James Webb Space Telescope: kutanga zuva, zvigadzirwa

Neimwe imwe mamita masentimita ewedzera, nguva imwe neimwe yechipiri chekucherechedza nguva uye imwe atomu yakawedzerwa yeruzha rwemhepo yakabviswa kubva mumunda wekuongorora kweteresikopu, zviri nani, zvakadzika uye zvinonzwisisika kuona zvose.

25 wemakore "Hubble"

Apo Hubble telescope yakatanga kushanda muna 1990, yakazarura nguva itsva mudenga rezvenyeredzi. Yakanga isisakwanikwi kurwisana nemhepo, kushushikana pamusoro pemakore kana kushandiswa kwemagetsi. Zvose zvaidiwa ndezvekutumira satanisi kune chinangwa, kuchigadzirisa nekuunganidza photons. Kwemakore makumi maviri nemashanu, nzvimbo dzeteresikopu dzakatanga kuvhara yose magetsi emagetsi, izvo zvakatibvumira kufungisisa zvinhu zvose kwekutanga panguva imwe neimwe yakareba yechiedza.

Asi sezvo ruzivo rwedu rwakawedzerwa, kunzwisisa kwedu kwevasingazivi kwakakwira zvakare. Kuwedzera kwatinotarisa kuNyika yose, yakadzika kupfuura yapfuura tinoona: nguva yakareba yenguva kubva kuBig Bang yakabatana nekunonoka kwechiedza kunopa muganhu wezvatinokwanisa kuona. Uyezve, kuwedzerwa kwechiro pachako kunoshanda kunopesana nesu, kutarisa kubwinya kwechiedza cheredzi pachinenge chichienda kumeso edu. Kunyangwe Hubble Space Telescope, iyo inotipa mufananidzo wakadzika, unofadza zvikuru wezvinhu zvose zvati tamboona, zvishoma pane izvi.

Kukanganisa kweHubble

Hubble iseroscope inoshamisa, asi ine zvikanganiso zvakasiyana-siyana:

• Inenge 2.4 mamita muhupamhi, iyo inogumira kugadzirisa kwayo .
• Pasinei nekupfekedza nemafungiro ekufungidzira, nguva dzose inotarisana nezuva rakananga, iro rinopisa. Izvi zvinoreva kuti, nemhaka yemafuta anokonzera, haagoni kutarisa kuwedzera kwechiedza kupfuura 1.6 μm.
• Kubatanidzwa kwechiedza chisinganyanyi uye mashizha, iyo inonzwisisika, zvinoreva kuti teresikopu inogona kuona magirasi isati yakura kupfuura mamiriyoni 500 emakore.

Aya magirazi akanaka, kure uye akange aripo apo zvisikwa zvaingova ne4% zvezera razvino. Asi inozivikanwa kuti nyeredzi nemapoka enyeredzi zvaivepo kare.

Kuti uone izvi, teresiyopu inofanira kuva nekunzwa kwakanyanya. Izvi zvinoreva kuchinja kune kwenguva yakareba wavelengths uye kutsetseka kwakadzika kupfuura Hubble. Ndokusaka James Webb Space Telescope iri kushandiswa.

Tarisiro yeSayenzi

James Webb Space Tetescope (JWST) yakagadzirirwa kukunda izvi zvisingakwanisi: uye yakareba mamita matanhatu, teresikopu inokubvumira kuunganidza kanomwe kupfuura chiedza kupfuura Hubble. Inovhura mukana wekuti-ultra-high resolution kuratidzwa kwemasvosve kubva kuma 600 nm kusvika ku 6 μm (4 yakareba kwenguva yakareba kupfuura yavelength inonzi Hubble inogona kuona), kuita zvinyorwa mukati-kati infraredred region yechirwere nekunzwa kwepamusoro kupfuura kare kare. JWST inoshandisa kupisa kunotyisa kusvika pamhepo inopisa yePluto uye inogona kukonzera mafaira mukati memapurisa engasvika kune 7 K. Telescope yaJames Webb ichapa mukana wekuita sayenzi munzira dzisina kumboitwa nomunhu.

