Kupi uye kana kutanga gunpowder?

Munhau yose yevanhu paiva zvigadzirwa zvakawanda, izvo akatendeuka zvachose nzira nhoroondo dzimwe nguva. Asi vashoma vavo vane ukoshi pamusoro yemapuraneti pamwero. Nokugadzirwa kwakaitwa gunpowder anoreva yakadaro isingawanzowanikwi zvakawanikwa, zvaakapiwa kurudziro huru kuti chidzoke uye kukura mapazi matsva nesayenzi uye nemaindasitiri. Saka, mumwe munhu akadzidziswa kuziva kupi yagadzirwa gunpowder, munyika iyo yakatanga kushandiswa zvinangwa zvechiuto.

Background nechitarisiko gunpowder

nguva refu havana kurega gakava pamusoro apo kuumba gunpowder. Vamwe samba yokubika combustible zvinhu Chinese, vamwe vaifunga kuti kwakanga afunga vokuEurope uye chete kubva ikoko akaenda Asia. Zvakaoma kuti gore rimwe kutaura kana yagadzirwa gunpowder, asi zvinofanira kukurukurwa sezvinoitwa nzvimbo yechizvarirwo of China pachena.

vafambi zvisingawanzoitiki, inobatwa China kuMiddle Ages, chakaratidza veko vanoda mafaro, achiperekedzwa kujairika uye ruzha kwazvo kuputika. Chinese pachavo ichi chiito yakawanda kunonakidza, asi vokuEurope kwakafuridzirwa kutya uye kutya. Chokwadi ichi chakanga asiri upfu, asi chete Bamboo mabukira, ugokandirwa mumoto. Mushure muchidziisa pemashanga hombodo ane nevamwe inzwi, waiva kwazvo zvakafanana kutinhira kudenga.

The mugumisiro kuputika awo vakapa pasi nokuda wanyatsoongorora Chinese mamongi, akatanga kuitisa kwakaita zvakasikwa zvakadaro zvinhu kubva dzinongoitika ingredients.

Nhoroondo kuvamba

Zvakaoma kutaura mugore zvinotaura Chinese tega gunpowder, asi pane mashoko kuti yatova muzana remakore rechitanhatu, Chinese vaiziva musanganiswa dzinoverengeka zvinoriumba, rinopfuta rakajeka womoto.

Chanza mu nokugadzirwa kwakaitwa gunpowder kodzero ndowenyika mamongi Taoist mutemberi. Pakati pavo paiva yakawanda masayendisiti vanogara vaedza kusika munhu mushonga kusafa. Ivo aibatanidza yakasiyana zvinhu mu kunosiyana zvikuru, ndichitarisira zuva rimwe kuwana zvakanaka pamwe. Vamwe Madzimambo Chinese aremerwa kuvimba zvinodhaka izvi, ivo akarota upenyu husingaperi, uye asingauyi hazvishandisi kushandisa ngozi wemisanganiswa. Pakati pezana remakore rechipfumbamwe mumongi akanyora bhuku rinotsanangura zvinenge zvose zvinozivikanwa elixirs uye nzira dzavo kushandiswa. Asi kuti akanga asiri anokosha - mashoma akarongwa bhuku kutaurwa mushonga ngozi kuti pakarepo abatwa moto mumaoko masayendisiti, kuita incredible marwadzo. Kudzima moto kwakakundikana, uye akapisa imba yose kwemaminitsi mashoma. Zviri date izvi zvinogona kuisa mafuta pfungwa mugakava kuti chii gore uye apo kuumba gunpowder.

Kunyange kusvikira rechigumi-regumi remakore gunpowder mu China haasi kubudiswa akawanda. Pamusoro wegumi nemiviri remakore paiva Chinese akadhindwa akawanda detailed rondedzero upfu uye wevasungwa zvaidiwa combustion zvinoriumba. Zvinofanira yakajekeswa kuti kana yagadzirwa gunpowder, akanga combustible uye vasingagoni putika.

The Kuronga upfu

Pashure nokugadzirwa kwakaitwa gunpowder mamongi makore anoverengeka ari tsanangudzo yakanaka nhamba zvakamisa hurongwa. Mushure pokuedza akazviratidza muvhenganiswa inonzi "moto mushonga waizoita" uye rinosanganisira kabhoni, sarufa nitrate. Zvinonzi yokupedzisira zvinoriumba kwazova kutituma mu pave musha chakatangwa gunpowder. Chokwadi chokuti nitrate kuwana zvakasikwa kwakaoma, asi muna China kuri guru kwazvo muvhu. Kune zviitiko apo zvinoratidzika pamusoro penyika whitish unhani Ukobvu masendimita anosvika matatu. Vamwe Chinese cook vakawedzera nitrate zvokudya kuvandudza palatability pachinzvimbo munyu. Vachingoita wakacherechedza kuti nitrate kupinda moto akakonzera rakajeka nokupenya uye kunonatsiridza combustion.

