Full mari, ivo vakasiyana chakaremara

Money - waifarirwa nerokuti zvinhu uye mabasa ngozi. Kune mhando dzakawanda vavo: mari uye asiri mari, chakaremara uye azere mari. Nenzira, vakawanda kududzirwa zita rinotaura pamusoro Turkic kwakabva shoko, apo mari dzainzi Tenge.

Nhoroondo wezvokutengeserana ukama

rakanga rizere mari pamberi, vanhu vanoshandisa ita mutengano, ndiko kuti, rakananga kuchinjana kwenhumbi. Kana subsistence upfumi akatanga outgrow mukurima, kwaidiwa kuti imwe chinokosha zvakafanana, iyo refu akashanda se zvinhu zvakasiyana siyana - .. Furs, mombe, maparera, nezvimwewo, zvichienderana nenzvimbo yacho. Zvadaro, sirivha negoridhe akava mari - kutanga mbariro, uye ipapo mari.

Zvaiva nyore chaizvo kuti vamwe zvinhu vaiva nokukurumidza nemhepo uye sezvo mari varega kushandisa. Complete mari kubva anokosha nesimbi aiva nyore kuchengeta nokuda diki kukura uye uremu, haagoni kukuvaradzwa kana kumwe simba majeure, zvakadai kwematehwe. Uye vakanga zvinodhura, izvo zviri nyore chaizvo kuti kugoverana.

Izvi akatanga

Zvino, exchange kwenhumbi rakakamurwa zviviri zvakaenzana mativi: kutanga unofanira kutengesa wako ngavawane mari yakazara, uye ipapo kutenga kurudyi, atova neimwe nzvimbo, uye pashure penguva waunoda. Mashandiro anoita mari kuva yakazvimirira chichingoitwa. Manufacturers nhumbi rirambe navo kutarisira nani inivhesitimendi. Saka akasimuka ndokutanga kukura mari ukama hwavo, umo maiva mukana kuunganidza kuti vatenge, zvikwereti, uye chikwereti nokuripira.

Somugumisiro iyi, mari uye nenhumbi vava akazvimirira kufamba, asi hazvina mugumo. Zvikuru nyaya dzatinofanira uye kunyange mukuru rusununguko yawana rwemari yakaiswa, kana isu akagamuchira Kudzimwa yavo zvakanyorwa tigutsikane nendarama, sezvo mari dzakazara.

Mienzaniso yose maoko. Paper uye simbi (kwete goridhe kana sirivha), mari, mumatanda, zvisungo, etc., - .. Ko kuti pachako mutengo wayo haasi. Saka Banknotes vakanga chaibwinya azvaitwa turnover uye pasinei nokupa goridhe.

mhando

Species mari chaizvo, aine vakawanda subspecies uye kubatanidza dzavo dzakasiyana siyana. Kusiyana zviripo zvinhu mhando mari, uye iri mubishi wokufambisa, uye kushandisa, uye Registered mari uye shanduro yaibvira imwe mhando mari kune mumwe. History yave kuzivikanwa mhando ina huru:

• chikwereti;
• fiatnye;
• inopiwa;
• chinokosha.

Okupedzisira mhando mbiri zvichengetedzwe zviri kushanda somushumiri mari dzakazara. Mienzaniso iri title: zviri mari chaiyo, zvechokwadi, chaiye, dzinongoitika - chinokosha uye yakasimbiswa.

Izvi zvinosanganisira neShanduro zvose, ndiko, zvinogadzirwa kuti ega utility uye kukosha, uyewo mari esimbi (zviyo, mombe, uye zvichingodaro.) - mhangura, ndarira, sirivha, negoridhe - kuti ine yayo dzakazara. Yakasimbiswa chete inogona vakatsinhanisa kuti imwe mari rwerudyi chigadzirwa kana mari, kureva vari pakutanga nhengo chinokosha mari. Zvikonzero kuchinja kubva mari kumusoro-mugiredhi kuti chakaremara nokuda chichiitwa kukura ukama chinokosha-mari.

chakaremara mari

Nyepera, akatema, bepa, mari chiratidzo dzinonzi muduku nokuti pachavo maturo uye pasina ndima ukoshi zvinoenderana. Ivo chete vane zvimwe zvinhu: hurumende inogona kutora navo chero kukwanisa kubhadhara iri munharaunda yayo, kusanganisira mitero. Rinotaura uye mari yakawanikwa mabhanga - asiri mari uye zvikwereti mari sezvo imwe nzira yakashongedzwa zvikwereti - kuchengetedzeka. Kuti ichi ndicho okufananidza hunhu mukuru wegiredhi uye mari chakaremara.

Tine private rakazara mari nokuita rokutenga simba, iyo raiita avo mukati ukoshi (chinokosha uye mari), uye panguva yayo mari hapana chakaremara. It hartalny kana quasi-mari, asi uko anogona richengetwe kana kwete.

shepi

Urongwa Currency simbi kana hazvo anopa mumiririri ukoshi, ndicho nechiyero rokutenga simba, kana chakaremara inogona vakatsinhanisa kuti mari dzakazara. Unsecured Saka haagoni vakatsinhanisa nendarama kana nedzimwe simbi, dzimwe mari, asi ivo ndivo mari, kana pane kuziva kwavo uye kutendeseka pamusoro chikamu varimi.

