Kurwisa machinda Russian Polovtsy (XI-XIII CC.). Vladimir Monomakh, Svyatopolk Izyaslavovich. Nhoroondo Kievan Rus

Pakati XI remakore Kievan Rus aifanira kutyisidzira zvakakomba mukutarisana Polovtsy. muArabhu izvi vakabva steppes dzokuAsia akakunda Gungwa Black nharaunda. Polovtsi (kana Cumans) vasiyiwa panzvimbo idzi dzavo vamutangira Pechenegs. New inowanzorimwa hapana zvishoma yakasiyana kubva kare. Vakararama ugororo uye nechisimba dzakavakidzana, inogarwa ndakagara kwevanhu.

kutyisidzira itsva

The chidzoke runochengeta rakaenderana kutanga muitiro enyika disintegration weRussia. East necheSalvic mamiriro akanga vakabatana kusvikira XI remakore, kana nharaunda yayo yakakamurwa dzikava anoverengeka zvemisoro diki. Mumwe nomumwe wavo kodzero vakazvimirira womunyika yacho Rurik dzinza. Kurwisa machinda Russian Polovtsy akanga rakaoma nokuda kusabatana ichi.

Vatongi kazhinji dzaipopotedzana, uye vakaronga hondo uye kuti nyika yavo pangozi kuti inowanzorimwa vanogara. Uyezve, dzimwe machinda vakatanga kushandisa muArabhu mari. Pamberi wehondo pachavo shoma mhirizhonga yavo vakava inokosha zvinobatsira muhondo. Zvose izvi zvakatungamirira kuti mari Russia kweanenge maviri emakore tichingogara tichinetsana pamwe Polovtsy.

ropa rokutanga

Nokuti kokutanga muArabhu yakapamba Russia muna 1054. pakuonekwa rakaenderana norufu Yaroslava Mudrogo. Nhasi iye anonzi muchinda wekupedzisira Kiev, aitonga yose Rus. Akamutevera, chigaro ndokupfuura mwanakomana wake mukuru Izyaslav. Zvisinei, Yaroslav aiva mwana shoma. Mumwe nomumwe wavo akapiwa nhaka (simba), kunyange pamutemo ivo pasi Izyaslav. Mwanakomana wechipiri Yaroslav, Sviatoslav, mitemo iri Chernigov, uye wechitatu, Vsevolod Yaroslavich akagamuchira Pereyaslavl. guta rino riri chete kumabvazuva Kiev uye raiva pedyo inowanzorimwa. Ndokusaka Polovtsy kazhinji akarwisa Pereyaslavl kwavabati pakutanga.

Apo muArabhu kokutanga akazviratidza pavhu Russian, Vsevolod akakwanisa kutaurirana navo, vakaenda rekupinda ari kukokwa vaenzi nezvipo. Between mativi, rugare akanga akagumisa. Zvisinei, aisagona kuva yakasimba sezvo inowanzorimwa akararama maererano vaibira vavakidzani.

Horde zvakare yakarwisa Pereyaslavl kwavabati muna 1061. nguva ino akanga dzichapambwa uye akaparadza vanhuwo zvavo vakawanda misha kuzvidzivirira. MuArabhu kwamboitwa muhubatwa Russia kwenguva refu. Mabhiza avo vakanga vachitya chando, mukuwedzera, mhuka yaifanira zvokudya. Naizvozvo, vachirwisa vakaitwa muchirimo kana chirimo. Pashure yokumbozorora nokuda matsutso uye muchando kumaodzanyemba vaenzi kuuya shure.

kukundwa Yaroslavichy

Kutamburira nezvombo machinda Russian Polovtsy pakutanga haana hurongwa. Vatongi zvemisoro vasingagoni kurwisana voga makuru mapoka. Izvi akaita inokosha chibvumirano pakati pamachinda Russian. Vanakomana Yaroslava Mudrogo vakakwanisa pachavo, saka nguva yavo kwakanga kusina nezvinetso Kufambisa yezviito.