On the ehupfumi rwesarufa Taoists vaiziva nguva, izvozvo inowanzoshandiswa pfungwa, izvo mamongi dzainzi "mashiripiti." Last vanzwe upfu - marasha kwagara kushandiswa pave chipiswe combustion. Saka hazvishamisi kuti izvi zvitatu zvinhu ndivo hwaro gunpowder.

Kushandiswa dzinerunyarararo gunpowder mu China

Panguva apo yagadzirwa gunpowder, Chinese vasina pfungwa sei vakaita kukuru zvakawanikwa. Zvemashiripiti ehupfumi "mushonga waizoita romoto" vakasarudza kushandisa mavara mudungwe. Gunpowder vakava chinokosha tika uye hwemoto. Kuburikidza zvakakodzera mubatanidzwa zvinhu zviri musanganiswa mudenga nendege zviuru magetsi kutendeuka mudungwe mumugwagwa kupinda chinhu chinokosha.

Asi regai kufunga kuti kuva chakatangwa yakadaro, Chinese havanzwisisi kukosha kwayo zvehondo. Pasinei chokwadi kuti China ari Ages hazvina atadza, akanga ari mamiriro kuramba kudzivirira nemiganhu yayo. madzinza anongofamba pedyo neapo matikitivha akatora nechisimba Chinese muganhu dunhu, uye nokugadzirwa kwakaitwa gunpowder aifanira kubatsira chaizvo. Tichibatsirwa vokuChina kwenguva refu kusimbisa nzvimbo yaro mudunhu Asian.

Gunpowder: kushandiswa Chinese muchiuto zvinangwa okutanga

VokuEurope kare vaidavira kuti Chinese havasi kushandiswa gunpowder kuti zvinangwa zvechiuto. Asi chokwadi Data ava yakakanganiswa. Pane zvakanyorwa uchapupu kuti sezvo mangwanani sezvo remakore rechitatu, mumwe akakurumbira Chinese vemauto akakwanisa kukunda madzinza anongofamba pamwe gunpowder. Iye akavakwezva muvengi kuva nhete kuzvimbirwa, uko pre-mhosva dzakaiswa. Vaiva zvakasimba ivhu hari izere gunpowder uye simbi. Ndivo sepombi yemishenjere akaiswa mushonga wokuuraya vachena netambo. Kana Chinese yakatarwa moto kwavari, A Sound vekutinhira, kakawanda akaratidza kanjoni masvingo. Kubva pasi netsoka muArabhu chakakandwa mavhinga enyika, mabwe nezvidimbu zvesimbi. A tsaona yakaipisisa waitwa vavengi kusiya refu pamuganhu mapurovhinzi China.

Kubva wegumi remakore nematatu Chinese nani uto mukana wayo tichibatsirwa gunpowder. Ivo wekuvamba zvombo zvitsva. Vavengi ndokuwana fireballs, zvombo tabva yemishenjere sepombi uye pfuti, akatanga kubva catapult. Nemhaka kwayo "mushonga waizoita romoto" Chinese nokukunda kubva anenge zvose hondo, uye kubwinya kujairika zvinhu vakapararira munyika yose.

Gunpowder kunosiya China: navaArabhu uye eMongolia vanotanga kugadzira gunpowder

Around nematatu remakore gunpowder yokubika akawira mumaoko navaArabhu, uye eMongolia. Mune imwe ngano Arab chakabiwa bhuku umo marasha kwave rondedzero yakatodzama kukura sarufa nitrate, zvakafanira kuti akakwana musanganiswa. Kuti vawane ichi bhuku rinokosha mashoko, navaArabhu akaparadza gomo yemamongi.

Hazvizivikanwi kuti ichi chakanga, asi muzana remakore chete navaArabhu vakavaka pfuti wokutanga anoshongwa ose gunpowder. Akanga zvikuru kukwana uye kazhinji zvirema masoja pachavo, asi mugumisiro zvombo zvakajeka akafukidzwa dzevanhu varasikirwa.

"Moto Greek": Byzantine upfu

Maererano zvenhoroondo dzekare, navaArabhu gunpowder yokubika akauya Byzantium. Local ikakuruma masayendisiti vaishanda sezvamunoita uye akatanga kushandisa combustible musanganiswa, inonzi "moto Greek". It yakabudirira akaratidza pachayo iri kudzivirira guta, kana moto vakapisa kubva pombi rinenge rose rengarava muvengi.

