Gill Maberere hove. Mabasa Gill namaberere

The nzira kufema hove ane mhando mbiri: mhepo uye mvura. kusiyana izvi vakasimuka uye vakakwana mukufamba shanduka, achifuridzirwa siyana zvimwewo zvinoitika. Kana hove chete mvura mhando kufema, izvi vakaita tichibatsirwa ganda uye gills. In hove, mhepo-kufema mhando kwacho rinoitwa kushandisa miviri nadzhabernyh, dzinoshambira dundira, bowel uye kuburikidza ganda. The chikuru nhengo pamusoro afemeruke, Chokwadi, ndiyo gills, uye navamwe - webetsero. Zvisinei, havasi kutsigira kana zvimwe miviri kuita yechipiri basa, uye kazhinji ndivo anokosha.

Kufema mhando hove

Cartilaginous uye hove mhou akasiyana nemamiriro Gill rinofukidza. Saka, aimbova vane partitions dakashwa slits, izvo anonyaradza kunze okutanga gills vakaparadzana maburi. masvingo izvi akafukidzwa dakashwa petals ukatakata uyewo imwe richikurukura midziyo ropa. maumbirwo uyu dakashwa cover vari zvakanaka nezvakaitwa mwaranzi uye Sharks.

Panguva iyoyowo, humboo mhando mhou septum kuderedzwa sezvo basa, sezvo dakashwa cover vari Mobile pachavo. Gill Maberere hove vanoita mashandiro kutsigirwa, uye zviri Gill filaments.

Gill basa. Gill namaberere

Chinonyanya kukosha kushanda gills Zvechokwadi, gasi exchange. Uchibatsirwa wavo woga okisijeni kubva mumvura, uye kwairi carbon dioxide inobvisa asunungurwa (carbon dioxide inobvisa). Asi vashoma vanoziva kuti gills hove kunobatsirawo kugoverana mvura uye sesaline nyaya. Saka, pashure kubudiswa mu kwezvakatipoteredza rinobva urea, amoniya, munyu mukutsinhana kunoitika pakati pemvura uye muviri hove, uye zvikurukuru azvinoita yavaibvisa ions.

Mukuita yemhindumupindu uye nadzurudzo pamusoro subgroups hove dakashwa midziyo chiri kushanduka. Saka, muna mhou gills hove Dzakafanana crests, mune cartilaginous ivo ine ndiro uye vane cyclostomes Sac zvinoumba gills. Zvichienderana nemamiriro kufema maitiro uye mamiriro yakasiyana, uyewo kushanda dakashwa chematenga hove.

mamiriro

The gills dziri kumativi nhengo in hove mhou uye waidzivirira nebutiro. Mumwe dakashwa ine Maberere shanu. Four dakashwa Maberere zvakazara kuumbwa, uye mumwe - wokugaya. Kubva kunze branchial arch zvakawanda convex kumativi arcs iri dakashwa filaments riwedzere, yakavakirwa cartilaginous mwaranzi. Gill Maberere vanoshumira mutsigiri vanomhanyisa lobes vanochengeta pamusoro yayo chawo vakasununguka micheto diverge nechomukati uye kunze panguva imwe rikwanise akachinjikana. On the dakashwa filaments pachavo vanonzi yechipiri mahwendefa vanosarudzirwa transversely akafukidza (kana petals, sezvo vari kunzi). Panguva gills ane kuwanda petals, hove dzakasiyana inogona kubva 14 kusvika 35 muzana millimeter, pane imwe nekukwirira asingapfuuri 200 microns. Ndivo chiduku kukura kuti avo upamhi asingadi kusvika kusvika 20 m.

The chikuru kushanda Gill Maberere

Gill chinhu chakakombama vertebrates anoshanda mashandiro ari Sefa mashandiro uchishandisa dakashwa rakers akaiswa pamusoro arc rakatarisana dzaiita zvokutaurwa mhango rehove. Izvi zvinoita kuti yokunonotsa kuturika mumuromo dziri mumvura mbiru, uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvinovaka tusingaoneki.

Zvichienderana chii anodya hove dakashwa rakers uyewo mutate; vari kwakavakirwa zvinosanganisira mapfupa kwamahwendefa. Saka, kana hove - chikara, zvino ane Stamens uye dziri kashoma kuti yakaderera uye hove kuti zvokudya bedzi pamusoro plankton mhenyu mvura mbiru, dakashwa rakers yakakwirira uye iri pakati. hove avo vari omnivores, Stamens vane paavhareji nzvimbo pakati zvikara uye planktivorous.