Muna 1068 iri kukupfura kukabatanidzwa Yaroslavichy akasangana inowanzorimwa nehondo yakanga ichitungamirirwa Polovtsian Khan Sharukan. Site hondo yakanga pamahombekombe Alta River pedyo Pereyaslavl. Machinda akavhuniwa, vaifanira kukurumidza kutiza dzeminda. Pashure pehondo, uye Vsevolod Izyaslav akadzokera Kiev. Vaiva kana simba kana nzira yekuronga kufamba idzva Polovtsy. machinda Listlessness kwakatungamirira kumukirawo chavagari, waneta kuramba yokurwiswa inowanzorimwa, uye vaona kukundikana vatungamiri vavo kuti vanoshora chinhu ichi kutyisidzira inotyisa. Kiyani akadana Gungano Popular. Residents akabvunza zviremera simba vagari vanhuwo. Apo sarudzo kuteerera, kugutsikana Vakaputsa musha vatongi. Prince Izyaslav aifanira kuhwanda mambo wePolish.

Zvichakadaro Polovtsian vachirwisa musi Russia mberi. Pasina munun'una wake Izyaslav Svyatoslav pakuri 1068 inowanzorimwa akakundwa panguva Hondo Snov rwizi. Sharukan yakatorwa. kukunda ichi vokutanga vakabvumira kuti nguva remadza yacho muArabhu.

Cumans mubasa machinda

Kunyange zvazvo Polovtsian vachirwisa zvikanyarara, inowanzorimwa akazviratidzazve paivhu Russian. Chikonzero ichi ndechokuti muArabhu vakatanga kuhaya machinda Russian akarwa mumwe ari internecine kurwisana. Chiitiko chokutanga kwakadaro kwakaitika muna 1076. Mwanakomana Vsevolod Yaroslavovych Vladimir Monomah Polovtsy pamwe dzakaparadzwa munyika Polotsk Prince Vseslav.

Mugore iroro Svyatoslav pamberi kubatikana Kiev, akafa. rufu rwake Izyaslav kudzoka guru kamwe zvakare kuva muchinda. Chernihiv (nhaka nhaka Svyatoslav) paaimhanyisana Vsevolod. Saka, hama vakasiya vazukuru vavo Oleg Roman, pasina nyika, ravakanga vapiwa baba vake. vana Svyatoslav aiva squads dzavo. Asi navo kundorwa Polovtsy. MuArabhu kazhinji kundorwa panguva kudaidzwa machinda, kunyange pasina kukumbira mubayiro, somubayiro vakagamuchira panguva Kumanikidza misha murunyararo uye maguta.

Zvisinei, kwomubatanidzwa uyu aiva nengozi. Kunyange muna 1078 Izyaslav Svyatoslavichy vakakundwa panguva Hondo Nezhatina Field (Kiev gavhuna vakaurayiwa nechiito), nokukurumidza Prince Roman akanga pachake akauraya Polovtsy, yaakakudanirai shure kwake.

Kucheka pa Stugna

Panoperera XI - pakutanga XII remakore. huru murwi pamwe inowanzorimwa kukanganisa raiva Vladimir Monomakh. Polovtsi akasarudza kusimbisa zvakagumiswa pacharo muna 1092, apo kurwarisisa Vsevolod, uyo akazotonga muKiev. MuArabhu kazhinji akarwisa Russia, apo nyika yakapiwa asina simba kana kuti yave simba. Iyi nguva polovtsy vakasarudza kuti Vsevolod chirwere arege kutendera vanhu Kiev kuunganidza simba uye kuti vadzivise kurwiswa.

Wokutanga kubvuta akaramba kurangwa. Kumano, kukashora, chinyararire vakadzokera nzvimbo muArabhu zvavo chando. Zvadaro anotungamirirwa hikes Tugorkan Khan uye Khan Bonyak. Simba yakakuwandira inowanzorimwa pashure yakareba yokumbozorora chakaitwa zvichibvira pashure makore mashoma vakaparadzirwa mapoka coalesced akapoteredza vatungamiri vaviri.

