Kugadzirisa - nayo ... Gorbachev kuti perestroika. Munguva perestroika makore

Kana aingovawo avhareji munhu vakapona yechipiri yezana eighties muzera chikonzero, nhasi kumbira tsanangura zvishoma panguva ino, mhinduro kazhinji, unogona kunzwa zvakada "perestroika - zviri inotyisa uye nyadzi." Sezvingatarisirwa, jaya akazvarwa (kana isati) mumakore iwayo, uwane nyaya.

History ndiye Gorbachevskaya

Gorbachev kwakaita perestroika (kureva, iye rokuti, zvichida hakuna kutangwa pariri), kwakatangwa mukutanga 1987. Chii chakaitika kare, mushure sarudzo yake pambiru Secretary General, rinonzi kumhanyisa. Uye asati kuti munyika akatonga kurega kunotanga. Uye zvisati aiva voluntarism. Uye pamberi pake - munhu kunamatwa unhu. Pano Stalinism akanga gwapa kumiririrwa necheseri vose nekutambira emakore vanoshungurudzwa rinobwinya. NEP ichi.

Ndiko kuti mugumo eighties fungidzira nhoroondo USSR Vanhu Soviet vakawanda. Vakabatsira nechiratidzo ichi nyaya dzakawanda dzakabudiswa muna akakurumbira venhau ( "dzomoto", "Komsomolskaya Pravda,", "Yaitaurwa uye Facts" uye vamwe vazhinji). On the echiShinto kare kurambidzwa mabhuku mabasa, kuti ive iyo makore mashoma apfuura zvaibvira chokuunganidza dambudziko, uye kuparadzwa nekubwaira kweziso. nyika yedu chainyanya rakakurumbira munyika uye pashure 1987 kukurumbira mabhuku nemapepanhau uye kurova zvose nyika zvinyorwa kare (maiwe, zvinokwanisika kuti ramangwana).

zvisaririra kare

Chokwadi, mabhuku ose aya ruzivo nezvenhoroondo nyika yake yaakaberekerwa aine ake guru zaruro simba vasina kuzunungusa kudavira yeSoviet vanhu chepamusoro ruramisiro mugovanisi munzanga uye chinangwa chayo chikuru - communism. M. S. Gorbachev nevatsigiri vake Politburo vanoziva anotambudzika chokwadi kuti - nokuda yakaderera Kushanda - kurima uye maindasitiri zvaida kwemisha kugadzirisa. Upfumi skidded, mabhizimisi akawanda havana mari, asi pachinhambo zvinodhura, kuwedzera uwandu "seboka purazi-shoroma" (maererano chitsama ehurumende chikwereti), inokosha zvemumba zvazova dhefisiti mamiriro ezvinhu nezvokudya kuri haana kufara. Young munyori mukuru aiziva kuti imwe kutendeseka zvaanazvo, nekuti emakore akawanda saka zvose hazvina kuitwa sezvo kuva, saka unofanira imwe nguva kumirira. Somugumisiro Papera, akanonoka makore anoverengeka perestroika. Zvadaro kufanotaura kuti hapana aigona.

Kumhanyisa uye cooperatives

Roga, nzira gadziridzo Chokwadi, vaida. The vaviri makore okutanga zvaifungwa kuti nhungamiro akatorwa rakarurama, uye "hakuna nzira, mamwe masoja" chete kufamba pairi uchida nokukurumidza. Izvi zvakaita kuti zita Danho rokutanga, iro kugadzirisa rakatanga. Nhoroondo NEP hunoratidza kuti kana dzimwe nzvimbo management kutamira kunyika voga maoko, kuchinja vari rinenge unovimbisa. Munguva maviri, nyika akakurumidza akakunda chakaparadzwa uye nzara, rubatsiro kubva vamwe vakanga vatora basa uye enterprising varidzi. Kuedza kudzokorora kuita izvi kwemakore makumi matanhatu kwakaita kuti kwete zvikuru mungashandisa nemigumisiro. Cooperators zvazova "raibudisa" kuumba boka idzva capitalists Soviet. Vakazadza zvimwe zvikamu zviri wechipfuwo kumusika, uye kupfuura vakabudirira uye zvokunze zvisakamboonekwa asi kuputsa deadlock upfumi yose vakakundikana. Saka, kutaura kuti kugadzirisa - dzokororo of New Economic Policy haadaro padzakavakirwa. GDP kukura kumboitika. Kwete.