The kweropa maitiro ari pulmonary kutenderera

Gills hove openya vaaleanpunainen ruvara nokuda yakawanda ropa vafumiswa pamwe oxygen. Izvi imhaka kune zvikuru kutenderera kwacho. Ropa, riri zvakakodzera rokuvandudza okisijeni (venous), inounganidzwa kubva yose mutumbi hove uye abdominal yeropa anopinda Gill pamaberere. Abdominal yeropa bifurcates huviri Árbol tsinga, ichiteverwa arterial branchial yokufeva, izvo, akavapindurawo, akakamurwa vazhinji paddles arteries rakafukidza dakashwa filaments, akaronga pamwe romukati kumucheto cartilaginous mwaranzi. Asi ichi hachisi muganhu. Anopapama arteries pachavo vanokamurwa kuva vazhinji capillaries, vachivhara gobvu pajira riya yomukati uye dzokunze petals. The dhayamita of capillaries chiduku kuti akaenzana pamwero mukuru erythrocyte anotakura okisijeni kuti ropa. Saka dakashwa Maberere vanoita mashandiro anotsigira Stamens, ichipa gasi exchange.

Ukuwo ose petals shoma arterioles batanidza mumudziyo mumwe chete, ruchiyerera ari mutsinga, akatakura ropa, izvo zvinozoita zvinoenda Árbol, uye ipapo ari dorsal yeropa.

Kana uwane panokurukurwa dakashwa namaberere hove uye kuitisa histological kudzidza, zvakanaka kudzidza longitudinal chikamu. Saka kwete chete vachava kuonekwa Stamens uye petals, asiwo pazvirugu kufema vari chipingamupinyi pakati aqueous svikiro uye ropa.

Nhindi aya mudungwe pamwe chete paiva epithelium, uye mukati - capillaries inotsigira Pilar masero (bhuku). The chipingamupinyi of capillaries uye masero kufema zviri zvikuru nyore migumisiro kwokunze kwezvakatipoteredza. Kana pane kusachena zvine chepfu nemvura, masvingo izvi kuzvimba, delamination kunoitika, uye ivo thicken. It hwakazara migumisiro, sezvo yakaoma muitiro negasi mukutsinhana muropa, iro pakupedzisira inotungamirira hypoxia.

Gas Exchange nehove

Preparation nehove pusa okisijeni kunoitika kuburikidza gasi exchange. The chikuru nezvevakafa ropa okisijeni vapfume ndiko kuramba tichiwana mvura gills, uye izvi zvinoda kuti dakashwa chematenga uye rose midziyo anoramba nechivako kwayo, ipapo kushanda dakashwa Maberere nehove hakuna maturo. Diffuse pamusoro anofanira kuramba akaperera raro kwakakodzera oxygenation kuti hemoglobin.

Nokuti Implementation pakati pusa gasi mukutsinhana muropa capillaries hove inofamba iri pakatarisana akananga aibuda ropa iri gills. Nyaya iyi inoita kuti zvinenge zvakakwana dzokubudisa reokisijeni kubva mumvura uye kuvandudza ropa navo. Vamwe vanhu uyere ropa okisijeni wevasungwa panyaya murwiyo mumvura 80%. mvura kuburikidza gills imhaka kupomba nawo dakashwa mhango, chikuru basa rinoitwa ne kwebasa mouthparts, uye Gill anofukidza.

Chii chinoita mwero afemeruke hove?

Nokuda maitiro zvinhu zvinogona ngaaverenge afemeruke mwero hove kunoenderana kwebasa Gill rinofukidza. Wevasungwa reokisijeni mumvura uye carbon dioxide inobvisa tigutsikane muropa kukanganisa kakawanda afemeruke hove. Uyezve, hwemvura mhuka idzi makuru kubatwa yakaderera kuwanda okisijeni, chikuru uwandu carbon dioxide inobvisa muropa. The kufema maitikiro iri kukanganiswa nemvura tembiricha, ph, uye zvimwewo zvakawanda.

Hove vane imwe anokwanisa dzokubvisa wokumwe nyaya kubva pemvura dakashwa namaberere vavo in. Mano aya anonzi chikosoro. Operculums nguva nenguva duku, uye kushandisa neizvi mvura kuturika Motion zvose iri gills, kushambidzwa mvura ano. kuratidzwa ichi hove zvikuru rinowanzoberekera kana mvura kwakasvibiswa zvine chepfu kana suspensions.

Zvimwe zviri gills

Kunze inokosha, kufema, gills ishande osmoregulation uye excretory mabasa. Hove dziri ammoniotelicheskimi zvinenge Chokwadi, semhuka zvose kuti kurarama mvura. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kuguma zvibereko kuora muviri senitrogen tubhokisi ndiyo amoniya. Zviri kuburikidza gills rinomira kubva pamuviri hove muchimiro Ammonium ions, nokudaro pakuchenesa muviri. Kuwedzera okisijeni, kuburikidza gills dzavo muropa somugumisiro pusa diffusion, munyu chiito, pasi samolecular kurema kungatowedzera uyewo yakawanda inorganic ions mumvura mbiru. Kunze gills, Absorção de Água izvi zvinhu rinoitwa pachishandiswa anokosha hurongwa.

