Ethylene oxide: kubudisa, kushandiswa

Ethylene oxide is achromatic methane ne sukari, kunhuhwirira kunokonzera kukurudzira urethane. Izvo zvinhu zvinorema kupfuura oxygen. Inomira pakushambidza kwe -115 ° C, uye pamusana wekushisa kwe12 ° C inoiswa mumusanganiswa wemashamba akajeka ane gira rinopisa. Chinhu chacho chinopera nyore nyore mumvura, ethyl doro uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinokosha. Mukati pamwe ne oksijeni inotyisa.

Historical background

Ethylene oxide yakawanikwa muna 1859 naScientist weFrance, nyanzvi yemakemikari Charles Adolf Wurz. Akava wekutanga kune avo vakaongorora chimiro ichi nehupamhi hunhu hwake nekuyera kutonhora apo ethylene oxide mishonga. Pakutanga, musayendisiti aifunga kuti ethylene oxide, mu physico-chemikemikiramu yemiganhu uye maitiro, akafanana nehutano hwehupenyu. Aya maonero asina kururama akapfuurira kusvikira muna 1896, apo vamwe vatsvakurudzi (Bredig neUsov) havana kuwana kuti ethylene oxide haisi iyo inokonzerwa ne electrolytic.

Kwenguva refu, nzira imwe chete yekubudisa ethylene oxide zvakananga kubva ethylene pachayo yaizivikanwa. Masayendisiti mazhinji akashandisa. Asi muna 1931, musha weCharles, mishonga yemakemikari Theodor Emil Lefort, akagadzira nzira itsva yekuvirisa ethylene zvakananga, achishandisa enzyme yesirivha. Iyi nzira, yakasikwa mumakore ekuma1900 ekupedzisira, ichiri kushandiswa.

The Four Great for the production of ethylene oxide

Emil Lefort akazova musayendisiti wokutanga akasika ethylene oxide ne oxidizing chinhu, achishandisa oksijeni uye chevhavharivha yesirivha. Akaratidzawo chivhakitiridzi iyi nzira muna 1931. Nzira yekuwana ethylene oxide yaigara ichigadziriswa uye yakagadziridzwa zvakasiyana-siyana mumagetsi ekugadzira.

Ikambani yekutanga yakashandisa nzira yekushandiswa kwehuwandu hwehutano hwakakosha ye ethylene, kutanga muna 1995, iyo kambani UCC (Union Carbide Corporation). Pano tinoshandisa nzira inonzi "Meteoric", iyo inoratidzirwa nehuwandu hwekubudirira, pasi pekutsvaga mari. Iyo kambani yakatangwa muna 1917 naRichard Wells. Miti ye ethylene oxide uye glycols inoshanda uye inodyara zuva. Iyi nhengo yatenga kodzero yepamutemo, iyo iripo iye zvino ndiyo inzvimbo yayo, uye inowana kushandiswa kwayo chete mumabhizimisi ayo, pamwe nekugara zvinopfuura 25% zvehutano pasi pose.

Kambani yechipiri, achishandisa nzira yakafanana, asi yakawanda munyika yose nekuda kwechikwata chechirongwa, Scientific Design Company, Inc. Kubva muna 1983, ine mishonga inopfuura 95, inenge 27% yepasi rose inokwanisa uye 80% yezvose zvinogadzirwa ethylene oxide production. Iyo kambani yakatangwa muna 1946.

Kambani yechitatu inoshandisa nzira iyi iShell International Chemicals BV. Inotsigira Royal Dutch Shell, yakatangwa muna 1907. Nzira yebhizimisi iyi inopesana nevamwe vanogadzirisa, inofungidzirwa zvakadzama zvekugadzira ethylene oxide uye hupenyu hurefu hwe dessicant (anopfuura makore matatu). Iyo kambani inosvika kudarika 45% yehuwandu hwekugadzira hutsika.

Yechina muumbi - Japanese company Japan Catalytic Chemical Co. Inoshandisa nzira yakagadziriswa yakafanana neyoScientific Design, yakagadzirirwa kurongedza dambudziko rimwechete rinosanganisira kugadzirwa kwe ethylene oxide uye ethylene glycols. Sangano reJapan rakavambwa muna 1951.

Ethylene oxide ndiyo yakawanda yezvinhu zvakasikwa mumiti yemakemikari pasi rose maererano nehuwandu hwekugadzira. Zvisinei, yakaderera kune zvimwe zvinhu, zvakadai se ethylene, propylene, ethanol, methanol, benzene, vinyl chloride, styrene, toluene, nezvimwewo. Kugadzirwa kweethylene oxide kuchiri kwechipiri chete yepetethylene inokosha uye 14% chete. Ichi chinhu chinoshandiswa pakugadzira polyethylene glycol, polyethylene oxide, copolymers ne propylene oxide, pamusoro pezvinhu zvinoshandiswa, mafuta ekudzivirira mafuta, fumigants.

