Nhoroondo Saratov uye Saratov nharaunda: Muronga kunoshamisa zviitiko

It yagara vakamira Volga mbiri guta rekare Saratov. It rakaumbwa muna 1590 sezvo nhare anorinda rwezasi-okumabvazuva kumiganhu Russia, uye kubvira ipapo anopfuura mana emakore kurarama pano vanhu vemarudzi akawanda, vokuRussia. Nhoroondo Saratov rizere zviitiko zvinoshamisa, zviri vasingasiyani kubva yenhau wehurumende yedu, uye naizvozvo unofadza zvikuru. The guta rakava muzinda hombe munzvimbo uye kumusha dzinoverengeka hunoshamisa, matarenda vanhu kushumira nyika yake uye rakazviratidza muminda siyana.

Two mazita ari Saratov

History asina zvose zvine chokuita nenzvimbo idzi, asi chinhu achiri kuzivikanwa.

KuMiddle Volga nharaunda vanhu wagara kare. Scenic makwapa, vapfumi nezvikara uye hove, ivhu rakaorera, masango uye nezvimwe zviwanikwa zvakatungamirira varwi Yechinwiwa Horde kusunda veko, Sarmatians yekare, uyo akararama pano kubva V remakore BC uye kuvaka guta Uvek, iro rakava rechitatu pakukura kugarwa kwose Mongol-wechiTatar pfuma. Izvi zvakaitika, maererano dzekare zvekungofungira, kubva VI kusvika VII remakore AD Tinogona kufunga kuti zviri kubva panguva ino anotanga nhoroondo kwaita Saratov, sezvo ari mundima Russian Federation remunharaunda muzinda, kureva muna Zavodskoy muruwa uye iri Uvek. zita The ano akauya zvikuru paya, apo Russian kirasi basa vanhu yabuda musi Sokolova gomo unodzora nzvimbo dzakapoteredza, yemauto yainzi jaya taundi hove. Iye chokwadi haana vakura mitemo nyika yedu, mumakore Russia 400 - kwete zera. Naizvozvo, akati kureba Tartars yainzi Yellow. Mutauro Turkic ndiro zita kwainge "Sary rokuti tau" (Yellow Mountain).

Muvambi "zvishongo of Volga" nhatu (Tsaritsyn, Samara uye Saratov) vakava HSH Prince GO Zasekin.

musana nyika

Nhare yakavakwa kuruboshwe kumahombekombe kanopi. Hazvizivikanwi zvakaitika muna 1813, asi akapisa pasi. Zvimwe zvakaitika munguva dzose yokukomba, kana nekuda munhu kuregeredza nomoto. guta Wooden munguva idzodzo aitambura moto kazhinji. Haakandi nokuda chokwadi ichi, vagari veguta vakatamira mumwe pamawere norwizi rukuru Russian, vabatsirike kwemapazi achizoita imwe mvura njodzi (rwizi Saratovka) kufambisa anobudirira enhare kuti nyaya.

Uye kudzivirira nzvimbo idzi pavavengi-muArabhu mutengo. Hove ndiyo nguva dzose vodilas zvinokudzwa, Sturgeon, Sturgeon, beluga, Sturgeon, tisingatauri kwakajairika Pike uye Catfish. Nechekare mu ushe Peter I paiva nguvo dzokurwa. It sterlet chimiro matatu mhando nyeredzi, chiratidzo ichi chinoshanda pedyo nemisha. Nhoroondo Saratov gavhuna centre kunoguma muna 1782, apo guta rakava amachinda muzinda. Achiri chinoramba padunhu, refu uye akanyarara, sezvinoratidzwa mutsetse kubva munhetembo "nhamo kubva vaiti", zvakanyorwa muna 1824 AS Griboyedov. "Murenje, mu Saratov ..."

Pemhirizhonga nemhirizhonga

Zvisinei, City Life, zvakaoma zita kutsimwaira. Troubles, kukakavadzana, dzakakurumbira yokumukira uye hondo akakungurusa akawanda nguva panyika ino. Muna 1604 makanga mupopoti chido pamusoro Ilya pakati Murom, vaizviti Peter Fedorovich, mwanakomana wamambo. Stepan Razin murimi mudiki mauto mundokunda guta muna 1670, uye mutungamiri waro akaisa kumuzinda kwake, Cossack District. Kunyange pashure pemakore 37 nhau Saratov kukasawedzerwa nomumwe pechiitiko zvinoshamisa, kukombwa mauto Kondrat Bulavin. Kaviri akashanyira pano yokutanga Russian Emperor Peter Mukuru (1695, 1722) uye akarayira kuti vawedzere nharaunda inogarwa rinokosha ugari. Hatina kupfuura guta uye zviitiko chokuita nezita mumwe munyengeri Emelyana Pugacheva. Pano akasungwa pashure bope kudzvinyirira.

