Inotungamirwa Ages maguta. The chidzoke uye kukura Ages maguta Europe

Mushure kuwa Western hweRoma muna Europe, imwe nguva yacho "vemazera rima." Panguva iyi, anenge zvose muguta yakapararawo uye matongo. The feudal madzishe vaifarira kugara dzavo dzavanogara. kwakaderedza kukosha mari zvikuru iri upfumi. Dzemamongi nyore vaipanana zvipo. Kana mumwe Abbey yakabva yanyatsobatana zvigadzirwa zvesimbi, uye mune mumwe Somuenzaniso, doro akanga brewed, vakatumira mumwe ari zvigadzirwa. Vanhuwo zvavo vakaaitawo ita mutengano.

Asi zvishoma, rwokugadzira uye zvokutengeserana vakatanga zvokusimbisa, zvichiguma nokuumbwa Ages maguta. Vamwe vavo vari kuvakwazve pamusoro nzvimbo rekare polis, vamwe yakaitika pedyo dzemamongi, mabhiriji, chiteshi misha, vakabatikana mugwagwa.

Ancient uye Ages maguta

In hweRoma kukura policies kunze maererano ine pre-vanotenderwa urongwa. guta guru ose yave yemitambo nokuda zvemitambo uye mitambo yokurwisana kurwisa, mvura, sewerage. Mumigwagwa dzinoitwa sandarara uye yakafara. The chidzoke uye kukura Ages maguta kwakaitika yakasiyana Muchiitiko. Vakanga akavaka chaotically, pasina chinhu chakajairika urongwa.

Sezvineiwo, mukutanga Middle Ages zhinji zvivako yekare zvaishandiswa kwete kuti chinangwa yavakanga pakutanga kuvakwa. Saka, zhinji dzokugezera dzeRoma zvinowanzotaurwa kutendeuka kukereke echiKristu. Uye mukati yeColosseum nezvakarurama munhandare, dzimba.

Basa wezvokutengeserana

Urban Renaissance muna Europe kwakatanga Italy. Maritime kutengeserana Byzantium uye vechiArabhu nyika kwakaita kuti chidzoke mari guru kubva vatengesi pamwe Peninsula. Gold vakatanga kudirana vachienda rokuItari Ages guta. Pokumuka ukama chinokosha-mari akachinja mararamiro hwokuchamhembe kweMediterranean. Panzvimbo rwokuzvarwa upfumi, kana feudal nhaka ose anopa pachake zvose zvakafanira, remunharaunda specialization yasvika.

budiriro rwokugadzira

Trade aiva kiyi simba pamusoro paumbwe Ages maguta. Urban webasa akava nzira mubayiro dzakazara. Kare, varimi vakanga kumanikidzwa kurima uye, uye dzimwe ounyanzvi. Zvino isu tine mukana nenyanzvi mubasa mukugadzira ane unyanzvi chigadzirwa, kutengesa zvigadzirwa zvavo uye vakashandisa mari kuti titenge zvokudya.

Nyanzvi dzokugadzira mumaguta akanga vakabatana chikwata, rinonzi okudhindira. Masangano kwakadaro vakasikwa kuti chinangwa yakawiriranwa rubatsiro uye Anti-zvemakwikwi. Zhinji mhando rwokugadzira vaibvumirwa kuita mumawekishopu kunhengo chete. Ari kurwisa guta hondo muvengi nhengo guilds vakaumba kuzvidzivirira dzakabatana.

dzechitendero chinhu

Tsika outorwa kune nzvimbo vezvitendero yechiKristu chakabata paumbwe Ages maguta. Pakutanga, vakawanda kupfuura vairemekedza zvisaririra vari kuRoma. Kubhadhara akanamata kwavari, guta anogamuchira ezviuru. Chokwadi, kuenda parwendo rurefu mumazuva iwayo aigona chete kuva non-varombo. Kwavari, muRoma Hotels zhinji akazarurwa, maresitorendi, zvitoro mabhuku echitendero.

Mabhishopi mamwe maguta, kuona sei mari zvikuru kuunza Rome vafambi akazvipira, zvakare, aida kuwana zvimwe kakasaririra. zvinhu zvitsvene vakauya kubva kure kana inoshamisa yakawanikwa panzvimbo. Zvingava zvipikiri kuti pamuchinjikwa Kristu, simba vaapostora, nguo vaJesu kana Mhandara uye nezvimwe zvicherwa zvakawanwa zvakadaro. The zvakawanda Mapilgrim akakwanisa kukwezva, dzakanga mari kweguta.

uto chinhu

Kubva hondo pamwero mukuru ndiyo nhoroondo Middle Ages. The Ages guta, pakati pezvimwe mashandiro, aigona kuva inokosha inokosha chinhu adzivirire miganhu yacho kubva nechisimba muvengi. Muchiitiko chino, rusvingo rayo inoita simba kunyanya uye yakakwirira. Zvino guta raigara yemauto ravarwi uye dzakawanda dzakatumirwa zvokudya mudura kana munhu refu rakakombwa.

Mukupera Middle Ages, hondo dzakawanda raiva varwi. Izvi zvinonyanya dzakakurumbira akapfuma Italy. Residents ipapo guta aisada kuzviisa pangozi muhondo, uye vaida kuti dzine mauto mari. Inoshanda Swiss zhinji uye vokuGermany.

mumayunivhesiti

Educational masangano Kwakaitawo kuti paumbwe Ages maguta. Nhoroondo mumayunivhesiti European inotangira XI remakore. Uye pano, zvakare, ndiro rine chokwadi pakati vokuItaly. Muna 1088 muguta Bologna ndiyo yunivhesiti mukuru Europe rakaumbwa. Anoramba kudzidzisa vadzidzi muzuva redu.

