John: kududzira chekare

Evhangeri yaJohani - iyi ndiyo imwe nyaya zvina vhangeri yechiKristu, aisanganisira mu chinyorwa Rugwaro. Zvinozivikanwa kuti hapana mabhuku aya akanga nekusimba rakanyorwa, asi zvinonzi ichaongororwa dzinozivikanwa kuti vhangeri zvakanyorwa ose vadzidzi vana Kristu - vaapostora. Kunyange maererano neuchapupu bhishopu wekuLyons Irenaeus, mumwe Polycrates, uyo aiziva John, vakati kuti aiva muvambi rimwe dzakasiyana ari "mashoko akanaka." Location of Gospel dzechitendero uye zvouMwari pfungwa yakasiyana nedzimwe, nokuti rugwaro pachayo - hakusi chete uye kwete zvikuru upenyu uye Zvinorairwa Jesu Kristu, sezvo rehurukuro panhaurirano vake vadzidzi. Kwete pasina chikonzero, vaongorori vakawanda vanodavira kuti nhoroondo kwakasimbiswa pasi pokudzora Gnosticism, asi zvakanga akakurumbira kwazvo pakati dzinonzi vemanyepo uye heterodox kufamba.

Dudziro Evhangeri yaJohani mukutanga nguva

ChiKristu pamberi pakutanga remakore rechina yakanga isina vasaomerere monolith nani asingazivikanwi pamberi kudzidzisa nyika ndero. Vanyori venhoroondo vanofunga kuti John aiva rugwaro yakagamuchirwa zvakanaka hwekare vakadzidza vepamusoro, sezvo vakakwereta muboka rayo youzivi. chinyorwa ichi unofadza zvikuru mukutsanangura ukama pakati mweya uye mhaka, zvakanaka uye zvakaipa, Mwari uye nyika. Kwete pasina chikonzero musumo anovhura Evhangeri yaJohani rinotaura inonzi Logos. "Mwari - iShoko" - pachena ndizvo muvambi Rugwaro (Johani 1,1). Asi Logos - ndechimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha categorical hurongwa uzivi yekare. Mumwe anopiwa sokuti munyori wenyaya wechokwadi akanga asiri muJudha uye rechiGiriki, waiva dzidzo yakanaka.

Mubvunzo Sumo

Inotarisira zvikuru asinganzwisisiki kutanga kwevhangeri John - vanonzi okusuma, kureva musoro 1 kusvika 18. The kunzwisisa uye kududzirwa acho akazova chigumbuso mune vakirisito Christianity, umo yaiwana mashoko edzidziso zvikapa kururamisirwa pakusikwa kwenyika uye theodicy. Somuenzaniso, tora yakakurumbira okuti, rinotarira akafanana King James Version, "zvinhu zvose zvakaitwa kubudikidza naye (kureva Mwari), uye kwete kuita chinhu pasina naYe, kuti paiva" (Johani 1,3). Zvisinei, kana uchitarisa muchiGiriki chepakutanga, zvinoita sokuti pane vaviri zvekare Evhangeri zviperengo zvakasiyana. Uye kana mumwe wavo kunosimbisa chechiJudha shanduro, wechipiri rinonzwika seizvi: "Zvose kuburikidza naye, uye kunze kwake hapana." Uyezve, vose Variants munguva iri vechechi vokutanga vechiKristu vakashandisa, asi gare gare akanga ari wokutanga shanduro akapinda tsika kereke sezvo zvakawanda "ideologically dzakarurama".

VaGnostic

Iri ndiro vhangeri chechina nomukurumbira chaizvo nevanoshora siyana yeOrthodox zvechiKristu, vainzi sevapanduki. Mumazuva chiKristu chepakutanga, kazhinji vaiva vaGnostic. Ivo akaramba pamuviri zimukadzimu Kristu, uye ndima dzakawanda kubva murugwaro kweVhangeri, vachiratidza kuva hunhu Mwari dzavasinei nadzo dzomudzimu, uyai nezvaanoda. In Gnosticism kakawanda rinosiyaniswa Mwari, uyo ari "pamusoro nyika", uye Musiki wedu kukwana hwakanaka. Uye Evhangeri yaJohani anopa chikonzero chokudavira kuti pakudzorwa hwedu rakaipa kwete kuna Baba vari kudenga. Zvinowanzotaurwa nezvaMwari uye nyika yokurwisana. Ndosaka imwe vanodudzira Vhangeri wokutanga aiva mumwe wevadzidzi yakakurumbira Gnostic Valentine - Heracleon. Mukuwedzera, pakati vavengi pokutenda zvakanga zvakakurumbira pachake eapokirifa. Pakati pavo paiva vanonzi "Mibvunzo waJohani", iro rinoreva kuti chakavanzika mashoko Jesu akati ake mudzidzi kufarira.

