Alexei Gorky. Bamba Gorky. Aleksey Maksimovich Peshkov: Biography, okugadzira zvinhu

Kana mukakumbira: "Munofungei pamusoro basa Alekseya Gorkogo", vanhu vashoma chaizvo vachakwanisa kupindura mubvunzo uyu. Uye hazvisi nokuti vanhu ava havana kuverenga, uye nokuda kuti havasi vose vanoziva uye yeuka kuti ichi chinhu chinozivikanwa munyori Bamba Gorky. Uye kana ukasarudza kunyanya kuomesa basa, bvunza pamusoro mabasa Alekseya Peshkova. Pano chaizvo vashoma uchayeuka kuti ndiro zita chairo Alekseya Gorkogo. Yakanga isingori munyori asiwo chinoshingaira nomukurumbira. Sezvaunoziva, tichakurukura nezvemuchato National zvechokwadi munyori - Bamba Gorky.

Children uye vechidiki

Makore oupenyu Gorky (Peshkov) Alekseya Maksimovicha - 1868-1936. Vakasvika inokosha nhoroondo nguva. Biography Alekseya Gorkogo risingakanganwiki, kutanga vazhinji achiri muduku. The musha guta munyori kuna Nizhny Novgorod. baba vake, Bamba Peshkov, akanga achitarisira mumwe steamship kambani, akafa ava namakore 3 chete okuberekwa. Pakafa amai Alesha murume vakaroorwazve. Hazvina, paaiva nemakore 11 okuberekwa. Humwe dzidzo muduku Alexei akavimbiswa kuroorwa sekuru.

Ndichiri mukomana ane makore 11 okuberekwa, munyori ramangwana "enda vanhu" - iye vaiwana zvokudya zvake. Ndiani anoita iye chete kwete kushanda: paiva mubiki, mutumwa kushanda muchitoro, mumwe dishwasher iri rokubika. Kusiyana shure sekuru, mbuya aiva mukadzi akanaka uye mutendi uye munhu storyteller kukuru. Zvakanga iye makanyatsomudzidzisa Maksimu Gorkomu rudo kuverenga.

Muna 1887, munyori anoedza kuzviuraya, yaachabva anobatana anorema manzwiro anokonzerwa mashoko ambuya afa. Sezvineiwo, akapona - the bara haana yarova mwoyo, asi ukama nomumapapu, izvo zvakakonzera matambudziko pamwe kufema maitiro.

Upenyu munyori yemberi akanga akaoma, uye haana kukwanisa kumira, pamba. Mukomana vakadzungaira zvizhinji vakapoteredza nyika, ndaona chokwadi upenyu, asi chishamiso vakakwanisa kuchengeta nokutenda Man yakanaka. Anorondedzera hwake uduku mumba sekuru vake "Childhood" - chikamu chake autobiographical trilogy yokutanga.

Muna 1884, Alexei Gorky akaedza kupinda University of Kazan, asi nekuda mamiriro avo emari achaziva kuti izvi hazvibviri. Panguva iyi, munyori ramangwana anotanga gravitate kune kudanana uzivi, maererano iyo, murume akakwana haina kufanana murume chaiye. Panguva iyoyowo, iye akasangana Marxist dzidziso uye akava mutsigiri pfungwa itsva.

The pakuonekwa imwe ainziwo

Muna 1888, mumwe munyori kwenguva pfupi nguva akasungirwa ine chokuita Marxist denderedzwa N. Fedoseyev. Muna 1891 akasarudza kutanga rwendo kuburikidza Russia uye pakupedzisira akakwanisa kusvika eCaucasus. Aleksey Maksimovich kunoramba kuita kuzvidzora dzidzo, achiponesa uye vawedzere zivo yavo muminda siyana. Akabvuma kuita chero basa uye zvose ndaviga pamaonero avo, vakabva akaonekwa tanga nyaya yake. Zvadaro, akadana nguva iyi "University My".