Industrial Kugadzirwa Saratov ruwa XIX remakore

Industrial budiriro tiguu anenge achivharwa wokuRussia Empire ari XIX remakore, kukanganiswa kukurumidza kukura kugadzirwa yokutengesera vanokwanisa pakati Volga nharaunda. Asi pamberi huru uye zvinovimbisa zvikuru nzvimbo upfumi basa vave kuzivikanwa mucheto Entrepreneurs. Kuvaka mafekitari, akakura kubudikidza kusvetuka uye miganhu rwokugadzira uye Textiles. By basa kunyange kunzi Saratov mumugwagwa. History akachengetedza navo kuzvibereko Kuznetsk, Myasnitskaya, Salt, Shelkovichnaya Tulupnaya, Brick maviri Kostrizhnye (Big uye Small) (pasi zita Mufurakisi uye hemp kugadzirwa tsvina). Pakati pezana remakore rapfuura yave haachatauri zvinonyatsorehwa kutungamirirwa pakukura mudunhu iri kutungamirirwa maindasitiri kugadzirwa uye kugadzira. Gumi zana Zvigayo watambira mudunhu mumaguta (Khvalynsk, Volsk) nemisha mizhinji. Local mbishi zvinhu (yepamusoro ivhu) akakurudzira Entrepreneurs dzomunharaunda kuvaka uye vave mafekitari kugadzira nezvidhinha uye zviumbwa. Chidobi anoshandiswa indasitiri, zvaida kwezvivako kuvariritira uye kushanda.

Shoko rinokosha vachionga akakodzera zvikuru Russian muvandudzi PA Stolypin, uyo akashanda se gavhuna pano uye akararama mumugwagwa Volskaya.

Saratov mushambadzi

Trade - hunokosha shamwari bhizimisi uye kutengeserana. Volga vatengesi mu Russia vaionekwa anokosha vanhu vanokoshesa mukurumbira, saka nguva dzose kuchengeta shoko. Asi mune zvimwe zviitiko, uye ipapo, ari XIX remakore, zvinoda ongororo pamusoro Contractors, kunyanya pakupera mikuru zvibvumirano pamwe sazivikanwa vakaroorana. Pano, mumwe wokutanga chikwereti Bureau muRussia vaiva vakarongeka. Saratov akava inokosha logistics dzikafunga Volga, achitora rwechitatu norwechina panzvimbo muumambo hwacho tichitarisa turnover.

Vatengesi emakore iwayo anonetseka kwete chete pamusoro Barysh, uye akatsvaka kusiya ndangariro dzakanaka. Nemhaka vanoitisana Azarov, Zlobin, POZDEEV uye vazhinji nevamwe mupendero inokosha vafumiswa ne tsika masangano (yemitambo, unyanzvi dzokuratidzira, B & B). Akavaka temberi, zvipatara, dzokurovedza muviri, mamiziyamu uye nemamwe masangano mazhinji zvinobatsira vanhu. vatengesi zhinji kwakazviisa pasi Old Vatendi, uye akazviratidza muna Volga munharaunda sezvakarayirwa Catherine Guru. Vakakwanisa kuwana mutauro nevakawanda vane vateveri zvimwe zvitendero vanogara mudunhu, uye vakauya zvichivabatsira ruwa.

simba Soviet

The echimurenga zviitiko uye hondo chavo chokuuraya hama kwakatevedzana kukanganiswa zvoupfumi uye upfumi mamiriro ezvinhu Volga nharaunda. Kuparadzwa kwakanga kuchikosha kuti chete muna 1927 nzvimbo akakwanisa kuenda zvimwe zviratidzo zvinogona kuzvikudza aimbova dunhu youmambo. Vakabatsira ichi chitsva zveupfumi mutemo akazivisa achishandisa Bolshevik utungamiri. Collectivization vangasimudzira zvakachinja urongwa musha, akaputsa aivapo nzira youpenyu, zvichizoita zvokurima kugadzirwa vakapinda kuderera. Mudunhu vaiva kakawanda nyaya murimi mudiki mhirizhonga, vakanga vakanyorwa mukuparadza mapoka ezvokudya uye mumuviri kuparadzwa-collectivizers kurovedzera. kumukira izvi dzisabudiswe utsinye.

