Embryology - nhoroondo embryology ...

Science Biology kunosanganisira zvakawanda zvikamu zvakasiyana zviri zviduku, asi zvakakosha kwazvo kuti dzidzira chero kuranga zvinetso chaizvo. Izvi ndizvo zvinoita kuti yakakura uye munyika yose zvainoreva vanhu kuti kuona kwayo nezvainoita hazvitomboiti.

sayenzi kukosha zvakadai akava embryology. Uyu kuranga ravakwa okuberekwa, pfungwa iyo nhoroondo inotungamirwa chatichakurukura munyaya ino.

Pfungwa sayenzi embryology

Embryology - haisi kuranga vokubereka. Chinhu sayenzi runotaura kudzidza maumbirwo, kukura uye inotungamirwa tuvana zvipenyu kubva veMubatanidzwa utachiona masero uye batanidzo zvavo pamberi kuzvarwa muviri mutsva.

Vose azvaiitwa akanyatsojeka kuchikosha, zvinokosha zvakakodzera kuti zvakakodzera uye zvakajairika dzavo kosi. Saka, chinangwa kuti wakakugadzirirai pacharo sayenzi iyi - kuongorora zvose nyaya uye zvigadziriswe chokuita tuvana upenyu hwavo, dzidzo uye kubudirira.

Inobva chinangwa, zvinangwa embryology ndiyo pfungwa dzinotevera.

1. Funga muitiro cellular kupesana.
2. Ziva mapatani mu embryo inotungamirwa chikuru lobes uye in muviri.
3. Track inotungamirwa embodiments symmetry nematemo yemberi muviri muviri.
4. Zvakakurukurwa paumbwe coelom in vavo nomukaka.
5. Achiumba anoshongwa kumativi embryo.
6. Education muviri wose hurongwa, iyo pakupedzisira chinozivikanwa imwe nhengo.

Saka, zviri pachena kuti pane embryology. Izvi zvikuru kushandiswa Sayenzi pamuviri kugadzira tuvana kubva nguva inotungamirwa dzavo uye asati aberekwa. Uyewo kuongorora nyaya chokuita dzinotsanagura gametogenesis, kureva paumbwe bonde masero.

Mabviro ezwi rokuti

Shoko rokuti "Embryology" riri nyore. Chokwadi, Latin shoko "mudumbu" anotaurwa so embryon, uye chikamu chechipiri shoko rokuti logos - kudzidzisa. Zvakaratidza kuti muzita sayenzi chichiratidzwa zvose kwakadzama zvarinoreva, zvishoma kwakunoitwa nyaya yacho.

Zvose ano mumaduramazwi shoko "Embryology" rakafanana. Ndizvo rinenge kufanana muchiLatin. Wedzerai chinhu chitsva kunzwisisa. Anorevei embryology? Mashoko ose imwe mhinduro - sayenzi predzarodyshevom embryonic kukura nemhuka, vanhu uye zvirimwa.

History sayenzi

Kwakatangira nhoroondo embryology zvinotora kubva munguva dzekare. Mumwe rokutanga Aristotle akatanga kutsvakurudza munharaunda iyi. Ake zvakawanika vaifanira kudzidza paumbwe embryo mazai huku. Saka akatanga kukura sayenzi iri mubvunzo.

Gare gare, muna XVI-XVII emakore masayendisiti vaiva nhengo kurangwa, rakakamurwa mapoka maviri yokungotaura maonero pamusoro nyaya inotungamirwa tuvana uye kunyange kwakabva zvipenyu matsva.

Saka, pakanga:

• preformation dzidziso;
• epigenesis.

Musimboti wekutanga ndeichi: zvose hurongwa zveramangwana muviri regai kuva pamusoro nguva, uye vanotova munhu ipfupi chaizvo chimiro kana zai (ovisty) kana dzisingaoneki (animalkulisty). Uye mararamiro uye kutanga embryo, ivo chete kuwedzera kukura tichiregeredza kuwana zvinovaka muviri.

Maonero akadaro akanga Chokwadi, zvakaipa. Zvisinei, havana rwakatora akapotsa kusvikira pakati XIX remakore. Vateveri maonero aya pakati masayendisiti akasiyana nguva vaiva:

• Marcello Malpighi.
• J. Swammerdam.
• Sh Bonn.
• A. Haller.
• A. Leeuwenhoek.
• I. N. Liberkyun nevamwe.

Chechipiri pfungwa iri munhoroondo embryology, izvo uyewo chinokosha nhamba inobwinya pfungwa dzakasiyana-siyana nguva, rinonzi epigenesis. Vatsigiri vake vaidavira kuti muviri anotanga kukura kwayo chete tapinda pabonde masero kupinda mumwe. Panyaya iyi, muna kunoguma mudumbu akagadzirira chinhu. Mamiriro, mitumbi ramangwana aumba zvishoma nezvishoma kubva yomukati munyama.

Representatives uyo akabata maonero aya:

• W. Harvey.
• Leibniz.
• Friedrich Wolf.
• Karl Baer nevamwe.

In pavanotaurirana pakati pemisasa maviri vakaponeswa dzakawanda Data embryology, nekuti masayendisiti vanogara pavaiita tsvakurudzo, kuedza, kuenda yokungotaura zvinhu.

Sezvo pezana XIX remakore, ari maonero preformist Vaibatwa munhu unorema ivhuvhute anotevera zvinhu.

1. Murairo Kufanana utachiona Karla Mugadza. Mairi, anoti panguva imwe yapfuura padanho kupfuura embryo, ndipo afanane zvakafanana hurongwa mune dzimwe dzinomiririra mhuka.
2. Wolff akatsanangura zvinokosha dzichiumbwa chicks tuvana achiratidza kwavo zvishoma nezvishoma inotungamirwa.
3. basa Darwin, umo iye anorondedzera maonero ake pamusoro dambudziko kwakabva marudzi.