mushandi

Muna 1986, kumhanyisa (pamusoro majee kuti kushandiswa kuva bedzi "zvakadaro", uye zvino "pow-zvakadaro-Boo") rine anenge hapana kuzorangarirwa. Zvinodiwa matanho matsva ane STRUCTURAL hunhu, uye vanonzwa zviri hutungamiri munyika akatanga kunyange akanga apfuura. Pane zviso zvitsva yokutsiva pamudyandigere vebato mastodons, asiwo kubva cadres ekare, aiva nomukurumbira "akura vakadzidza", Gorbachev akaramba. Eduard Shevardnadze aiva cheya Supreme Soviet, Nikolai Ryzhkov akatora cheya predsovmina, Moscow guta komiti webato rinotungamirirwa ipapo zvishoma kuzivikanwa asi nokukurumidza kuwedzera kukurumbira, Boris Yeltsin. Lukyanov uye Alexander Yakovlev akapinda Politburo, akaita dizzying basa. Zvaiita kuti pamwe chikwata kubudirira ndeyechokwadi ...

In zvakanga ichionekwa

Saka, aiita chikuru dambudziko kuchazoratidzwa. Matanho mberi vanoda kutsunga uye bolder. Sam M. S. Gorbachev, pamwe ake dzose achitsetsenura, akatsanangura vakaunganira kwaari, "vanhuwo zvavo," kuti kugadzirisa - iri apo munhu wose anoita basa ravo. Mubvunzo uyu unomuka chii zvose kuitei pamberi 1985? Asi ruzivo vagari Soviet haina kumubvunza.

Sapamazuva risati kwemaindasitiri, Soviet Union akanzwa kushaya kukura zvokuimba okugadzira. Plenum muna 1985 akaisa vavariro ikure maindasitiri kugadzirwa nevanhu 70%. Pakazosvika nineties, maari nechisimba akanga akaronga munyika yose, quantitative uye Qualitative. Staff uye pfuma nokuti vakanga. Nei izvi hazvina kuitika?

XXVII Congress uye zvisarudzo zvakanaka

Muna 1986 aiva XXVII Congress of CPSU, basa iro - chokwadi, kwete chete nokuda mumapepanhau uye manyepo clichés - vakatarisa yose nyika. Vakapinda vakatsigira kuitwa Revolutionary mutemo, kodzero basa collectives, iro zvino vanokwanisa kusarudzwa vatungamiriri, waidzora mubayiro uye kusarudza chii zvigadzirwa kubereka, kuti vabatsirwe mukurusa. Ndivo kuchinja perestroika, iyo ichangobva vashandi uye vasingagoni hope. Pahwaro evanhu kuchinja vakaronga kwokushandisa ehurumende vanokwanisa kuwedzera purazi ubereke nokuita 150%. It rinozivisa kuti panozosvika gore ra2000 muna nomumwe Apartments vachararama mhuri dzose Soviet. Vanhu vakafara, asi ... nguva isati yakwana. The Hurongwa haisi kushanda.