Thirties uye forties dzinouraya

Mumazana thirties chakaitika maindasitiri kuvaka kugona nekugona, mugove maindasitiri kugadzirwa akava hune chinhu kukura munharaunda.

Nhoroondo guta Saratov ari utsinye yehondo kwakaratidza Tichitarisa zvinogona munhu multi-dzinza nharaunda. Munharaunda vave abviswa kugadzirwa, kare yakaitwa munharaunda yomumwe munhu wenyika kwenguva pfupi basa. Izvi zvinosanganisira yokusonesa, muchina-kuvaka uye mamwe mabhizimisi. Saratovchane chivindi akarwa pamusoro fronts. Somuenzaniso, nhamba zvemo mumwe chete chiduku nzvimbo woruwa centre, guta Volsk paakavapa musoro Hero of Soviet Union panguva yehondo yakasvika makumi mashanu.

Saratov vokuGermany

Vagari German kubva XVII remakore nokuzvidira vakagara ichi yakaorera munharaunda. Nhoroondo Saratov dunhu uye akachengetedza isu mazita vamazana dzomumisha akatora kurira German (Rosenberg, Unterdorf, Rosenberg, Balzer, etc.) kugara Maponesa dzavo zvitupa, Lutheran chitendero, mutauro netsika, nokudaro achiva vanhu vokuRussia uye patriots. Neman dzavo mupiro zvoupfumi yacho nharaunda.

mazita German akatanga inonyangarika kubva mepu muna 1915, panguva yehondo German. Volga colonists vakanga adzorerwa pashure yaFebruary Revolution. Mushure Bolsheviks vakauya simba, pasinei ambivalence dzavo pamusoro shanduko, akaumba kunyange Volga German zvionera Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSRNP), zvinosanganisira 22 cantons (zvachose nzvimbo 25 zviuru sq. M. makiromita, maguta mana, anenge 550 misha nemisha, vagari vanopfuura zviuru 500. pers.). Muna 1941 nayo yakaguma uye German vakawanda akadzingwa, kunyanya North Kazakhstan uye Eastern kuSiberia. The asipo dzidzo administrative noWokumusorosoro zviviri yokupona mazita emaguta Shona (Pokrovsk, pakatarisana Saratov, kuti Volga) uye Marx (Marksshtadt).

The chikuru fuma vanhu

Today Saratov Province - chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha dziri Russian Federation, chikuru maindasitiri, tsika, zvesayenzi uye dzidzo muzinda ane rikamuka okurima kwemauto hwenyika. Inobereka akakurumbira ndege "Yak", yakanakisisa simende munyika, kuita yepamusorosoro kudzivirira varayirwa, kuvaka siyana michina zvinangwa rugare, unobereka zvokudya zvinogadzirwa uye zvakawanda. Asi chikuru pfuma iyi yakanaka, nharaunda razova mwoyo Russia, zvichiri anoshamisa vanhu, unyanzvi uye anoshanda nesimba. Kuti vanonyora nhoroondo Saratov, Balashov, Volsk, Balakovo uye zvose mamwe maguta, misha uye maguta ichi nharaunda zvinoshamisa.

Kungoona enumeration yaiva yakakurumbira Saratov zvemo zvaizotora nguva yakawanda uye nzvimbo. Pakati vanyori izvi Leo Kassil, Alexander Yakovlev, vanyori Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin, PV Kuznetsov (ndiye akanyora akakurumbira "Kalinka"), nyika yokutanga cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, ivo vezvikepe-magamba Viktor Talalikhin uye Yakov Shishkin , Musiki zvombo Academician PD Grushin, vatambi Oleg Tabakov, Oleg Yankovsky uye Gleb, mudetembi uye fabulist Krylov nevamwe vazhinji. Nhoroondo Saratov Rinobatanidzwa ne mazita ndege DC Antonov, asi munyori Mikhail Bulgakov, yokudhirowa Vrubel, Yuri Bykov (musiki nzvimbo yokukurukurirana mugadziriro), asi kwete vose vakanyorwa.

Saka vakawanda vane zvipo vanhu vaigona kubereka uye kusimudza chete kujairika mucheto.