Mugumisiro zvave zvishoma nezvishoma paumbwe sayenzi zvakadai sezvatinoona nhasi. nomupiro Great kuti kukura chirango akaita vasayendisiti anotevera XIX-XX remakore:

• Kovalevsky.
• Vomunondo.
• Haeckel.
• Wilhelm Roux nevamwe.

kupatsanura

The chikuru zvikamu nesayenzi pane mubvunzo inogona yakarondedzerwa zvinotevera ndima.

1. Okufananidza embryology.
2. Experimental.
3. General.
4. Environmental.

Maererano mhando zvipenyu vakadzidza embryology uye rakakamurwa:

• muriwo;
• mhuka;
• munhu.

Chikamu chimwe nechimwe chine yayo zvinangwa, zvinangwa uye zvinhu tsvakurudzo, vari mukuru yokungotaura uye anobatsira kukosha pakunzwisisa nzira dzoupenyu. Embryology mhuka - inokosha zvikuru bazi sayenzi mune zvokurima uye mhuka minda.

Sechivako vakawanda embryology

General embryology iri mubasa pakutsvakurudza uye kuenzaniswa kuongorora Tuvana ezvinhu zvipenyu zvose panguva shanduka siyana zvokukura kukura panyika. Zvinoguma yakawanda ndeechokwadi zvinhu, achiratidza kubatana matangiro zvose upenyu pasi redu.

Munzvimbo nokudzidza chirango ichi ndeyokudzidza dzinotsanagura gametogenesis. Embryology date zvinokosha panyaya eutano zvizvarwa, saka kuti sainzi anopiwa vainyatsotarisirwa.

mamirire embryology

Nzira huru date Mapping mukuranga ichi - ongororo. Okufananidza embryology yave kudzidza anenge mhuka, chirimwa kana munhu kuti kujekesa kwakatangira kufanana kana kubudirira.

Muvambi aiva Karl Baer, vakaona zai dzevanhu uye akagadzira mutemo wokutanga tuvana. A mupiro zvikuru kukura ruzivo chirango wakatangwa Haeckel. Ake mutemo biogenetic akanga nokudenga kwenguva refu. Okufananidza embryology hoarding uchapupu hunotsigira ichi chinokosha.

Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, kuti chaizvoizvo akanga sezvinotevera: mumwe mudumbu ichipfuura mumatanho akawanda ayo kukura kwacho. Vose pamwe chete vari kudzokorora mukuru kuitika-shanduka, izvo zvinenge zvose panguva paumbwe zvipenyu panyika.

Saka, kufanana kwakadaro sechivako nuclei mumakirasi ose mhuka: hove, amphibians, nezvinokambaira, neshiri uye mhuka. Zvisinei, maererano achangopfuura data, mutemo Haeckel haisi nokudenga. Handiti, haana kutsanangura nei kudaro zvakasiyana zvikuru kubva mumwe zvipembenene mazana uye vakuru, kunyanya kana totaura ari kukwana kushanduka.

Chimwe chinhu ari vainyatsoongorora embryology kunotouraya. Saka, zvave vakaratidza kuti kwokutanga pane matambudziko chromosomal, kuti hubudirire vachava kuruvazhe kuratidzwa pashure paumbwe muviri. Kureva pashure Danho vachatongerwa mutation, kashoma zvichava kuoneka phenotype ari mukuru.

mhuka embryology

Chikamu ichi zvakakosha kukura zvokurima. Nyaya yokudzidza tiri okukura Danho tuvana mhuka. Ivo ndeinotevera:

• muchibereko;
• gastrulation;
• Mórula;
• blastula;
• neurula;
• intussusception.

Kureva mhuka embryology - kwakafanana vose zvikamu zvaro, chete zvikuru kushandiswa nzvimbo yokudzidza panzvimbo. uyewo anoongorora mutation panguva embryogenesis, mitemo uye zvigadziriswe pakati inotungamirwa kwavo, vachitsvaka nzira kudzivirira uye kugadzirisa matambudziko akasiyana-siyana. Somuenzaniso, mhuka Utachiona zvirwere.

Izvi zvinoratidzei zvinokosha kuti yehuku indasitiri, mhuka minda, hove kurima, wemhuka nekugadzirisa nyaya uye matambudziko insemination nemhuka.

Zvichireva mberi mu Embryology

The kupfuura pose budiriro nguva yedu, iyo aigona kupa munhu embryology, ndiyo achifanotaura asakwanisa kuita vana uye hwakadzama richiona nezvezvabuda mumatanho ose inotungamirwa tuvana dzevanhu. Pamusoro pazvo, anobvumira kuti kana kunzvenga kuberekwa vana vakatongerwa majini zvirwere kana kurapwa kupindira kugadzirisa ramangwana mutational kuchinja.

Nhasi ose mukadzi pamuviri iri pasi pedyo pokudzora kuvarapi vari kushandisa chaiyo midziyo inogona kuongorora uye kufanoona chero mamiriro ezvinhu ari kukura embryo.

Tarisiro kukura nesayenzi ichi

Mupiro chikuru sayenzi iyi ichiri Chokwadi, kuuya. Zvechokwadi, kukura unyanzvi michina hakumo munzvimbo, uye michina yemazuva kubvumira kupindira kuti zvinenge zvose zvinozivikanwa pezvakaitwa upenyu.

Mune remangwana kuwanikwa azvaiitwa panguva padariro embryo kukura, izvo zvichakubatsira kudzivisa zvirwere zviri mudumbu, kutsakatisa Chiitiko asakwanisa kuita vana uye achaponesa vanhu kubva siyana zvenzara nyaya.