Hartalnye nemhando mari - nayo rinotsigirwa neHurumende vasingakoshi. In mazwi kwavo framework pamutemo uye pane kukudzwa. Somuenzaniso, paper. Vakanga kutanga kushandiswa China kubva muzana remakore rechigumi nematatu. Uye kushandisa mari mukuru-mugiredhi muRussia kusvikira pakutonga Catherine Guru, iyo akatanga rugwaro muna 1769.

bepa mari

Paper mari iri isina, zvinenge nguva kwakabatana mitengo, kusunungura kwavari inobata kwete chete kudikanwa riparadzirwe, asi vasiri zvibereko mari. Nature azere mari zvikuru anokwezva, kunyange navo zvakawanda kuoma zvemari rinoshamisa. Depreciation chaizvoizvo kunoderedza rokutenga simba pachinhu yemabasa, nenhumbi, uye ipapo, uye Retail uye Wholesale mitengo kumuka.

Regulation wechiGeorgian bepa mari zvakaoma. Musiyano mari inoshandiswa dzavo uye aizviti ukoshi anopa mari kuti hurumende iri muchimiro womumwe. Zvisinei, kuti depreciation mari anomanikidzwa redistribute National mari, mari haizorambi dzechokwadi.

Cash uye asiri mari

Money rakaitirwa mumaoko avanhu, kushumira Retail kutengeserana, kubhadhara siyana uye Masvomhu, - mari. Izvi mapepa ndiro uye simbi mari, achipfuura kubva ruoko kuisa kwavo dzinongoitika chimiro. Kuvhura chete - yose unorema mari mubhangi nyaya. Dzinonzi chikwereti kana dhipoziti mari kubhengi chinja.

Zimukadzimu - okuti nechokunze imwe mhando mari. Kureva, avo chimiro iri kusiyaniswa maererano mabasa yavanobata. Zvingava mari, zvemagetsi, asiri mari, macheki, deposits, zvikwereti, wevimbiso manotsi, zvikwereti, uyewo mari pepa simbi mari.

Vari shure anenge asina mari dzakazara, avo zvakanakira nekuipira havana kuenzana, nokuti anenge hazviiti kuti ishande, nokuti zvose rakatsiga zvavo. Kunyange zvakadaro, izvozvo akapa kwavari mari zvose chakaremara.

History Mari

Nokuti mari yakazara ndivo simbi kunyanya anokosha. Vakatanga chemindi mari muzana remakore rechinomwe BC muAsia Minor. Vaiva kumativi mureza vara, apo coinage muenzaniso kwakagonesa chaiyo mutengo. Mari nokukurumidza akava nokudenga nzira mukutsinhana muna Old World.

Gold uye sirivha pacharo inokosha, saka zvinhu zvavo zvinogona kushandiswa chero nyika umo mari esimbi akaenda. Zvisinei, mumwe nomumwe mamiriro aiona basa rake kuti yayo mindi, saka kusimbisa uchangamire kwayo. mari iyi yaiva yechokwadi sezvo aizviti kukosha mari iri zvachose kunoenderana mutengo chaiye simbi, iro rave kushandiswa kwayo mukugadzira.

chikwereti mari

chimiro ichi mari akazviratidza zvikuru gare gare, apo yezvokutengeserana kurimwa watopiwa akavaka, uye kutenga uye kutengesa aiva nomukana kuitwa nechikwereti - muripo noruoko Yakabudiswa. The chidzoke chikwereti mari nokuti kuti kushandura inokosha kushanda mari: senzira muripo, vakatanga kuita sezvo kuzvipira kubhadhara zvikwereti nenguva. ukama kwakadaro echibvumirano uye pakutengeswa angadai zvisingabviri pasina kunyatsogadzikana ukama chinokosha-mari. Chii yamunenge kushandisa, kana paine mari zvakazara uye chakaremara? Kuenzanisa zvakajeka kwete nyasha yaimbova.

The chikuru chinoratidza pavo kuti varege anobudiswa chaiyo zvinodiwa chaiyo turnover. Akapa chikwereti pamusoro rubatso (chero mhando mumatanda, somuenzaniso), ipapo chikwereti iri kubhadharwa pamwe kugara kuderera nechiyero. Saka kwakabatana Vhoriyamu achishandisa muripo, akapa kuti anokwereta uye kudiwa chairo mari turnover.

mari yayo ukoshi achiposa vasiri, ari kupfuura chiratidzo kuti anoratidza kukosha chinokosha-nerokuti. Nzira kukura zvikwereti ukama kwakanga sokuvapo achichinja kubva mari kumusoro-mugiredhi kuti chakaremara: wevimbiso manotsi, akagamuchira bhiri, Banknotes, macheki, makadhi, uye pakupedzisira, zvemagetsi mari.

bhiri

The mhando chikwereti mari yokutanga yaiva bhiri yakauya pamwechete chimiro kutengeserana, izvo zvakapa kuti muripo kubudikidza Yakabudiswa. It dzakatangira vazvinyora isiyo mutoro, izvo chikwereti akavimbisa kubhadhara zvizere chitsama vakabvumirana kwenguva uye pane imwe nzvimbo.

