Alkanes: makemikari

Izvo zvinokonzera maharacarbon, kana maparafini, ndiyo iyo biocompounds umo maatomu eakoni anowanikwa nechisungo (isina) chisungo, uye zvimwe zvikamu zvepalence zvakagadzirwa nemaatomu ehydrogen.

Alkanes: muviri chaiwo

Mumiririri wekutanga wei homologous methane magasi, kubva paC5H12 kusvika C15H32 - mvura, inotanga neC16H34 - zvisikwa. Nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hweatomu eakoni muAlkane molecule, maonero ekunyuka kwawo uye kuwira zvakanyanya kuwedzera.

Nzvimbo yekubikira yebhanicrocarboni yakawanda kwazvo yakanyanya kudarika nzvimbo yekubikira yeesomeri. Methane uye ethane zvinonhuwira, zvinokonzerwa nemhepo inokonzerwa nema hydrocarboni zvine kunhuwa kwepetori (pentane ne hexane) uye parafini, ma homologues akakwirira emethane haaiti. Izvo zvinokonzera mahedhicarcaroni zvinopenya kupfuura mvura uye zvinenge zvisingazoperi mairi. Saturated hydrocarbons inogadzikana zvikuru mumagetsi e-organic, uye mazai emvura ivo pachavo anonyanya kushandiswa.

Alkanes: makemikari

Izvi zvinonzi bio-makemikari zvinoratidzwa nechepasi reactivity. Izvo zvinyorwa, izvo zvinoratidzwa muzita ravo - parafini. Izvi zvinotsanangurwa nechokwadi chokuti muhutano hwemamolekemu awo maatomu C uye H anowirirana pamwe neshumbani zvisungo. Iyo ikemikari inertness yezvinhu izvi inokonzerwa nehutano hwezvinhu zvema molecules. Kuti zviputse sigma-kuwirirana, zvakakosha kushandisa mari yakawanda. Basic chemicals. Zvigadzirwa zvemahara, ndiko kuti, kuchinja kwavanopinda, kuchinja kwe nitration, halogenation, sulfonation, sulfochlorination, kupera. Kukurukurwa kwemaarkanesi kunotangira radicals, UV kana gamma mizizi, peroxidhu, kupisa. Panyaya iyi, iyo inoratidzwa nemhando mbiri dzekuita: kuchinjwa kwehydrojeni nekuputika mu "carbon-hydrogen" bond uye kujekesa kwema molecule nekuvhiringidzwa kweC-C kana С-Н zvisungo.

Alkanes: makemikari. Radical halogenation inopindura

Izvi zvinowanzoti metaleptic. Inogona kutanga nezuva. Mune rima pa 250-400 ° C kana pakatarisana ne-catalysts (mhangura chloride, tin chloride ), maatomu e halogen anoramba achichinja maatomu ehydrogeni mualkane molecule.

Alkanes: makemikari. Zvakaitwa ne nitration

Iko nitro iri nyore nyore kutora nzvimbo yeHyrogen muchechi yepamusoro, inorema mune yechipiri uye yakaoma zvikuru mumatomu ekutanga emakonomu. Iye zvino, pane imwe nzvimbo yemabhizimisi, nitriding yean alkan inowanikwa muchitsiga chegesi pa 150-490 ° C ne nitric oxide kana nitrate acid vapor.

Alkanes: makemikari. Sulfochlorination reaction

Izvo zvinokonzera mahedhiyocarboni zvinokanganiswa nemusanganiswa we sulfur dioxide uye chlorine. Zvikwereti zvinowanikwa kakawanda peroxides kana mazai eVV. Izvi zvinoshandiswa kugadzirira synthetic detergents (detergents). Alkylsulfochlorides chiito pane alkalis, izvo zvinoita kuti kuumbwa kwealkaline salts ye sulfonic acid, zvivako zvemasti (pastes, powders).

Saturated hydrocarbons zvinhu zvakasikwa zvekushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvinhu. Chinhu chinodiwa kuti kunyanya kwevakawanda vavo kuve kwekugadzira alkenes kana unsaturated hydrocarbons kubva kumakaroti .

Kuchenesa kwehydrogen kubva kune alkane molecule, kana kuti dehydrogenation, pamberi pezvinhu zvinokonzera uye kupisa (kusvika 460 ° C) kunoita kuti zvikwanise kuwana alkenes anodiwa. Nzira dzeiyo inokonzerwa neaarkanes pakadzika kwemazinga pakatarisana ne-catalysts (magnesium salts) dzakagadzirwa. Izvi zvinoita kuti zvive nyore kukanganisa nzira yezvinoitika nenzira yakananga uye kuwana zvigadzirwa zvinokonzerwa nehuniyidhi mukati yemakemikari yakagadzirwa. Semuenzaniso, kusvibiswa kweaarkanes yakakwirira kunobudisa zvakasiyana-siyana zvinodhaka zvakanyanya kana kuti zvakanyanya mafuta.

Izvo zvinokonzera zvipfeko zvinowanzoitika mune mamwe mamiriro (kupisa, kupenga). Saturated hydrocarbons inopisa neruvara rwebhuruu nekubudiswa kwehuwandu hwehuni. Izvi zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kuzvishandisa sehuwandu hwe-calorie mafuta mumazuva ose ehupenyu uye mumhizha.