Papera mumayunivhesiti akazviratidza France, kuEngland, uye ipapo mune dzimwe nyika. Ivo vakaperekedza nokudzidzisa zvechitendero uye enyika nyaya. Africa kunge zvaiitikawo pamusoro private mari, uye naizvozvo ane zvakakwana rusununguko kubva nezviremera. Mune dzimwe nyika dzokuEurope tichiri mitemo kurambidza mapurisa kuenda munharaunda pemasimba masangano edzidzo.

veguta

Saka, kwaiva nemapoka akawanda, unounza kuti chidzoke uye kukura Ages maguta muEurope.

1. Vashambadzi: kutungamidza zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana gungwa nenyika.

2. yavatezvara nyanzvi dzokugadzira: Tenzi, manufactures maindasitiri zvigadzirwa, kwave nheyo upfumi veguta.

3. Vafundisi: Machechi uye dzimba dzemamongi havana chete tsika dzechitendero, asiwo masayendisiti uye ezvoupfumi mabasa, uyewo kupindira muupenyu enyika.

4. Varwi mauto kwete chete muchirongwa danidziro uye kudzivirira kushandiswa, asi kuti tirambe hurongwa muguta. Vatongi akavhomora navo kubatwa ari mbavha namakororo.

5. Vanapurofesa uye vadzidzi: mumayunivhesiti aiva zvokutora simba pamusoro paumbwe Ages maguta.

6. Boka vakakwirira: dzoushe madzimambo, machinda, uye vairemekedzwa uyewo vakanga iri dzomumaguta munzvimbo.

7. Other vatengesi vakadzidza: vanachiremba, vanamabharani, vokubhengi, vaiongorora, vatongi, etc ...

8. mumadhorobha murombo: varanda, sevapemhi, mbavha.

Kurwira kuzvitonga

Nyika iyo kwakamuka guta, pakutanga raiva dzeko madzishe kana chechi Abbey. Ivo kuzviuru mitero iri pakati kirasi, ane saizi wakaiswa pamadiro uye kazhinji kwazvo. Achipindura kunetswa ne landlords vakasvika Ages Tauriranai Ages maguta. Navapfuri vesimbi, vatengesi uye vamwe vagari vakabatana kuti anorenda muchidzivisa feudal madzishe.

The chikuru zvinodiwa mumadhorobha communes vaiva noitika nemitero uye asiri chipingaidzo zviri muridzi upfumi mabasa vagari. Kazhinji, Nhaurirano yakaguma muna drafting ari Charter, yakanga ushandiswe kodzero uye mabasa makirasi zvose. The kusaina magwaro aya apedza paumbwe Ages maguta, ichipa pamutemo nheyo chokuvapo kwavo.

democratic utungamiriri

Pakangotanga kodzero kuzvitonga yave adzikinura kubva feudal madzishe, ndiyo nguva kutsanangura pfungwa dziri hwaakange Ages guta riri kuvakwa. Chikwata sangano handicrafts uye chikwata vatengesi vaiva masangano umo akakura ezvinhu kwemajoini sarudzo uye nesarudzo masimba.

Mayors uye vatongi mune Ages mumaguta vakasarudzwa. Panyaya iyi, zvikuru nzira yesarudzo Kazhinji chaizvo kunzwisisa uye multi-pachikuva. Somuenzaniso, muna Venice, ari Doge sarudzo kwakaitika mumatanho 11. Suffrage haana nokudenga. Anenge pose pose paiva pfuma uye kirasi zvinodiwa, kureva chete vapfumi kana zvakanaka akaberekerwa vagari aigona kuitawo sarudzo.

Kana paumbwe Ages maguta pakupedzisira rapera, paiva hurongwa umo zvose kudzorwa levers mumaoko vashoma revatongi mhuri. Poor vanhu vakanga vasingafari vane mamiriro ezvinhu aya. Social kusawirirana dzimwe nguva kudirwa Mobile chimurenga. Somugumisiro, mumaguta vakakwirira aifanira zvauri kupomerwa uye kuwedzera dzavarombo.

Nhoroondo ukoshi

Active kukura kweguta vakatanga muEurope muna X-XI emakore nechepakati uye kuchamhembe kweItaly uye Flanders (vemazuva Belgium uye Holland). The kutyaira Mauto uyu muitiro vaiva zvokutengeserana uye ndege kugadzirwa. Papera chinguva guta vakatanga kubudirira muFrance, Spain uye nyika German Mutsvene hweRoma. Somugumisiro, yacho yachinja.

Zvakaoma kuona matambudziko kuti akava pamusoro pokumuka paumbwe Ages maguta muEurope. Urban webasa akasimudzira rwokugadzira mberi. Trade zvakakonzera kuvandudzika pamusoro shipbuilding, uye pakupedzisira kuti yakawanikwa uye kukura Yenyika Itsva. tsika hurumende matunhu neminisiparati akazova hwaro hwoutongi maumbirwo ano nyika dzokuMadokero. Charters uye Magna Carta, kodzero uye rusununguko makirasi siyana, vakaumba kwegadziriro mutemo European. A kubudirira mumaguta unyanzvi uye nesayenzi kugadzirira veMubatanidzwa ari Renaissance.