuru kuti dzokubudisa rwesarufa, izvo zviri pachivande akaturikidzana. Mine nzira - kuburikidza nourongwa kuyeuka negasi - koda dzisingambosvikiki, saka dzakaparadzana abudirire Germana Frasha nzira inoshandiswa kubva 1895. Iye chinonyanya zvibereko kukura vapfumi deposits uye hunopa nouchapupu mari zviri zvekufambisa mari uye mari mamwe kubudiswa esimbi, sezvo rinoreva goho munhu wakachena fuma. Fitting musimboti iri nyore: mhangura akaturikidzana ine sarufa, vabatwe nemvura inopisa riri kusvitsa kuburikidza nomutopota. Akaronga mukati maro vaviri vakaparadzana cylindrical mudziyo, yakaitirwa kuti achipa gasi uye kusunungurwa rakapera chigadzirwa. Nokuda yakaderera utsotso tembiricha pamusoro pemvura pasi kufurirwa haazotaurwizve nesurferi shoma nouipi.

kunyoresa

The chikuru mutengi isuferi makemikari, izvo hahugoni kuvapo pasina acids Based iri eremendi. Textile, mafuta, chikafu, pulp, migodhi kugadzirwa zvikamu kuita pasina ichi fuma. The yemaitiro rwesarufa runoita kushandisa ayo yeimwe nokuda kwezvifananidzo zvaAtemisi zvinoputika, machisi, rabha, zvizoro, mishonga, uye zvichingodaro. D. In zvokurima, tiri kufunga fuma ndiyo chikamu fetiraiza kuti ivhu (kunowedzera chikamu kutombozivikanwa muchiKristu phosphorus) Inobaya, izvo muitiro mbeu kubva zvakasiyana zvipukanana. Nokuti kugadzirwa madhayi uye luminescent nziyo vaishandisa Yakanatswa nesarufa. Maererano ukuru dzokubudisa, kubudiswa uye kushandisa chinhu ichi chinogona kuoneka pazuva maindasitiri zvinogona yose wehurumende. Vazhinji matsva kuitika zhinji ruzivo-nyanyisa sectors hwenyika kwakavakirwa pakushandisa sarufa ayo yeimwe. Zvakaoma kuongorora zvizere zvinogona kushandiswa ichi kwemakemikari maatomu akafanana, iro rinoshandiswa nevanhu kubva kare uye anoramba achishingaira mubasa rwokugadzirwa shanduka kwacho.