Muna 1982, Gorky vakadzokera kumisha yavo uye kuti avo matanho okutanga ari mabhuku mumunda ari munyori akawanda dzematunhu dzeChechi. Kokutanga rekunyepedzera yake "Gorky" akazviratidza mugore iroro mupepanhau "Tiflis", yakabudiswa nyaya yake "Makar Chudra".

Ainziwo haana kusarudzwa nemasanga: aireva upenyu "chinovava," Russian uye kuti munyori achanyora chete chokwadi, pasinei zvinovava zvingava. Bamba Gorky akaona upenyu vanhuwo zvavo uye vasingagoni waro yokuchengetera zvinhu hunhu kufuratira kusaruramisira kuti yave iri chikamu makirasi vakapfuma.

Early basa uye kubudirira

Alexei Gorky kushanda anoparadzirwa, nokuti iyo akanga pasi dzose kutarisira mapurisa. With Korolenko muna 1895 nyaya yake "Chelkash" rakadhindwa muna kupfuura magazini Russian. Zvichitevera aidhindwa "Old Isergil", "Rwiyo Nezvorukodzi," "vaimbova vanhu". Vakanga vasiri kunyanya kubva mabhuku nemaonero, asi ivo vari zvakanaka maererano zvitsva maonero enyika.

Muna 1898 akasunungura rake rinonzi "Essays uye Stories", iro akabudirira kunoshamisa, uye Bamba Gorky akagamuchira-Russian zvose kuzivikanwa. Regai nyaya ake akanga asina kwazvo zvinoyevedza, asi ivo wairatidza upenyu nevanhuwo, kubva pasi wake akauya Alekseyu Peshkovu kuzivikanwa sezvo chete munyori uyo anonyora pamusoro rezasi kirasi. Panguva iyoyo, akanga akakurumbira zvikuru sezvo L. N. NdiTolstoy uye A. P. Chehov.

Munguva kubva 1904 kusvika 1907 zvakanyorwa mutambo "vaFiristia", "The Lower dzakadzika", "Vana Sun", "Summer Folk". mabasa ake ekare akanga asina pasocial wezwi, asi vatambi vane zvavo hunhu mhando uye rinokosha mafungiro kuupenyu, riri chaizvo sezvinoita vaverengi.

echimurenga basa

Writer Alexei Gorky aiva kuchitsigira mutsigiri Marxist evanhu gutsaruzhinji, uye muna 1901 akanyora "Rwiyo Stormy Petrel", izvo zvaida kuti chimurenga. Nokuti kusimudzira yakazaruka echimurenga chiito, akasungwa uye vakaburitswa kubva Nizhny Novgorod. Muna 1902, Gorky vakasangana Lenin mugore iroro hwesarudzo kwake sezvo nhengo Imperial Academy of belles-lettres rakanga rarambidzwa.

Munyori aivawo murongi mukuru kubva 1901 aiva musoro kuzivisa imba "Zivo", iro rakabudiswa akanakisisa vanyori kumwedzi. Iye vakatsigira echimurenga kufamba kwete chete pakunamata, asi mari. The furati kumunyori kushandiswa senzvimbo dzimbahwe nokuda kuipandukira pamberi zviitiko zvinokosha. At ake mufurati St. Petersburg akatotaura Lenin. Pashure December kumukira nezvombo muna 1905 Maksim Gorky vachitya kusungwa panguva, vakasarudza kusiya Russia.

kurarama kwose

Alexei Gorky akaenda Finland uye kubva ikoko - kusvikira Western Europe uye United States, uko akaunganidza mari kundorwa Bolsheviks. Pakutanga, akamuchingamidza amiably: munyori svol kuziva Theodore Roosevelt uye Mark Twain. In America, zviri yakabudiswa akakurumbira yokufungidzira "Mother". Zvisinei, gare gare, vokuAmerica vakatanga ramba zviito ake enyika.