Ichabvumira:

• Chengetedza mapoka enyeredzi okutanga akaumbwa;
• Ona kuburikidza negasi risingatauriri uye kuongorora nyenyeredzi dzokutanga nekudzokazve kwezvose;
• Kufambisa tsananguro inoratidzika yezvinyorwa zvokutanga (hutatu III) yakaumbwa shure kweBang Bang;
• Ita zvishamiso zvinoshamisa, kufanana nekuwanikwa kwepakutanga kune mashizha matsvuku uye makasasari munzvimbo yose.

Nhamba yekutsvakurudza kwesayenzi yeJWST haina kufanana nechinhu chero chipi zvacho munguva yakapfuura, uye naizvozvo telescope yakasarudzwa senhengo yepamusoro yeNASA muna 2010.

Scientific masterpiece

Kubva pane imwe nyanzvi yekuongorora, terevhizheni itsva yaJames Webb inoshanda chaiyo yeunyanzvi. Iyo purogiramu yakafamba rwendo rurefu: kwaiva nebhadharo yepamusoro, kumashure uye dambudziko rekudzima basa racho. Mushure mekupindira kwehutungamiri hutsva, zvinhu zvose zvakachinja. Izvo purojekiti yakashanda seawa, mari yakagoverwa, zvikanganiso, kukundikana uye matambudziko zvakatorwa, uye JWST team yakatanga kufanana nemashoko ose, zvirongwa uye zvirongwa zvebhajeti. Kutanga kuri kurongwa muna October 2018 pane Ariane-5 rocket. Dare racho haringotevedzeri nguva, rinenge mwedzi mipfumbamwe rakachengetwa kuti rifungisise zvose zvisingatarisirwi, kuitira kuti zvinhu zvose zviunganidzwe uye zvakagadzirirwa zuva rino.

Tetescope yaJames Webb inosanganisira 4 zvikamu zvikuru.

Optical block

Inosanganisira mirirusi yose, iyo inonyanya kushanda yegumi nemasere yepamusoro yegorosi yegoridhe yakaiswa zvioni. Ichashandiswa kuunganidza chiedza chakakura chechiedza uye ichichiisa pane zvigadzirwa zvekuongorora. Zviratidzo izvi zvose zvino zvakagadzirirwa uye hazvina maturo, zvakaitwa panguva chaiyo. Pakupera kwegungano, vachave vakagadzirirwa mumakwikwi ekugadzirwa kunotungamirirwa pamusoro pemakiromita 1 mamiriyoni kubva kuNyika kusvika kuLagrangian point L2, ndokubva vatendeuka kuti vagadzire musanganisi weuchi huchawana kuwedzera kwemazuva akawanda. Ichi chaicho chinhu chakanaka uye chibudiro chinobudirira chekuedza kwetitanic kwevanyori vakawanda.

Pedyo-infrared kamera

Webb yakasungirirwa nemashandisi mana esayenzi, ayo anenge atova 100% akagadzirira. Iyo ikamera huru yeteresikopu ikamera ye-pedyo-IR rutsanga: kubva kune chiedza chinoonekwa cheruvara kusvika kumhepo yakadzika. Ichapa mifananidzo isina kumboitika yeveredzi dzokutanga, mashoma emapoka enyeredzi achiri muchirongwa chekugadzirisa, nyeredzi duku dzeMilky Way nemapoka enyeredzi ari pedyo, mazana ezvinhu zvitsva mubhanhire re Kuiper. Iyo yakanakisisa yekufungidzira zvakananga kwemapuraneti akakomberedza dzimwe nyeredzi. Ichi chichava ikamera huru inoshandiswa nevatariri vakawanda.

Near Infrared Spectrograph

Ichi chishandiso hachiparadzisi chiedza chete muvevelengths yakasiyana, asi chinokwanisa kuita izvi kune zvinhu zvinopfuura zana zvakasiyana panguva imwe chete! Ichi chigadzirwa chichava chetestragraph yose ye "Webba", iyo inogona kushanda mumitemo mitatu yakasiyana-siyana yekuratidzira. Yakanga yakavakwa neEurope Space Agency, asi zvikamu zvakawanda, kusanganisira detectors uye bateri-shutter batter, inopiwa ne Space Space Center. Goddard (NASA). Uyu mudziyo wakaedzwa uye wakagadzirira kuiswa.

