Hove Cartilaginous, hove mhou: unhu, mamiriro, misiyano

Maererano ichangobva kwesayenzi Data madzitateguru hove ano - mhuka jawless, nowenyika chitarisiko chavo - kare akararama Early yeCambrian, anenge mamiriyoni 530 apfuura. It akabvumira pfungwa yokuti zvisikwa izvi, anowanikwa muna 1999 mu Yunnan Province, angava madzitateguru vertebrates zvose.

Panguva iyoyo, hove cartilaginous, hove mhou (Ray-finned uye akafukidza) Nhoroondo kweinopfuura hafu zvose mhuka vertebrate, kurarama panyika. Kune vanenge 31 zviuru mhando dzakasiyana-siyana maumbirwo, makuriro, kurarama munyu uye mvura yakachena. Kudzidza rezvisikwa yekare vaiita ari oga sayenzi - ichthyology. Ngatikurukurei zvimwe nezvemashandiro makirasi, unhu hwavo uye kusiyana.

nehove cartilaginous

The chikuru chinoratidza nhengo dzose mukirasi kuti marangwanda yavo chakagadzirwa shwashwa, izvo pakupedzisira kuchaguma chicherwa deposits vangazvitarisira rakaoma zvakakwana. Kare, nokuti chikonzero ichi vakanzi mhuka prehistoric. Zvisinei, nokuti vazhinji vavo kwese ane mhenyu kubereka, dzimwe nguva kunyange nokuumbwa bile placenta - chinhu chakasiyana cartilaginous nehove nehove mhou zvinoshamisa.

Mukuwedzera, vane akawanda anatomical STRUCTURAL zvinhu. Chekutanga, kushaya munhu dzinoshambira dundira. Naizvozvo, vane kutama, kunyura kusvika pasi mudhamu. Chechipiri, nehove cartilaginous havasi gills uye dakashwa slits akazaruka chokunze noruzhinji. Chechitatu, vose vakafuka placoid zviyero, izvo zvakafanana meno vertebrates. Inoitwa dentin uye enamel rukoko chokufuka nayo. chikero kwakadaro hazvigoni kudzorerwa kana kurasikirwa, asi kukura rehove yacho uwandu kunowedzera.

upenyu-rutsigiro enyika nehove cartilaginous

Zvinoitwa hove cartilaginous uye mhou zvaisazova kwakakwana pasina kutaurwa dzinokosha hurongwa: kweropa, zvomudumbu uye zvepabonde, umo kusiyana kuchengetwa. Shwashwa ane ropa yakatsvuka (nokuda pamberi Chizenga uye masero matsvuku eropa), izvo zvinoberekwa chirwatata. Iye kweropa maitiro afanane kuti munhu maumbirwo mu cyclostomes. Nechomumugwagwa chakati nomuzongoza muchimiro maviri yerima dzvuku itsvo zvisungo. Cartilaginous hove ura ine mapoka matatu: guru uye zviduku ura, mugaranhoko. Zvakanaka chiropa, rwatata. Asi chinonyanya kukosha ndechokuti makirasi hove cartilaginous uye hove mhou zvakasiyana maumbirwo dzokubereka nadzo. Nokuti yokutanga unhu womukati muchangosangana kugadzira mazai, izvo zvinogona kunonoka kupinda kwezvakatipoteredza kana kuramba ari pasi oviduct. Kana yechipiri, muviri raamai anotanga kukura embryo.

Kupatsanura nehove cartilaginous

Vose huripo veboka hove Cartilaginous akakamurwa zvitatu superorder.

• Stingrays - cartilaginous hove (hove mhou - hereinafter) ane maitiro "flattened" chimiro muviri uye guru pectoral zvimbi fused kune musoro. Vakawanda vavo kwakaderedza chikero, mumwe vamiririri zvikuru - manta.
• Sharks. Hove rine chinosiyanisa kwakadaro zvinhu: muviri Avangard serin'i, elongated, heterocercal guru muswe zenze uye vakawanda meno pamusoro shaya. Mumwe mukuru vamiririri venyika, ane madzitateguru akazviratidza makore mamiriyoni 420-450 apfuura. Sizes siyana masendimita 17 kusvika mamita 20 (shato huru rehove - yaifananidzira pamusoro), vakawanda nezvikara. Mumwe mhando ane zvimwe upenyu hupfupi, asi vakawanda vavo refu-akararama - makore 20-30.
• Holocephali - inomiririrwa yokuzviparadzanisa mumwe chete - chimeras panhamba 50 zvinganaka yakadzika mhuka. Izvi imhaka yavo yokudzidza duku.