Ngoro yezvinhu

Nzira yekufambisa inoitika pamwe nekubatsirwa kwezvigadziko, zvigadziri uye matangi. Ethylene oxide yakachengetwa mumatangi kusvika kusvika 3 000 m ³ Pachishambiso che 15-20 digrii Celsius, pasi pekumanikidzwa kwe 7-19 kgf / cm ² . Ethylene oxide chinhu chinopisa chinopisa, chinodhaka uye chakanyanya chepfu. Nekuzorora, kuva gasi, inopinda neputi nenguvo uye shangu, zvichiita kuti chirwere chinokonzera kugadzirisa, uye kana chichinge chikava muhutu hwemaziso - kupisa.

Zviratidzo zveEthylene chepfu

Ethylene inoshandiswa kuburikidza nekugadzirwa kwemiti yakasiyana-siyana yekunaka, utano uye nezvimwe. Kazhinji kazhinji yakawedzerwa kune:

• Varnishes;
• Paints;
• Solvents;
• Antifreeze;
• Soap uye detergents;
• Cosmetics uye perfumery;
• Antibiotics nezvimwe zvakawanda.

Sterilization ne ethylene oxide inowanzoshandiswa nemunhu kune gas-type disinfection. Tinosangana nechinhu ichi chinonyangadza zuva rega rega. Kakawanda pane mamiriro ezvinhu epamweya anosangana ne ethylene oxide chepfu. Funga nezviratidzo zvehupfu uye nzira dzokurapa.

Inxication ne ethylene oxide

Zviratidzo zvekudhakwa zvakanyanya ndezvi:

• Musoro uye chizivo;
• Kunaka kwakanaka mumuromo;
• Nausea uye kurutsa;
• Rutsvuku rwechiso;
• General kushaya simba;
• Mwoyo rhythm disorder;
• Kuora mwoyo kwemisimba yepiso;
• Kuipa kwekuita kwevadzidzi kuti vadzike;
• Kushungurudzika;
• Kuwedzera kwechiropa nekuputsa kwemabasa ayo.

Iyo yakawanda inouraya chepfu

Dambudziko rekushaya chepfu rinoreva zviratidzo zvakadaro:

• Nguva dzose kunyunyuta kwekwereti kune musoro;
• Pain mu joints;
• Matambudziko nehutachiona hwepamuviri;
• Kupopota kweminwe kwakatambanudza maoko;
• Kutamba uye nhengo dzechizi;
• Kukanganiswa kwekunzwisisa, nezvimwewo.

Kana ukasangana neganda, inokonzera dermatitis nemaronda, uye inofambidzana nekuwedzera kwekushisa uye nepamusoro yeeukocyte muropa.

Kutanga rubatsiro kumunhu akabatwa. Kurapa

Kana murwere aine maziso asinganzwisisiki aine chirongwa che ethylene-based, rinanidza maziso zvakakwana nemvura yakachena yakawanda kwenguva yakareba, uye sangana nechiremba.

Kana iwe ukawana reagent iri paganda nenzira inokurumidza, unoda kuchenesa nzvimbo nekotoni swab yakanyikwa muwaini. Mushure mekugeza zvakawanda nzvimbo yakagadzikana yeganda nesipo nemvura uye utore nerinolin.

Mune zvimwe zviitiko zvakaoma zvehupfu, murwere anoda:

• Mweya mutsva;
• Rugare nekudziya;
• Inhalation ne oksijeni;
• Vitamini B1, B6, B12 uye calcium;
• Copious alkaline drink;
• Droppers pachikonzero cheglucose ne ascorbic acid;
• Caffeine uye cordiamine.

Sterilization ne ethylene oxide

Ethylene oxide inonyanyozivikanwa senzira yekuita sterilization. Nenguva yekutanga ethylene oxide segasi reine disinfecting yakatanga kushandiswa mumakumi makumi emakore ekupedzisira. Nokuda kwekuti chinhu ichocho chaiva mumagetsi-akafanana, yakapinda zvakanaka mumapakiti nemishonga yezvokurapa uye yakauraya michina. Iyi nzira yaishandiswa kune vashandi vakawanda vaishushikana nekupisa, humidity uye chepfu. Sezvo ethylene oxide inoreva magasi anokonzera, kupisa muviri kunowanikwa mumakamuri akavharwa zvakasimba.