Munguva kubva 1906 kusvika 1907, Gorky akararama pachitsuwa Capri, apo vakaramba kutsigira Bolsheviks. Panguva imwe cheteyo, izvozvo anosika rinokosha dzidziso "mwari-kuvaka". Pfungwa yaiva kuti tsika tsika kupfuura enyika. pfungwa iyi yaiva hwaro "pupuro" yacho yokufungidzira. Kunyange zvazvo Lenin vakaramba dzidziso idzi, munyori akaramba kuvatevera.

Kudzokera Russia

Muna 1913, Aleksey Maksimovich vadzokera kunyika yokumusha kwavo. Panguva World War First, akarasikirwa nokutenda musimba murume. Muna 1917, ukama hwake pamwe kuipandukira pazvairamba, akanga mwoyo yevatungamiriri chimurenga.

Kunorwadza anoziva kuti kuedza ake ose kuzoponesa intelligentsia regai kusangana kwaiita Bolsheviks. Asi pashure chigaro Lenin muna 1918, iye anoona nezvavanotenda zvakaipa uye vakadzokera Bolsheviks. Muna 1921, pasinei mumusangano hwepedyo Lenin, haagoni kuzviponesa kubva kuurayiwa shamwari yake, mudetembi Nikolai Gumilyov. Pashure paizvozvo, akasiya Bolshevik Russia.

apiwa kuenda kumwe

Nezvokumutswa nokusimbaradza tibhii kurwisa Lenin uye chikumbiro kukurumidza kubva Gorky akasiya Russia kuItari, kuguta Sorrento. Ikoko apedza ake autobiographical trilogy. Nhapwa, munyori zviri 1928, asi anoramba kuramba nevanhu Soviet Union.

Iye akasasiya mabhuku basa, asi akanyora kare maererano itsva mabhuku nemiitiro. Pamusha akanyora yokufungidzira "The Artamonov Business" nyaya. Rakanga yatanga yakakura basa "The Life of Klim Samgin" kuti munyori haana nguva kupedzisa. Maererano nerufu Lenin, Gorky akanyora bhuku ndangariro pamusoro mutungamiri.

Dzokera kumba, uye makore okupedzisira oupenyu hwake

Alexei Gorky akawanda nzendo kuna Soviet Union, asi havana kugara. Muna 1928, panguva rwendo kunyika, akaratidzwa "pamberi" divi upenyu. Vachiyemura munyori akanyora essays Soviet Union.

Muna 1931 akadzokera Soviet Union zvakanaka panguva pachavo kukoka Stalin. Aleksey Maksimovich akaramba kunyora, asi pamabasa ake akarumbidza mufananidzo Stalin uye rose utungamiri, tisingatauri pamusoro dzakawanda udzvanyiriri. Chokwadi, mamiriro ezvinhu aya havana aenderane munyori, asi panguva mashoko zvinopesana kuzviremera, rishandiswe.

Muna 1934, mwanakomana Gorky akafa, uye June 18, 1936 pasi tsarukano, anofa kuguma Bamba Gorky pamberi. The wokupedzisira rwendo munyori National akaona kure utungamiri ose munyika. The urn namadota ake akavigwa Kremlin parusvingo.

Features muri Maksima Gorkogo

basa rake rakasiyana nemamwe mukuti zviri munguva pokuwa capitalism, akakwanisa zvakajeka kuratidza mamiriro kwenzanga kuburikidza rondedzero vanhuwo zvavo. Pashure pezvose, hapana munhu pamberi pake asina kutsanangura zvakadaro muudzame upenyu rezasi strata munzanga. Ndicho ichi chokwadi kupfeka rwekuita kirasi kwakaita kwaari vanhu rudo.

Kutenda kwake munhu anogona kuonekwa mangwanani mabasa ake, aitenda kuti munhu anogona achibatsirwa hwake hwomudzimu kuti chimurenga. Bamba Gorky akakwanisa nokubatanidza chokwadi shungu nokutenda tsika. Uye zvose izvi kuti anoita ake basa rinokosha, magamba - risingakanganwiki, uye vakawanda vakaita Gorky munyori kushanda.