Mhou Fish: mukuru unhu

Kwenguva refu, kusvikira 21 fung remakore, hove cartilaginous, hove mhou kwainzi makirasi maviri. Zvisinei, masayendisiti ari kuramba nevakawanda imwe pfungwa. Somuenzaniso, imwe wemhuka wokuCanada mumabasa ake ranzi-finned nehove uye akafukidza rinorondedzera zviri takaparadzana makirasi, uye mapfupa ukuwo, ari superclass. Ndiwo kupfuura siyana vose vagere reservoirs. muromo wavo aumbwa kushayikwa shaya uye meno iri payo, pamusoro gills vari dakashwa namaberere, uye aiwanzopiwa wokushanda mumhino.

Kusiyana kubva hove cartilaginous

Musiyano kukosha kubva mhou nehove cartilaginous pachena kubva rokuremekedza - a marangwanda. Ndiye kubva mapfupa. In yomukati mhango akaronga kweropa ezvinhu, kuparadzana, kubereka uye kugaya. Scale ariwo hunhu mumwe matatu mhando: cycloid, kana ctenoid ganoid.

Chimwe musiyano - pamberi dzinoshambira dundira, riri pasi musana uye vakazadza magasi kuti pave midziyo ropa. Kana kuwedzera kwayo vhoriyamu hove nyore kune pemvura pamwe kudzikira - rinotungamirirwa zvakadzama.

Kusiyana havasi chete zviratidzo hove cartilaginous uye mhou, asiwo nhengo dzokubereka nadzo, sezvo yave akati. Nhengo dzakawanda rechipiri boka kunoratidzwa zvokunze fertilization, kunoitika nenzira aqueous svikiro. Izvi zvinozivikanwa sezvo zviri kukonzera nhandare, anouya mukati yakati nguva uye achabatsirwa anozivikanwa maitiro.

actinopterygii

Zviri dziwande kirasi kuzivikanwa muna ano siyana hove, kune vanopfuura 20,000 marudzi, riri pamusoro 95%. Ivo vanogara makona ose apasi, kubva kweArctic makungwa inopisa neequator, hukuru siyana 8 mm kusvika mamita 11, uye uremu vanhu rinosvika matani anopfuura maviri. The zita, sezvo imi kuti fembera, ari chokuita nemamiriro matsva aiwanzopiwa wokushanda zvimbi, musingashaiwi basal akabatana. Kirasi, akavapindurawo, mapoka mapoka maviri: Novoperye (yakabudirira zvikuru rudzi) uye osteochondral hove. zvapedzisira mamiriro ane nevamwe zvinhu. Vane dzinoshambira dundira, asi panguva imwe chete, marangwanda kwavo ainyanya rinoumbwa shwashwa. The Chord ndiyo cartilaginous chinhu chakakombama chete uye gurwa, vertebral mitumbi yacho sezvo havapo. A nevamwe chinhu - pachikuva uye muromo ezasi. Vakawanda vavo vari hove, kunyanya Sturgeon (yaifananidzira pazasi - hove pamusoro beluga).

sarcopterygii

Kirasi duku hove, kwakavakirwa marangwanda chiri kwakavharwa nenyama nevaya. Ivo sangana mazhinji uye zvekare features, nhengo dzose ndezvaJehovha maviri superorder ano - Crossopterygii uye lungfish. Mapoka acho sangana hove yekare. Lungfish vachirarama mu Freshwater mitumbi muAustralia, South America uye Africa. Havana chete vane gills, asi chiedza. Izvi dzinovabvumira imwe nguva pasina mvura uye kufamba takasununguka mumvura yakachena-kwezvinoshandiswa. All anozivikanwa 6 mhando: mana African protopter (yaifananidzira pazasi) rokuAustralia uye South American cheshuychatnik kweQueensland Lungfish.

superorder Crossopterygii

It anonzi anenge nokutsakatika. Kusvikira nhasi yasvika mumwe chete rudzi - the Coelacanth (hunomirirwa pazasi), marudzi maviri vakaverengwa. Zvose izvo pazvakawanikwa tichishandisa yapfuura, kopi yokutanga akabatwa Indian Ocean muna 1938. Zvinonzi akatenda hove kuti crossopterygian - vagari Freshwater, iyo haina okisijeni. Panyaya iyi, ivo vakava tsandanyama mujinga ari zvimbi uye hunyambiri kwadzinoita kufema (mapapu uye gills). Izvi akabvumira vamwe vakazoroorwa kufamba shure mugungwa uye yakachena mvura pakupedzisira kuva nokutsakatika. Pane kufungidzira kuti hove crossopterygian chamuita kuti boka amphibians.

Saka, hove cartilaginous, hove mhou vane zvinoverengeka chaiwo zvinhu. The chikuru vavo vari kuchengetwa mune skeletal mamiriro (shwashwa kana pfupa), kuvapo kana kusavapo dzinoshambira dundira mhando zviyero, dzokubereka nadzo uye nzira kupararira.