Izvi zvinosanganisira chaizvo chloride masero anoshanda osmoregulation chaitika. Ivo vanokwanisa kutamira ions uye yavaibvisa chloride, apo kutamira mugwara rwakatarisana hombe diffusion gradient.

Movement kuti kuiisa chlorine ions kunoenderana hove dzinogarisana. Saka, Freshwater hove monovalent chloride ions vari kubva mvura masero ropa, kutsiva avo akarasika somugumisiro nokushanda excretory ezvinhu hove. Asi Marine hove kwacho kuri kuitwa negwara: Kusarudza chakabva muropa kupinda zvakatipoteredza.

Kana mvura wevasungwa yakawedzera yekudyidzana hunokuvadza zvine maatomu akafanana, ipapo webetsero basa osmoregulyatsionnaya gills anogona kudzimika. Somugumisiro, ropa anopinda haana uwandu zvinhu zvinofanira kuva, uye zvakawanda kuramba vakakoniwa kukanganisa mamiriro mhuka. specificity ichi ane nguva kunaka. Saka, achiziva ichi chinowanikwa gills, tinogona kurwisa zvirwere zvakawanda hove, zvichiita zvinodhaka kuchirapa uye yokudzivirira zvakananga mumvura.

Skin afemeruke hove dzakasiyana

Absolutely hove dzose anokwanisa ganda mweya. Ndizvo chete papi izvozvo kunokudziridzwa - napo zvinhu zvakawanda: zera ichi, uye zvezvakatipoteredza ezvinhu, uye vamwe vakawanda. Saka, kana hove anogara mambure mumvura aibuda, uye chikamu cutaneous afemeruke iri diki uye yaiva 10.2 chete%, asi embryo kufema basa rinoitwa chete kuburikidza ganda, uye kumwoyo cholic homwe.

Colonic mweya

Zvichienderana zvakatipoteredza dzinosiyana nzira chinofema hove. Saka, dzinopisa Catfish uye loach hove kushingaira fema uchibatsirwa yacho ura. Kana anwa mhepo anonditangira kare kubudikidza gobvu richikurukura midziyo ropa mukati ropa. Nzira iyi vakatanga kuva hove nokuda chaizvo ezvinhu nzvimbo. Mvura reservoirs dzavo maererano dzakakwirira tembiricha ane pasi okisijeni wevasungwa, izvo kuwedzerwa kushaya kuyerera uye turbidity. Somugumisiro shanduka kuchinja madziva hove dzakadai vakadzidza kurarama, vachishandisa okisijeni kubva mumhepo.

Rimwezve kushanda dzinoshambira dundira

Swim dundira rakagadzirirwa hydrostatic murau. Izvi yayo huru ushande. Zvisinei, mune dzimwe mhando hove dzinoshambira dundira wakafanira kufema. Rinoshandiswa sezvo gungwa kuti mhepo.

chivakwa Mhando yacho dzinoshambira dundira

Zvichienderana anatomical nemamiriro swimming dundira yamarudzi ose ehove akakamurwa:

• physostomous;
• zakrytopuzyrnyh.

Boka rokutanga ndiyo vakawanda uye ndicho chikuru, asi boka zakrytopuzyrnyh hove yakaderera chaizvo. Unosanganisira, knot, mullet, cod, stickleback uye vamwe vane hove physostomous, inobva zita, kuti dzinoshambira dundira kuzarurwa kukurukurirana intestinal aibuda mukuru, apo zakrytopuzyrnyh ukuwo, -. No.

Carp vanewo chaiyo nemamiriro dzinoshambira dundira. Zvinonzi akakamurwa mberi uye neshure yamakamuri chokuita pfupi uye rakamanikana gwara. Anterior mukamuri rusvingo dundira panofanira anoshongwa mbiri, kunze uye mukati, asi kunze hakusi rwemberi mukamuri.

Vystlan swimbladder imwe musara pamusoro squamous epithelium, pashure ine nhamba unzenza connective, tsandanyama uye vascular tishu rukoko. Swimbladder ane yaingowanikwa iye chete pearlescent kufungisisa, iyo inopiwa chaiwo gobvu connective zvinyama ane fibrous marongerwo. Kuti nechokwadi simba sefuro kunze makamuri maviri akafukidzwa ane kwakavharwa nenyama serous membrane.

labyrinth nhego

A vashoma hove dzinopisa yakatanga yakananga nhengo sechinhu labyrinth uye nadzhaberny. To ichi howa ndiko makropody, gourami, cockerels uye snakehead. Órgãos anogona kuonekwa sezvo zvachinja pharynx, izvo kuva nadzhaberny nhengo kana bulges dakashwa mhango (anonzi labyrinth muviri). chinangwa chavo chikuru - mukana yokuwana okisijeni kubva mumhepo.