Bill mano uye transferable. Chokutanga nekanzuru nechikwereti, mukweretesi uye yechipiri rakapa uye akatuma kuno wakatora chikwereti kuti akadzokera nacho siginicha yake. Gare gare, kwakanga pfuma mabhiri nekanzuru hurumende kufukidza bhajeti dhefisiti, uyewo bhiri noushamwari kuti prescribes mumwe munhu kune imwe nokuti nhoroondo iri mubhengi, uye, mukuwedzera, aishandisa zvikwereti yendarira, havana dzokutengesa nhau. Kana mubhengi anobvuma muripo vimbiso wakabudiswa kugamuchirwa bhiri.

The maitiro zviri zvinorondedzerwa kuchengetedzeka mhando hadzioneki (mhando kutengeserana kusingajekeswi), hapana mubvunzo (muripo ndiko chikwereti kwairayirwa, kunyange kana runodiwa vatevedzere chiito pashure kupikiswa zvikwereti), uptake (Giro kana tsigiro, ipapo pangava kuchinjwa rugwaro pachinzvimbo nzira muripo, kana zvichibvira offsetting ). Zvinonzi zvakare dzinoratidzwa ndechokuti bhiri anogamuchira chete basa Wholesale kutengeserana, apo nengaidzo iri akaripa kure mune mari, uye kuti vabatwe bhiri nechokuita vashoma vanhu.

bhiri

State Central Bank nyaya chikwereti mari - Banknotes. Kare, vaifanira nechokwadi miviri - uye vezvokutengeserana nendarama zvinovimbisa. Wokutanga akataura kupa ezvokutengeserana bepa chokuita turnover uye wechipiri mari Exchange unovimbisa goridhe. Izvi zvinonzi manotsi chekare, zvikuru kugadzikana uye hwakavimbika.

Of bhiri bhiri anosiyana zhinji pfungwa. Chekutanga, maererano vakura, nekuti bhiri - a wevimbiso katsamba neumwe nguva, uye bhiri - kwete. Chechipiri, pasi vimbiso, sezvo bhiri iri rakapa neimwe entrepreneur uye akatsigira chete zvinovimbisa ake pachake, zvinovimbisa manotsi uye nechepakati pamahombekombe, ndiwo mamiriro.

Classical mari, izvo zvinogona vakatsinhanisa chinokosha simbi, zvinogona kupatsanurwa kubva mari bepa iri parameters mana.

1. Origin. Uye Banknotes nebepa mari akazviratidza kubva mashandiro mari, asi vapedzisira ndivo nzira wokufambisa, uye wokutanga - nzira muripo.
2. achine nzira. Paper Money Prints Bazi Finance uye mabhiri - musimboti bhengi.
3. Reflexivity. Paper mari haina rikadzokera mugadziri, kusiyana Banknotes, izvo pamusoro expiry pamusoro bhiri zvavanopa anopa, musimboti bhengi paanodzoka.
4. Bargaining. Classical bhiri iri vakatsinhanisa nesirivha kana goridhe, asi hapana mari mapepa.

Asi zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti mumazuva ano Banknotes haana vakatsinhanisa nendarama, uye kwete nguva dzose kuti vawanire. Ivo dziripo chete mumwe chiremera uye mari paruzhinji kuti.

dhipoziti

Deposits akadana kunyora nhamba iri nhoroondo mutengi yarwo. Kana akauya rugwaro kuti ndizvidavirire - yakarekodwa anooneka. The Bank haadi kubhadhara mabhiri kuti mharidzo rugwaro zvokutsinhanisa, pachinzvimbo rinovhura nhoroondo, kubva pazviri anoita muripo noruoko debiting imwe mari.

Deposit mari zviri nyore pane kuti vanobvumira kuti kuunganidza mari kuburikidza mubereko, izvo yaunganidzwa kuchinjwa mari kubhengi kwenguva pfupi kushandiswa. Chiyero mari deposits angava, asi kuva svikiro wokufambisa - kwete. Muna okubhengi, uyewo panguva bhiri, hunyambiri zvisikwa. Izvi zvose mari-guru, uye kubhadharwa mudziyo.

cheki

Macheki dzinoitwa kunze muridzi nhoroondo chikwereti sangano kuti akaripira akati mari kunowaibata check. Mhando muripo Gwaro zvikuru zvizhinji. Personal macheki hazvigoni kune mumwe munhu, kuti hurongwa - anogona.

Mutakuri zvinoda zvikuru nomubati wenhumbi Nemutengo muripo, muripo kushandiswa zvachose vasiri mari Masvomhu, uye akagamuchira pamahombekombe yaizogara mvumo muripo. Musimboti check ndechokuti inzira kuwana zvimwe yakawanda mari yokugadzirisa nayo uye cashless muripo.