upfumi gutsaruzhinji

Zvakatora makore maviri pashure perestroika rakatanga. Zviri pachena Gorbachev akatanga kutambudza nechokwadi pamusoro Kururama mirayiridzo iyo nyika ichifamba. Makore akawanda gare gare, muna 1999, kutaura Turkey, pane mumwe musangano wakaitirwa neAmerican University, aizotumidza pachake wepachokwadi munhu Anti-rechiKomonisiti zvose ake upenyu wakarwira yakunda hweruzhinji. Mupfungwa, angava kodzero, asi nhasi zvakaoma rokuongorora yakakodzera ayo zviito muna 1987. Ipapo akataura nezvechimwe chinhu zvachose, vachipomera risingazivikanwi vamiririri "murayiro mamiriro" uye hapana zvishoma asinganzwisisiki zvigadziriswe kuti tunodzivisa zvose. Kunyange zvakadaro, izvozvo ndizvo wechipiri (uye pakupedzisira) nguva kugadziridzwa gutsaruzhinji chabviswa uye korona hwakakwana rakawanikwa (zvikuru zvisingatarisirwi) systemic zvaunokanganisa. Zvakaratidza kuti zvose zvakanga zvakanaka pamuviri (Lenin), asi ari thirties zvikuru kukanganiswa. Paiva pfungwa kwezvoupfumi gutsaruzhinji - kusiyana benzi bato kutarisira. Yokungotaura kururamiswa inopa zvinhu mapurofesa uye academicians L. Abalkina, G. Popov, N. Shmelev uye P. Bunich. Papepa, zvose vakaenda zvakanaka zvakare, uye chaizvoizvo vakaparidza vanhuwo mugovanisi kuzvidzora mari.

Nemipfumbamwe Party Conference

Muna 1988 akanga basa rokupedzisira kudzivirira webato nomenklatura omnipotence. Veruzhinji uye kupesvedzera of Communist Party rehurumende uye mabhizimisi pezvakaitwa, masimba kuzvionera mu sarudzo makanzuru akazivisa chinangwa vakananga iyo kuedza. Kwaiva mukukurukurirana, uye zvose echimurenga kusvika Zvakazoitika kuti matambudziko aya kugadziriswa zvakare kudiwa achitungamirirwa webato. Just nekuti vamwe vadaro haana. At nhume vakasarudza kuita, nomwoyo wangu wose kutsigira Gorbachev. Zvaiita kuti yapfuura makore andakapedza kugadzirisa maturo, asi hazvisi. Migumisiro nezvevateveri vaiva nhengo Board, iro zvino mumwe pavatatu vevatariri achimiririra masangano paruzhinji.

Dambudziko rine zvinhu, pakunamata dambudziko

Mushure musangano, paiva chinhu kuti sechigaro mahwanda pamusoro RSDLP. In game, yakatanga pachake democrats ayo uye radicals anomiririra vasingawirirani Pfungwa mirayiridzo. Zvichakadai, wajaira rugare nokugarika nyika yakanga kunetseka. Akarerwa yeutongi pfungwa vakuru vane hanya pokuwa pfungwa dzavo wakarurama vanhu. Dzinovaka vanhu vakanga vakajaira evanhu inopikira uye kuremekedza kwavo basa kubudirira, kusangana nematambudziko zvemari, kuwedzera nokuti vabereki mari zvinooneka ukuru cooperators - vanhu vanowanzotorwa vasingazivi uye unhu. Young vanhu munguva perestroika uye akanzwa pakunamata dambudziko, vachiona kuti dzidzo yakagamuchirwa nevabereki, hazvivimbisi vakadzikama upenyu. Nheyo anopararira.

Mumwe anorasikirwa uye mumwe anowana

Kuparadzwa chikuru dzematongerwe, pasinei zvikuru zviri pedyo inoshanda tsika, nguva dzose achiperekedzwa hombe-pamwero nemotokari-mananara kazhinji akaoma akashivirira dzakawanda vemo. Yakatanga Ranwa yevashandi maindasitiri uye miners. Food uye nevatengi dambudziko unomuka unpredictably anyangarika kubva echiShinto ari tii, hwefodya pamwe midzanga, shuga, sipo ... In iyi, varidzi vamwe pamatanda akaita zvisingabviri kupfuma iri guru kugadzirisa muna USSR. Muchidimbu inogona inozivikanwa se munguva kwokutanga kuwanda. State anotambura vatorwa kutengeserana akamboitirwa zvegutsaruzhinji kusanduka, vanhu vakambova ruzivo mune kumisika vatorwa uye kodzero kubatana, pakarepo akatora mukana potentials dzavo. Yakanakisisa mukana kupa zvikwereti. Banknotes Soviet nokukurumidza anorasikirwa ayo unhu zvinobatsira kubhadhara haana kuoma, mari Verengai chero chigadzirwa. Zvikanzi, kunyange zvose. Uye pasina. Asi muduku zvinhu ...