All nyasha Polovtsy. Muna 1093 Vsevolod Yaroslavich akafa. In Kiev akatanga kutonga muzukuru ruzivo mushakabvu, Sviatopolk Yaroslavovich. Tugorkan pamwe mhirizhonga ake rakakombwa Torchesk - guta rinokosha muna Poros kumaodzanyemba kumiganhu Russia. Nokukurumidza Kudzivirira akadzidza pedyo zvokuyamura. machinda Russian panguva vakakanganwa pamusoro yakawiriranwa kutaura imwe uye vakaunganidza kukupfura vavo rwendo kuenda murenje. Muuto uyu vaiva echiShinto Svyatopolka Izyaslavovicha, Vladimir Monomakh uye munun'una wake Rostislav Vsevolodovich.

United kukupfura vakakundwa muhondo yoRwizi Stugna, wakaitwa May 26, 1093. Wokutanga akarova vakauya Polovtsian vanhu Kiev, izvo kumbozununguka uye vakatiza hondo. Shure pavo akavhuniwa Chernigov. Varwi vakanga wakarovererwa kurwizi. Masoja akauya kukurumidza kuyambuka rwizi chaipo dzokurwa. Vakawanda vavo vari nyore vakanyudzwa, kusanganisira Rostislav Gromov. Vladimir Monomakh akaedza kuponesa mukoma wake, asi haana kukwanisa kumubatsira kuwana kubva Inotubuka yorwizi Stugna. Mushure mukuwana Cumans vakadzokera Torchesk uye pakupedzisira akatora guta. The kutsigira wakakombwa mapfumo. Vakaenda navo kure, uye guta rakanga riri nomoto. Nhoroondo Kievan Rus hwakanganiswa zvikuru inotyisa uye unorema vakakurirwa.

Backstab

Pasinei inorema nezvinhu, kurwisana machinda Russian Polovtsy mberi. Muna 1094, anoramba kurwira kwababa nhaka Oleg Svyatoslavovych rakakombwa Monomakh muna Chernigov. Vladimir II vakasiya guta, achibva wakapiwa muArabhu ari zvaibiwa kwakaenderera. Mushure zvichemo Chernigov vachinetsana Oleg chapera. Zvisinei, nokukurumidza vakakomba Pereyaslavl Polovtsy uye akaonekwa pasi masvingo Kiev. Inowanzorimwa akatora mukana kusavapo kumaodzanyemba simba zvikwata, vakaenda kuchamhembe kutora chikamu mune imwe daka pamusoro Rostov nyika. In hondo yakauraya mwanakomana Vladimir Monomakh, Murom Prince Izyaslav. Zvichakadaro Tugorkan akanga atova pedyo kuti kutora Pereyaslavl nenzara.

Panguva yokupedzisira kununura kukupfura akasvika muguta, achibva kurutivi rwokumusoro. It akatungamirira Vladimir Monomakh uye Svyatopolk Izyaslavovich. Hondo inokosha akatora nzvimbo parwizi Trubezh July 19, 1096. machinda Russian pakupedzisira akaputsa Polovtsy. Yaiva guru rokutanga kubudirira necheSalvic chombo iri kunetsana pamwe inowanzorimwa vanogara mumakore 30 apfuura. Pasi simba nokurova polovtsy akapararira. Vachidzingirira uyu nemwanakomana wake akafa Tugorkan. Gore rakatevera, pashure mukuwana Trubezh machinda Russian vakaungana akakurumbira Congress Liubech. Pamusangano uyu, Rurik akagadzirisa yacho nomukadzi. pakupedzisira nhaka nhaka mukupera Sviatoslav akadzokera kuvana vake. Zvino machinda aigona kunzwisisa dambudziko Polovtsian, sezvo akakurudzira Sviatopolk Izyaslavovich, izvo zviri pamutemo akaramba kunzi munhu mukuru.

Kuenda inowanzorimwa

Pakutanga, kurwisana machinda Russian Polovtsy Havapfuuri Russia. Squads vakaungana chete kana muArabhu pangozi necheSalvic nemisha. nzira iyi zvave isashande. Kunyange kana Cumans vakakundwa, vakadzokera kwavo inowanzorimwa, kamwe zvakare kuwana simba, uye pashure penguva vakayambuka muganhu zvakare.

