Nheyo dzeChitaturo yeButlerov AM Basic zvinyorwa zveBylerov's theory of chemicals structure

Inowanzogamuchirwa nheyo dzemitemo yeButlerov inofungidzirwa kuti ndiyo nheyo yemakemikari emazuva ano. Musayendisiti ndiye akanga ari wokutanga kutsanangura zvisikwa zvehutano hwezvinhu. Akanyatsodzidza nezvemamiriro ekubatana kweatomu.

Zvinotarisirwa kuti zvivepo

Alexander Butlerov akava muvambi wenhau itsva, apo panga paine mibvunzo yakawanda musayenzi iyo masayendisiti aisagona kuwana mhinduro. Semuenzaniso, tsanangudzo dzinoda kuti chiitiko che valence uye isomerism. Mukuwedzera, makemikari akapfuurira kurwisana pamusoro pekunyora zvakanaka kunyora makemikari mafomu. Butlerov yakatsanangura mubvunzo uyu. Akaratidza kuti mafomu anofanira kuratidza chimiro chezvinhu.

Mukuwedzera, pakanga pane mazano akawanda aipesana nemaonero akataurwa naButlerov. Ichi chaive chirevo chezvakaitika mumashure. Muvambi waro aiva Jens Berzelius. Akakakavidza kuti mumamolekoro pane zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana - zvinodhaka, izvo zvinopfuura kubva pane chimwe chinhu kuenda pane chimwe. Paivawo nedzidziso yemhando. Vatsigiri varo vaidavira kuti zvinhu zvose zvakaoma zvinokonzerwa nezvinhu zvisinganyanyi kushandiswa-mvura, hydrogen, ammonia, nezvimwewo. Izvi zvose zvinopesana. Sayenzi yaida dzidziso yaizoisa zvinhu zvose panzvimbo yayo.

Butlerov's ideas ideas

Alexander Mikhailovich Butlerov (1828-1886 gg.) Aive mumwe wemakemikari akakurumbira munguva yake. Akashanda zvakanyanya nemibvunzo yepfungwa ye sayenzi yake. Muna 1858, musayendisiti akataura pamusangano weParis Chemical Society. Panguva imwecheteyo, kwekutanga, pfungwa huru dzedziso yeButlerov dzakanzwika kubva pamiromo yake.

Mutsvakurudzi akashandisa mazwi matsva mumushandiso wake, uyo akazogadziriswa mune shanduro dzepasi rose. Somuenzaniso, ndiye iye akazova munyori wechinangwa chekugadzirisa kwekubatana. Musayendisiti aidavira kuti chimiro chezvinhu zvakasiyana chinogona kuonekwa kune rimwe boka (kunyanya, iro methane, chloroform, methyl doro, nezvimwewo).

Kudzidza kubatanidzwa kwezvinhu

Muna 1861, mumushumo wakabudiswa "Pamusoro pemakemikari mamiriro ehupfumi", nheyo huru dzedzidziso yemakemikari ye AM Butlerov yakagadzirwa. Nyanzvi yezvesayenzi yakatsanangura zvakadzama nzira dzekushandura uye kushandiswa kwakasiyana siyana. Imwe yezvinonyanya kukosha zvemakemikari ndeyekutaura kwake kuti kune rimwe nerimwe chemakemikari kune iyo inofananidzwa neimwe nzira. Kukosha kwayo kunowanikwa mukuti iyo inoratidzira zvinhu zvose uye inoratidza kuwirirana kweatomu mukati memamolekoro.

Butlerov nharo yakapawo kuti, nekubatsirwa kwekutongeka kwekutonga, zvinhu zvitsva zvinogona kubudiswa. Mumakore anotevera, mutori wemakemikari akakurumbira uye vadzidzi vake vakaita zviitiko zvakawanda kuratidza izvi. Vakakwanisa kugadzira zvinhu zvitsva zvakadaro seasomers pentane, isobutylene uye zvimwe zvinodhaka. Nokuda kwemazuva avo, izvi zvakawanikwa zvaive nezvakakosha zvikuru, zvinogona kungofananidzwa nekukosha kwekujekesa zvimwe zvikamu zveMendeleev (somuenzaniso, ekabor).

Systematization yemakemikari

Mukati yezana remakore rechina, hurukuro huru yeButlerov yedzidziso yakashandura zvachose pfungwa yevasayendisiti nezvekugadzirwa kwemakemikari ezvinhu. Kunyanya, mutsvakurudzi ndiye ndiye wokutanga kutaura kuti mamolekoro haisi yechisimba chemaatomu eatomu. Pane zvakasiyana, ivo vane chirongwa chekuita. Atomu dzakabatana kune imwe neimwe mukutevedzana, pane izvo zvisikwa zvose zvinoenderana.

Butlerov, kukudziridza pfungwa yake, kuvimba nemasvomhu nemitemo. Nokubatsirwa nesayenzi iyi, aikwanisa kutsanangura zvizhinji zvehutano uye ukama mumakemikari. Kwemunguva yaive yakashandurwa chaizvo. Pfungwa yacho ndeyokuti kunyange kana masayendisiti aiziva zvimwe nezvehumwe hwezvinhu, haaigona kuvaka ruzivo rwavo mufananidzo wakajeka, wakashongedzwa. Zvinyorwa zvakakosha zveButlerov inyanzvi yekugadzira yakagadzirisa dambudziko iri. Iye zvino makemikari yakanga isiri yakapararira yenguruve yezvokwadi, asi yakagadzirisa hurongwa, apo zvinhu zvose zvaive pasi pehutano hwakawanda hwemasvomhu.