On the mubvunzo National

Kwete impoverishment, asi kwakaratidzwa ropa zviitiko panguva penguva. Soviet kuzvimba panguva vazvo kubva chakakomba kurwisana kwemarudzi muna reBaltic nharaunda, ari Ferghana Valley, Sumgait, Baku, Karabakh, Osh, Chisinau, Tbilisi uye dzimwe nzvimbo enzvimbo kusvikira ichangobva zvakanakanaka Union. Misa sika "dzakakurumbira fronts" unonzi munzira dzakasiyana, asi mumwe wakange nemidzi nenyika. Mienzaniso misangano uye mamwe mabasa vehurumende kusateerera hwapararira nyika, zviito zviremera 'vaiva nemitsipa, asi shure kwavo, uye wafungidzira neutera wesimba utungamiri, uye kutadza kwake kwenguva refu nokushorwa chisimba. The kugadzirisa 1985-1991 akakonzera pokuwa Union kupinda yoga National ehurumende masangano, kazhinji vaipikisa mumwe.

mazuva ana mazana mashanu ... kana uchida mamwe?

Pakazosvika 1990, upfumi jengachenga vakatonga pfungwa inokosha maviri pakuzadzisa. Chokutanga, mumwe icho munyori akanga Yavlinsky, ndokuchinja anenge pakarepo (mumazuva mazana mashanu) privatization uye yezwi capitalism, iyo, sezvo zvaiita anenge munhu wose, apo mberi akararama gutsaruzhinji. Kusarudza yechipiri inopa munhu zvishoma radicalized Ryzhkov uye Pavlov, uye kupa kuti kumeso rwokuToronto kumusika aine phased achisunungura administrative ehurumende constraints. Saka, zvishoma nezvishoma vachisimudza rates, uye akava hutungamiri munyika aite chimwe. Zvisinei, ndakaona kuti ichi anononoka kufamba ari avhiringidza.

Kubvuta masimba - neimwe uye sarambidzika

Uyewo 1990, vagari Soviet pakarepo kwakaonekwa purezidhendi. Izvi munhoroondo ehurumende - uye Tsarist uye Soviet - haana zvaitika. Muna June, Russia akataura ayo rusununguko, uye ikozvino Gorbachev kungaita kuti USSR kwese, asi kwete muMoscow, kwaakabereka inyanzvi Boris Nikolaevich Eltsin, sachigaro Armed Forces. Gorbachev Chokwadi, kuti Kremlin haangatongozununguswi kunze, asi paiva kurwa, uye kusvikira pakuguma USSR.

The referendamu, iyo yakaitwa March 1991, akaratidza zvinhu zviviri zvinokosha. Chekutanga, zvakava pachena kuti vakawanda vomunyika Soviet (pamusoro 76%) uchida kurarama munyika kukuru. Chechipiri, vari nyore kunyengetedzwa kuti achinje pfungwa dzake, asi zvikazooneka gare gare.

Pashure pokunge chaizvoizvo wakaitwa kuparara pamwe wehurumende (kureva Soviet Union pasina Russia?), New vanotongwa mutemo dzakawanda vakatanga kugadzirira mubatanidzwa, izvo raunganidza Committee iri Novo-Ogaryovo. Muna June, Yeltsin pasarudzo, achiva purezidhendi wokutanga Russian. Aifanira kusaina chibvumirano kwomubatanidzwa 20 August. Asi ipapo kwakauya kubvuta masimba, Zuro. Paivawo mazuva matatu azere kufara, rusununguko tomivshegosya muna Foros Gorbachev uye nezvimwe zvinhu zvizhinji, zvakasiyana uye kwete nguva dzose inofadza.

Saka akagumisa kugadzirisa. Yakanga chisingadzivisiki.