Monomakh aiziva kuti zvinopesana muArabhu vanoda nzira vangasimudzira itsva. Muna 1103 Rurik akasangana unotevera guruundano pamhenderekedzo Lake Dolobskogo. Pamusangano, rakaitwa wemauto asarudza kuenda kuhondo muna inowanzorimwa, iri nzvimbo inogara muvengi. Saka vakatanga rutsigiro rwemauto machinda Russian munzvimbo Polovtsian muArabhu. Mushandirapamwe yakanga wakapindwa Svyatopolk Kiev, Davyd Svyatoslavovych Chernigov, Vladimir Monomakh, Davyd Vseslavovich Polotsk uye mugari wenhaka Monomakh Jaropolk Vladimirovich. Mushure vakawanda Kuunganidzwa Pereslavl hondo Russian vakapinda inowanzorimwa mukutanga chitubu 1103. Machinda kurumidza, achitarisira nekukurumidza kuti zvokubata muvengi. Polovtsian mabhiza vaida refu zororo pashure yapfuura danidziro. Muna March, vakanga vachiri saibva, kuti kunge ruoko necheSalvic kukupfura.

Nhoroondo Kievan Rus vasingazivi pokurwa yakadaro. Kumaodzanyemba kwaiva kwete vamabhiza, asi guru vaifamba namakumbo. Machinda kuvimba naye kana vamabhiza iri vaneta pashure rurefu. Cumans, kudzidza pamusoro tisingatarisiri kusvika romuvengi, vakanga pakarepo akaunganidzawo nehondo vasanganiswa. Iye akamira kumusoro Khan Urusoba. Hondo dzake dzinondiunganira vakauya mumwe 20 inowanzorimwa kwavatungamiriri vakuru vehondo. Hondo inokosha kwakaitika April 4, 1103 pamahombekombe erwizi Suteni. Cumans vakakundwa. Vakawanda machinda avo vakaurayiwa kana akabatwa. Vakaurayiwa uye Urusoba. The kukunda akabvumira Sviatopolk kuvakazve guta St. George riri parwizi ros, uyo yakapiswa shure muna 1095 uye kwemakore akawanda yakanga isina pasina vagari.

Muchirimo 1097 yokutanga Cumans zvakare akaenda kurwisa. Han akatungamirira kukombwa guta Bonyak Lubena kuva Pereyaslavl kwavabati. Svyatopolk uye Monomakh pamwe vakaputsa mauto ake, akasangana naye murwizi Sula. Bonyak vakatiza. Kunyange zvakadaro, rugare kwakanga kusimba. Mune ramangwana, uto danidziro machinda Russian vakanga akadzokorora (katatu 1109 -. 1111 gg). Vose vakabudirira. Polovtsy aitofanira tama kubva miganhu Russian. Vamwe vavo vakatotamira kune North eCaucasus. Kwemakumi emakore maviri, Russia akatokanganwa pamusoro kutyisidzira Polovtsian. Sezvineiwo, muna 1111, Vladimir Monomakh akaita chirongwa yakafanana kushingirira yevaKaturike muPalestine. Hondo pamusoro Eastern Slavs uye Polovtsian aivawo zvechitendero. MuArabhu vaiva vahedheni ( "kuchena" iri yaMakoronike akavadana). Saizvozvowo mauto 1111 Russian asvika Don. The rwizi yaiva mutsetse wake wokupedzisira. Vakanga akabatwa uye vakapamba guta Polovtsian NPGs uye Sharukan muArabhu apo dzose chando.

nharaunda refu

Muna 1113, Vladimir Monomakh akava Muchinda Kiev. Naye uye mwanakomana wake Mstislav (kusvika 1132), Russia Wakapedzisira raiva chete uye kubatana kwemunhu. Polovtsi haana hanya kana Kiev kana Pereyaslavl, kana chimwe East guta. Zvisinei, pashure pokufa Mstislav Vladimirovich pakati machinda akawanda Russian vakatanga kukakavadzana pamusoro kodzero chigaro. Munhu achida Kiev, mumwe munhu akanga kurwira rusununguko mune mamwe mapurovhinzi. Muhondo pakati pavo Rurik vakatanga zvakare vakabhadhara Polovtsian.