Hazvizivikanwi chii chaiva chikamu "moto Greek". resipi wake akaramba rakada kwakarinda muchivande, asi vaongorori vanoti Byzantines vakashandisa sarufa, mafuta, nitrate, nebwe mafuta.

Gunpowder muna Europe: ndiani tega?

Kwenguva refu chaikonzera nechitarisiko gunpowder muEurope kwainzi Rodzher Bekon. Pakati pezana remakore nematatu, rakava rokutanga European kutsanangura mubhuku ose Kubika gunpowder. Asi bhuku rakanga encrypted, uye kushandisa zvakanga zvisingaiti. Kana uchida kuziva kuti ndiani tega gunpowder muEurope, mhinduro yemubvunzo wako ndiye nyaya Bertolda Shvartsa.

Aiva mumongi uye akadzidza alchemy vabatsirwe pamusoro Order of Franciscans. Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechigumi nemana, akashanda yezvinorehwa nefuma kukura kabhoni, sarufa saltpeter. Pashure yakawanda kuedza, akakwanisa paundi muduri uye anodiwa zvinoriumba ari maererano zvakakwanira kuputika. Nokufema Wave anenge akatuma mumongi kuchiedza. Asi kuvamba ake aiva mavambo enguva itsva iri Europe - nenguva nepfuti.

The muenzaniso chokutanga "vachiridzira dhaka" kwakatanga zvose zvakafanana Schwartz, nokuti raakanga paakasungwa chinangwa pachivande. Asi mumongi wacho vakaba uye pachivande zvifambiswe kuGermany, uko akaramba kuedza ake pamusoro kuvandudzika kuti pfuti. Chii akacheka upenyu kuongorora mumongi, achiri kuzivikanwa. Maererano neimwe shanduro, yakanga Varidza kumusoro uri Upfu gunpowder, zvimwe, akafa zvakanaka akwegura kwazvo zera. Chero zvakanga, asi madota akapa vokuEurope guru mukana, izvo havana kukundikana kushandisa.

VeMubatanidzwa gunpowder muRussia

Zvinosuruvarisa, kwete akachengetedzwa matsime zvaizoita anojekesa nhoroondo kwaita gunpowder muRussia. The rinofarirwa kupfuura shanduro anonzi nokukwereta mushonga putika kubva Byzantines. Saka kana ari chaizvoizvo - hazvizivikanwi, asi upfu muRussia ainzi "mushonga waizoita", uye akanga ane upfu-kufanana kusachinja-chinja. Kokutanga imwe firearm rakashandiswa mukupera namana remakore, panguva yokukombwa Moscow Khan Tokhtamysh. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti pfuti haana simba guru rokuparadza. Vakanga aishandiswa kutyisidzira muvengi, uye mabhiza, izvo utsi uye kuomba varasikirwa dzidziso iri muchadenga, wakakusha kutya zviri panhengo varovi.

Pakazosvika namapfumbamwe remakore gunpowder I kwakakurumbira chaizvo, asi ayo makore "yendarama" vakanga vachiri mberi.

Recipe kuti isina chiutsi upfu: ndiani tega?

Mugumo rechigumi nemapfumbamwe remakore aizivikanwa nokugadzirwa okunatsiridza itsva gunpowder. Zvakakodzera kujekesa kuti kwemakumi emakore, asi vanotanga vakaedza kugadzirisa mafuta musanganiswa. Saka iyo nyika tega gunpowder pasina utsi? Masayendisiti anodavira kuti muFrance. The muvambi akakwanisa kuwana Vielle pyroxylin upfu ane hwakasimba marongerwo. kutongwa kwake akasika furore, zvakanakira zvinhu itsva pakarepo kwakaratidzwa nemauto. Vanonzi isina chiutsi gunpowder yaiva chaizvoizvo haana kusiya dhipoziti uye kutombotsva. In Russia raakakwidzwa makore matatu gare gare pane muFrance. Uyezve, vavambi vakashanda vakazvimiririra.

Makore mashomanana gare gare , Alfred Nobel aronga kushandiswa iri zvaAtemisi anoshongwa nitroglycerin upfu ine maitiro neitsva. Gare gare munhoroondo gunpowder akanga yakawanda okunatsiridza uye kuvandudzwa, asi mumwe nomumwe wavo akapiwa achida rufu pamusoro madaro marefu.

Kusvikira nhasi, mauto, ivo vanotanga vari kushanda nesimba kuti pave mhando zvachose itsva gunpowder. Ndiani anoziva, zvichida, achibatsirwa yake yemberi, ivo zvinoshamisa kushandura nhoroondo yevanhu kupfuura kamwe.