Kusiyana kwezvinhu

Nyaya inonzi Butlerov yakakurumbira inonyanya kukoshesa isomerism - chiitiko chekuvapo kweasomeri - yakaenzana mu molecular weight uye inomic yakagadzirirwa yezvinhu, izvo panguva imwecheteyo zvinopesana kubva kune imwe neimwe mukugadzirisa kweatomu uye mukugadzirisa. Izvi zvinotsanangurwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvinhu zvezvinhu zvakasikwa.

Butlerov akaratidza dzidziso yake pamuenzaniso webutane. Maererano nepfungwa yemasayendisiti, mumasikirwo epo anofanira kunge aripo maitiro maviri echinhu ichi. Zvisinei, panguva iyoyo sayenzi yaiziva chete butane chete. Butlerov yakaitisa miedzo yakawanda uye ichiri nezvimwe zvinhu zvitsva, zvakafanana mukugadzirisa, asi zvakasiyana muzvivako. Yakanga ichinzi isobutane.

Kuchinja kweatomu kune mumwe nemumwe

Butlerov akawana chimwe chinhu chinokosha nguva dzose. Nekuumbwa kwemakemikari zvisungo, shanduko yekushandurwa kwemakrisoni kubva paatomu imwe kuenda kune imwe inotanga. Izvi zvinochinja kuwanda kwavo. Kune michina yepamagetsi inoshandisa pfuma yezvinhu zvitsva zvekuumba. Musayendisiti akadzidza chiitiko ichi nemuenzaniso wehydrogen chloride, uko klorini inoshandura huwandu hwemagetsi e hydrogen bonds.

Butlerov uye nheyo dzinokosha dzedzidziso yegadziriro inogona kutsanangura chimiro chekushandurwa kwezvinhu. Gare gare, nheyo yakawanikwa nemakemikari weRussia yakadzidzwa zvakadzama nevateveri nevadzidzi vake. Kuziva nezvekugadzirisa kwezvinhu zvakabvumira masayendisiti kunzwisisa nzira yekugadzirisa zvinhu zvitsva. Kuwedzera kukuru kwezviwanikwa izvi kwakatanga kusvika kuma1900 ekupedzisira. Zvadaro masayendisiti eEurope neAmerica mune ma laboratories matsva, achishandisa nzira dzakataurwa naButlerov, vakakwanisa kubudisa zvinhu zvitsva.

Makemikari zvisungo

Butlerov aidavira kuti chimiro chezvinhu zvinogona kuongororwa nemakemikari nzira. Iyi nzvimbo yakasimbiswa nenhamba dzakawanda dzekubudirira kwesainzi. Uyezve, muongorori akanga ari mutsigiri wepfungwa yokuti mazano anogona kururamisa bedzi kana achiratidza kutongeka kwekemikisheni zvakabatana zveatomu dzakasiyana. Butlerov yakanga ichitaridzirwa kuongorora izvi kufunga kwemakore mazhinji.

Akaratidza zvitatu zvekubatana - nyore, kaviri uye katatu. Musayendisiti akanga akarurama, asi kufambira mberi kwesayenzi kwakaratidza kuti pane mamwe makemikari amabatanidzwa. Kunyanya, ikozvino nyanzvi dzinogona kuzvienzanisa zvakare nebatsiro rwemamiriro ekunyama.

Kuvandudzwa kweButler theory

AM Butlerov itsva yedzidziso yehutano hwemakemikari nemakemikari aive nezvinhu zvenyama muhupenyu. Musayendisiti ndiye akanga ari wokutanga kutaura zvakachengeteka kuti vatsvakurudzi vanogona kudzidza dzimba dzeatomu, kubva pazvinhu zvose zvakagadzirwa. Asi Butler pachake aibata pfungwa yake sechinguvana. Akatenda kuti vatsigiri vake vaifanira kukura, nokuti yakange isingatsanangurire zvizere zvimwe zvizivo zvekemikari yesayenzi.

Musayendisiti akanga akarurama. Butlerov yedzidziso yakagadzirwa nenzira mbiri. Yokutanga ndechokuti sayenzi yakakwanisa kugadzirisa kwete chete chirongwa chekubatanidza, asiwo nzvimbo yakagadzirwa yeatomu mu molecule. Saka pane stereochemistry. Iyi chirango yakatanga kuongorora zvakadzama nzvimbo yekugara kwema molecule. Butlerov pachake akataura pamusoro pechirevo ichi chitsva, kunyange zvazvo asina kumbova nenguva yekudzidza mubvunzo uyu wepfungwa.

Chechipiri kutungamirirwa mukukudziridzwa kwekodzero yemasayendisiti kwaiva kubuda kwechidzidzo chakapiwa kune magetsi ekugadzira maatomu. Izvi hazvisi chete chemakemikari, asiwo chirango chenyama. Chimiro chekuwirirana kweatomu chakanyatsodzidzwa, uye zvikonzero zvekuratidzwa kwezvinhu zvakasiyana zvakatsanangurwa. Icho chaive chirevo chikuru cheButlerov nharo yakabatsira masayendisiti kuti vawane kubudirira kwakadaro.