Somuenzaniso, Yury Dolgoruky, uyo akatonga Rostov, kashanu ne muArabhu akakomba "mai mumaguta Russian." Polovtsi kuitika mune hondo muna Galicia-Volyn kwavabati. Muna 1203 vakanga pasi murayiro Rurik Rostislavovich akakunda uye sacked Kiev. Zvadaro, muna guru rekare Roman ushe Mstislavovich Prince Galitsky.

kuchengetedzwa wezvokutengeserana

In XI-XII CC. polovtsy kwete nguva dzose yakarwisa Russia iri kudana mumwe wamachinda. In nguva apo pakanga pasina imwe nzira kutorera uye muuraye muArabhu nemaune vakarwisa necheSalvic nemisha uye maguta. Panguva Kiev Prince Mstislav Izyaslavoviche (vakatonga 1167-1169 gg.) Kokutanga muupenyu refu yave vakarongeka uye vakaita kufora iri inowanzorimwa. Squads vakatumirwa mu anongofamba nzvimbo, kwete chete kuti kudzivirira muchinjikwa-pamuganhu kugarwa, asiwo kuponesa Dnieper kutengeserana. Vashambadzi kwemazana emakore vakanakidzwa nzira kubva VaViking kuvaGiriki, umo nhumbi vakaponeswa Byzantine. Uyezve, vatengesi Russian vakanga vachitengesa kuchamhembe nefuma weConstantinople, unounza zvakawanda haibatsiri kumachinda. Gurusvusvu makororo aiva kugara pangozi chinokosha Exchange ichi nhumbi. Saka, chikamu Russian-Polovtsian hondo vakanga kwakakonzerwa mumwe uye zvoupfumi zvido vatongi Kiev.

Muna 1185, Muchinda Novgorod-Severskogo Igor Svyatoslavovich rimwe rwendo kuenda murenje. Pausiku paiva kuora kwezuva, iyo vakararama anoonekwa sechiratidzo yakaipa. Pasinei neizvi, kukupfura achiri vakapinda inogara pakati Polovtsy. Uto ichi vakakundwa, uye muchinda akabatwa. Events danidziro akaumba hwaro "Lay". chinyorwa ichi zvino nezvenzvimbo inokosha Monument mabhuku Old Russian.

The chidzoke of eMongolia

Ukama Slavs uye Polovtsian kweanenge maviri emakore vakaiswa dzose alternation hondo uye runyararo. Zvisinei, muna XIII remakore, Unorudzi yakasimbiswa anopararira. Muna 1222, munyika Eastern Europe, ivo eMongolia kuoneka. Gurusvusvu nezvaizoita muArabhu nechekare yakakunda China uye ikozvino vakatamira kumavirira.

Hike 1222-1223 gg. It chaiva muedzo uye chaizvoizvo njere. Asi kunyange ipapo, uye Cumans, uye Russian vakanzwa vasingabatsiri pamberi muvengi itsva. vanhu ava vaviri, kunyanya nguva dzose ari kurwa mumwe, asi nguva ino akasarudza kuita pamwe chete kuzorwa nedivi mupikisi. Muhondo hondo Kalka-Polovtsian Russian akatambura unorema kukundwa. Vakaurayiwa zviuru varwi. Zvisinei, pashure kukunda pakati eMongolia pakarepo akadzoka uye vakaenda kumisha yavo.

Zvaiita kuti dutu kwapfuura. All akatanga kurarama akafanana pamberi: machinda vakanga vachirwa mumwe, Cumans vakapamba wokumusoro nemisha. Pashure pemakore mashomanana rusina kutandara Polovtsian uye Russian airangwa. Muna 1236 iri eMongolia inotungamirwa muzukurukomana Genghis Khan kuti Batu akatanga kwavo kukuru kudii kumadokero. nguva ino vakaenda kunyika dziri kure kuti chozvikunda. First Polovtsi dzakapatsanurwa, ipapo sacked Mongolian Russ. Horde asvika muBalkans, uye pane chete wakadzoka. New muArabhu vakagara pamberi ari Polovtsian inowanzorimwa. Zvishoma nezvishoma, vanhu vaviri vakanga kutombozivikanwa muchiKristu. Zvisinei, sezvo yakazvimirira simba polovtsy nayo akanyangarika muna 1230-1240 raMwari. Zvino, Russia aifanira kukurira zvikuru muvengi anotyisa.