Iyi nzira yekudzivirira utachiona inofungidzirwa kuti ndiyo yakanakisisa yenzira dzose dzinozivikanwa kwatiri. Kugadzira zvishandiso nenzira iyi zvinosanganisira matanho matatu:

1. Chokutanga, zviridzwa zvinoputirwa nemhepo, kuchinja kutonhora nekunyorova.
2. Iyo yepurasitiki yakazara ne ethylene oxide gas uye kumirira kwechinguva, kuitira kuti zvigadzirwa zvechiremba zvive zvichena.
3. Kutakura degassing kubvisa kubva papepa zvakasara zvegasi rinotyisa.

Hydration of ethylene oxide

Ethylene oxide application inonyanya kuwanikwa mukugadzirwa kwemhando dzakasiyana dze ethylene glycols. Kudyidzana kwe ethylene oxide mumvura inoshandiswa kunoitwa kana kuvapo kweaiti catalysts panenge kutonhora kwe + 50-100 degrees, kana pasi pekumanikidzika pasina accelerator pamusana wekushanda kwe2002 ° C. Kazhinji, imwe nzira inoshandiswa, kushandiswa, sezvo zvichioma kune mamwe acid kuti inonatsa Chinhu, uye zvinokosha kushandisa dzimwe nzira dzokuchenesa.

Mushure mokunge hydration, ethylene glycol, doro rinonyanyisa dihydric, inowanikwa. Inofanana nemafuta mukusagadzikana. Ethylene glycol haina kunakidza uye inonaka inonaka. Iyo chinhu chinotyisa chinoshandiswa mu detergents. Vamwe vanhu vakasiyana-siyana vanoedza kuishandisa sechinotsiva doro, izvo zvinotungamirira kumugumisiro unouraya.

Mukuwedzera kune chokwadi chokuti ethylene glycol inoshandiswa kugadzira zvinokonzera, iyo inowanikwawo zvimwe zvezvinhu:

• Antistatics;
• Polishing;
• Zvinoreva kurwisa icing;
• Wedzera kuhutano hwemakombiyuta nemotokari;
• Mune zviduku zvishoma zvinoshandiswa muhomwe yepuru;
• Nekubatsira kwaro kuita zvipuka.

Chiito che ethylene glycol pamuviri

Ethylene glycol inowanzoshandiswa mukugadziriswa kwezvivako kana zvivako zvine nzvimbo huru, uye nekuda kwekushandiswa kwemari yakagadzirirwa kushambidza, mhepo inoputika. Nokushandiswa kusina hanya, chinhu chinogona kupinda mumuromo, asi izvi hazvina kukwana kutyisa. Yakawanda inogona kuve nechepfu neavo vane nguva yakareba vanowanzotarisana nezvinhu zvine ethylene glycol. Izvi zvinosanganisira vatyairi nevashandi vemakemikari mbeu.

Zviratidzo zvehupfu

1. Nguva yekutanga inotora maawa gumi nemaviri uye inoratidzwa nekudhakwa kwekamwe kwevanhu. Dzimwe nguva, kuora musoro, kusuruvara, kushambidzika kwenguva nenguva, kushaya simba kunoratidzika. Panguva imwecheteyo, kunhuhwirira kunotapira kunogona kubva kumunhu. Asi zvakazara hupenyu hwehutano hwakanaka.
2. Mushure memaawa gumi namaviri ekufungidzira zvakanaka, kunzwa kwekufamba munzvimbo yemuviri wako, kurwadziwa mumusoro, kurwiswa kwekushungurudzika uye kukanganisa sodium-calcium metabolism, kurutsa. Nhengo dzomukomana uye dzomukati dzinotanga kunyanya kuoma.
3. Kamwe gare gare, pane zviratidzo zvepakati yenheyo system kukanganisa: kurasikirwa kwekuziva, fivha, kuora mwoyo.
4. Pazuva rechishanu, kushaya kwepvo, pulmonary edema kukura, mwoyo unoshanda unopwanyika uye kupera kweropa kunoderera.
5. Rufu runowanikwa mukati mevhiki nekuda kwekushaya mwoyo, pulmonary edema nezvinetso mubasa reitsvo uye chiropa.

Huru hwehupfu hunoratidzika mushure mekunyorovesa mhepo uye inozivikanwa nechezizinesi, kuora mwoyo uye kushaya simba. Kuti uponese vakakuvara, iwe unofanira kuenda kuchipatara isati yave maawa gumi nemaviri mushure mehutu hunopisa.