Chimbo chemukati-infrared

Chigadzirwa ichocho chichashandiswa pakuonekwa kwemajw.org, uye, nekubatsira kwayo mifananidzo yakaisvonaka zvikuru kubva kune dzose dzeWebb ichawanikwa. Scientific, iyo inobatsira zvikuru kana ichienzanisa disks yemaprotlanetary pedo nenyeredzi duku, kuenzanisa nekuona zvakajeka zvisati zvamboitika zvakakwana zvinhu zvebhanhire reKuiper uye guruva rinoputirwa nechiedza cheredzi. Icho chichava choga chiridzwa che cryogenic kupisa kusvika ku7 K. Kuenzaniswa neSpitzer space telescope, izvi zvichavandudza zvigaro makumi matanhatu.

Neutral IR spectrograph (NIRISS)

Chigadzirwa chacho chichabereka:

• Nzvimbo yakareba-angle inotaridzika mumhepo iri pedyo nehutachiona hwemhepo yakawanda (1.0 - 2.5 μm);
• Chirwere chinotyisa chechimwe chinhu chiri munzvimbo inooneka uye inonzi infrared (0.6 - 3.0 μm);
• Aperture-masking interferometry pavevelengths ye 3.8-4.8 μm (apo nyeredzi dzokutanga nemirazi zvinotarisirwa);
• Kuongorora-kwese kwepasheni yenyika yose yekuona.

Ichi chigadzirwa chakasikwa neCanada Space Agency. Mushure mokupfuura chirongwa che cryogenic, chichavawo chakagadzirira kubatanidzwa muchigadzirwa chechina cheteresikopu.

Sunshield

Space telescopes haisati yakagadzirirwa navo. Chimwe chezvinhu zvinotyisa zvekugadzirwa kwega kwega ndeye kushandiswa kwemashoko matsva. Panzvimbo yekunotonhora chipfekiti chose chinoshandiswa kushandisa zvakashandiswa zvinoshandiswa friji refrigerant, jetescope yaJames Webb inoshandisa teknolojia yakazara zvachose - chando chezuva chezuva-5 chichagoverwa kuratidza mazaisai ezuva kubva pane teresikopu. Mishanu makiromita 25-metero achabatanidzwa ne titanium rods uye akaiswa mushure mekuiswa kweteresikopu. Kudzivirirwa kwakaedzwa muna 2008 uye 2009. Vane mienzaniso yakazara yakabatanidzwa muongororo ye laboratori vakaita zvose zvavaifanira kuita pano pasi. Ichi chinhu chakanaka.

Mukuwedzera, iyiwo pfungwa inoshamisa: kwete kungovhara chiedza kubva kune Sun uye kuisa teresiko mumumvuri, asi ita nenzira iyo iyo yose inotonhora inotarisana nenzira yakatarisana nekutaridzika kweteresikopu. Chimwe nechimwe chezvikamu zvishanu muvharidziro yezvinhu zvose zvichava kutonhorera sezvazvinenge zvichifamba kubva kunze, izvo zvichange zvakanyorova kudarika zvinopisa pamusoro pePasi-inenge 350-360 K. Kushambidzika kwekupedzisira kwepamusoro kunofanira kudonha kusvika ku 37-40 K, inotonhora kupfuura usiku usiku Pluto.

Mukuwedzera, zvinodzivirira zvakatorwa zvakatorwa kuti zvidzivirire pane zvisina kunaka nzvimbo yakadzika nzvimbo. Chimwe chezvinhu zvinotinetsa pamusoro apa zvidiki zviduku zvakaenzana nematombo, maruva ejecha, guruva particles uye kunyange zviduku, achibhururuka kuburikidza nenyanzvi yeplanetary pamhanya wemakumi kana kunyange mazana emazana emakiromita neawa. Iyi micrometeorites inokwanisa kugadzira zvibato zviduku, zvinyoronyoro mune zvose zvavanosangana nazvo: nzvimbo dzemotokari, zvigadzirwa zve cosmonaut, telescope mirror nezvimwe zvakawanda. Kana mirwi inogamuchira masango kana mapofu chete, izvo zvingaderedza zvishoma kuwanda kwe "zvakanaka chiedza", nhoo yezuva inogona kubvarura kubva pamucheto kusvika kumucheto, izvo zvichaita kuti zvisikwa zvacho zvive zvisina maturo. Pfungwa yakajeka yakashandiswa kurwisana nechiitiko ichi.