"Nyanzvi kuti Origen"

Saka akadana vekare mufundisi mhinduro kuna Evhangeri yaJohani, kuti aiongorora French Henri Kruzel. In basa rake Origen criticizes mashoko Gnostic yokusvika rugwaro, apo dzakawanda mashoko nemuvengi waro. Izvi rondedzero exegetical umo yakakurumbira mufundisi Greek, kune rumwe rutivi, anoshora unorthodox kududzira, uye pamusoro mumwe - anoisa mberi zvichemo dzinoverengeka, kusanganisira avo chokuita hunhu Kristu (Somuenzaniso, anotenda kuti munhu anofanira kufamba kubva yayo zvinoreva kuti ngirozi) vakazochinja vakanga akaonekwa vemanyepo. Zvikurukuru, anoshandisa uye shanduro Ying: 1.3, gare gare akaziva sezvo asinganyatsoita.

Dudziro Evhangeri Ioanna Zlatousta

Orthodoxy vanodada yaro inozivikanwa angadzidudzira Rugwaro. Vari kurudyi ndiye Ioann Zlatoust. dudziro yake yeEvhangeri chikamu kwakakura basa iri kududzirwa Magwaro, kutanga Old Testament. Anoratidza erudition zvikuru, vachiedza kuona zvarinoreva ose uye mutongo. dudziro yake anobatsira kunyanya polemical basa uye kunangana vavengi Orthodox. Somuenzaniso, shanduro pamusoro Ying: .1,3 Ioann Zlatoust pakupedzisira kuziva vemanyepo, kunyange zvazvo aifarira navo dzinodiwa Fathers of Church, zvikurukuru, Kliment Aleksandriysky.

Kana vhangeri yakanga nokududzirwawo enyika mashoko

It zvinganzwika zvinoshamisa, asi dudziro Rugwaro uye anoshandiswa tuzvikonzero vakawanda repressions, achiparadza vasingadiwi uye kuvhima vanhu. Fani iyi zvakajeka zvikuru richiratidzwa munhoroondo yeRoma Katurike. Munguva Raibvunzurudza kuva chitsauko 15 Evhangeri yaJohani akashandiswa nezvadzo kupembedza kupiswa nezvevanyengeri padanda. Kana tikaverenga Magwaro mutsetse, ivo utitungamirire kuenzanisa Ishe pamuzambiringa uye nevadzidzi vake - matavi. Saka, kuongorora Evhangeri yaJohani (chitsauko 15, ndima 6), zvinokwanisika kuwana mashoko zvinofanira kuitwa nevaya hadzigari Ishe. Ivo, semapazi, akachekwa, anounganidzwa uye ugokandwa mumoto. dimikira iri Ages jurists seakafuridzirwa mutemo akakwanisa kududzira chaizvoizvo, nokudaro achipa "yakanaka" utsinye vaiurayiwa. Kunyange zvazvo zvaireva muEvhangeri yaJohani zvinopesana zvachose kududzira ichi.

Medieval vaitsoropodza vavo dudziro

Paitonga yeRoma kukunda nayo Yali vanonzi sevapanduki. Modern vezvakaitika kare vanodavira kuti vanhu vane maonero akasiyana kubva "zvinosiyana kubva kumusoro," zvinodavirwa muchitendero zviremera vezvitendero. Dzimwe nguva yaiitwa munharaunda, uyo vanozviti machechi. The kupfuura zvakaoma vavengi vaKaturike panyaya iyi vaiva Cathars. Vaiva vafundisi vayo uye akanyatsorongwa, asiwo dzidziso kwete chete. kufarira Rugwaro wavo aiva John. Ivo akashandurudza mumitauro emarudzi kunyika kwavakanga vanotsigirwa ne yevagari. Tisati tasvika rugwaro mutauro Occitan. Mariri, vakanga vari shanduro Sumo, yakarambwa nechechi pamutemo, muchitenda kuti ichi inogona takarurama ariko wokushora Mwari, anopa zvakaipa. Uyezve, nokududzira chitsauko chaiwo 15, ivo akasimbisa mirairo uye upenyu hutsvene, uye kwete zvaidiwa nevanhu. Uyo anotevera Kristu ari kunzi shamwari yake - mhedziso vakazviita muvhangeri yaJohani. Adventures ose mhirikiro siyana mashoko muMagwaro rakanyatsojeka anorayiridza uye kuratidza kuti kududzirwa ose Bhaibheri rinogona kushandiswa zvose zvinobatsira munhu uye ake pakukuvadza.