Nhoo yose yezuva yakagoverwa kuva zvikamu nenzira yakadai kuti kana pakava nepakati duku mune imwe, maviri kana kunyange matatu, iyo yakasara haichazopfuuri mberi, sekuputika mumhepo yepamota yemotokari. Chikamu chichachengetedza sarudzo yose yezvose, izvo zvinokosha pakudzivirira kusvibiswa.

Spacecraft: magungano nekutonga masangano

Ichi ndicho chinonyanya kukosha, sezvo kune dzose nzvimbo dzeterefoni uye masayenzi ezvesayenzi. PaJWST yakasiyana, asi zvakare yakagadzirirwa. Zvose zvakasara kuti zviitwe nekambani yehurumende yeNorthrop Grumman purojekiti ndeyokupedzisa nhoo, kuunganidza teresiyo uye kuidziidza. Chigadzirwa chacho chichagadzirira kutanga mumakore maviri.

Makore gumi ekuwanikwa

Kana zvinhu zvose zvichienda zvakanaka, vanhu vachava pamagumo ekuwana kukuru kwesayenzi. Chifukidziro chekusarerekera gasi, chave chakavanza kuongororwa kweredzi dzokutanga uye magaraxi, zvichabviswa nehutachiona hwe "Webba" uye huwandu hwahwo hwakanyanya. Ichava chescope yakakura zvikuru, yakareba kwazvo inotakura kubva kune 0,6 kusvika ku28 microns (ziso revanhu rinoona kubva pa4 kusvika ku 0.7 microni) kubva pane yakavakwa. Zvinotarisirwa kuti ichapa makore gumi ekucherechedza.

Maererano neNASA, izwi re "Webba" mission richabva kune5,5 kusvika kune gumi. Inokonzerwa nehuwandu hwefurairi inofanirwa kuchengetedza maitiro, uye nguva yeupenyu yezvigadzirwa zvemagetsi nemichina mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma epakati. Dhiyabhorosi yaJames Webb inotarisana nayo ichaendesa mafuta emakore gumi nemakore, uye mwedzi mitanhatu mushure mokutanga, kuongororwa kwekuchengetedza ndege kuchaitwa, izvo zvinosimbisa makore mashanu emabasa ezvesayenzi.

Chii chinogona kuipa?

Icho chikuru chakakosha chinokonzerwa nehuwandu hwefurairi. Kana rapera, sati-satellite ichakukura kubva kuLagrange point L2, ichienda kunzvimbo inoshushikana inosvika pedyo nePasi.

Coma yeizvi, pangave kune mamwe matambudziko:

• Kuora mwoyo kwezvioni, izvo zvichabatsira kuwanda kwechiedza chakaunganidzwa uye kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvemufananidzo, asi hazvingakanganisi kushandiswa kweteresikopu;
• Kukundikana kwechikamu kana kuti yese yezuva, iyo inotungamirira kukuwedzera mukati mekushisa kwechokomba chechikepe uye kuderedza kushandiswa kwevevelength kusvika kune iri pedyo nehutachiona (2-3 μm);
• Kuparara kwehutano hwehupakati hwemukati weR IR-range, iyo ichaita kuti irege kushandiswa, asi haichazovhiringidzi zvimwe zviridzwa (kubva kune 0,6 kusvika ku6 microns).

Chiyero chakaoma kwazvo icho telescope yaJames Webb chinotarisira kutanga uye kutanga kupinda mune imwe nzira. Yaiva iyi mamiriro ezvinhu akaedzwa uye akabudirira kubudirira.

Revolution muScience

Kana iyo telescope yaJames Webb inoshanda mumamiriro avo ezvinhu, pachava nemafuta akakwana kuti ave nechokwadi chekushanda kwayo kubva muna 2018 kusvika muna 2028. Mukuwedzera, kune mikana yekuwedzera mafuta, iyo inogona kuwedzera hupenyu hweteresikopu kwemamwe gumi. Kungofanana neHubble yakashandiswa kwemakore makumi maviri nemashanu, JWST inogona kupa chizvarwa chekuchinja shanduro. MunaOctober 2018, motokari yeAriane-5 inotanga kuisa muhupenyu hweramangwana rekuongorora nyeredzi, iyo iyo mushure memakore anopfuura gumi ekushanda nesimba yakagadzirira kutanga kutakura michero. Ramangwana rekona terefoniko rava kuda kuuya.