Kwetsanga gasi: matambudziko pamusoro munhu, chikumbiro mienzaniso, zvinokonzerwa

Panguva World War First, murayiro yokuGermany akatanga kekutanga kushandisa makemikari zvombo kurwisa vavengi. Somugumisiro makemikari kurwiswa, achiuraya vanhu vanopfuura miriyoni. "Mambo" chepfu magasi ari World War First aiva wetsanga. Nyaya iyi ichapindura mibvunzo pamusoro chii netsanga uye apo rinoshandiswa.

History chokusika

Yemasitadha - zita esayenzi 2,2-dichloroethyl thioester. Uti nokuti chokwadi yakatanga synthesized gasi hazvibviri. Around imwe nguva (1860), masayendisiti akawanda vakakwanisa agopfigira mhepo murabhoritari. MuGermany, akaita zvakawanikwa Albert Niemann, England - Frederick Guthrie, France - Sezar Depre. German Victor Mayer (1886) akabudirira kuva nzira kubudisa yakaisvonaka wetsanga. Uyewo, masayendisiti ava yaiitisa wokutanga rabhoritari nemiedzo, izvo zvakaguma mapepa achirondedzera chepfu nemigumisiro kwetsanga gasi pamusoro munhu.

Bhururu, uyo akatora mugove kudzidzawo, pamwe chete B. Mayer, aiva musayendisiti wokuRussia Nikolay Dmitrievich Zelinsky. Zvinosuruvarisa, mu nedanho ND Zelinsky akagamuchira kutsva uye chepfu kubudikidza gasi ichi, hazvibviri kuti murambe bvunzo. Zvichienderana mabasa Mayer, muna 1916, mishonga maviri, B. Lommel (Lommel) uye B. Shteynkopf (Steinkopf), akakudziridza uye rakatangwa pakati mumaindasitiri kugadzirwa chepfu gasi rinonzi Lost (mabhii maviri mazita masayendisiti rokutanga). Zita pa gasi hakusi chavasina.

Muna 1917, musi waJuly 12 panguva kurwisa muBelgian guta Ypres, vokuGermany vaishandisa zvimbambaira akazadzwa jikichira zvine chepfu. Kuonana kwetsanga gasi aiva murume noutsinye. Iye kupinda kunyange kuburikidza zvipfeko neshangu. Somugumisiro ari bombardment pakati wetsanga kukanganiswa vanenge 2,500 vanhu, vanhu vanenge 100 vakaurayiwa. Mushure rinouraya gasi kurwisa akamuka zita rayo ano - masitadhi. Zita wechipiri chepfu, riri kunzwa, "kwetsanga gasi". Izvi imhaka yakananga munhuwi wetsanga gasi, inova nowenyika munhuwi wetsanga kana horseradish.

Nzira hwokubereka indasitiri

Mushure chisimba zviitiko Ieper vavengi German makatanga vanoshingaira kuva nzira maindasitiri kugadzirwa gasi rinouraya. The British, vokuAmerica uye French kuti pagadzirwe raEta vakashandisa zvakananga kwetunhu aronga Nimono uye Guthrie. Yemasitadha vakawana somugumisiro kujoina zvinhu zviviri, ethylene chloride nesarufa. Izvi hazvisi sezvo nguva-pakuzadza uye kudhura, sezvo nzira yaishandiswa vokuGermany.

MuGermany, nokuti kubudisa kwetsanga gasi akashandisa nzira B. Mayer, asi vaisanganisa. "Netsanga Gas" zvinoberekwa unobatanidza thiodiglycol pamwe phosphorus trichloride. Pasinei chokwadi kuti izvi akatora yakareba nokuti kwetunhu, vokuGermany rinoshandiswa iye chete. Pashure pomuedzo chigadzirwa rwaiwanikwa mashoma nguva mukuru (95%) pane dzimwe nzira.

mumuviri ehupfumi

The ehupfumi inokosha zvokunyama 2,2'-dichloroethyl thioester:

• The mvura, usina ruvara.
• Kwakanaka simba, kufanana gariki, masitadhi.
• Kubika pfungwa - 217 ° C.
• Kubvunda tembiricha - 14,5 ° C.
• It anoora fuma ari tembiricha kuti 150 ° C; manyowa kwakakwana panguva 500 ° C.
• The fuma arambe achirema pamusoro arambe achirema mvura.
• Panguva dzakakwirira tembiricha hunokachidza gasi mhepo nemishonga ipfupi, asi uwandu Esteri mudenga mamorekuru kunowedzera nokuti volatility zvakanaka.

mushonga ehupfumi

Nokuti kwemakemikari ehupfumi netsanga rinoungana sarufa, maatomu maviri kuiisa chlorine uye ethylene:

• Havaratidzi soluble mumvura. Nokusanganisa kunoitika chete kuzvishandisa anokurudzira. Somuenzaniso, kana anopinda chero muviri mvura wetsanga haangavi mudutu mvura, asi rucharamba pamwe chete makemikari anoumba, panguva udzamu. Mune zvimwe zviitiko mvura anogona kuumba pamusoro pechiso dzakaonda firimu.
• Hazvina soluble mune muriwo uye mhuka mafuta, zvinoita zvokufembedzwa.
• Inert kune marudzi simbi zhinji; mugaba kuchengeta mvura dzingava aruminiyamu capsules.

Yemasitadha: kukanganisa kwevanhu

Yemasitadha rinoreva chepfu yakaipisisa mhoni. Chii mashandiro chiito nouturu pamusoro womunhu muviri?

• Nokuda akanaka solubility kuti kwetsanga gasi ari mafuta ose miriwo uye mhuka mavambo, anogona vakasununguka kupinda munzvimbo womunhu kuburikidza ganda. In inopisa okunze, simba Absorção de Água dzine uturu gasi mipiro ziya kusunungurwa.
• Muvanhu, netsanga nokukurumidza rwakakamukana. Izvi pave nemamwe chepfu yeimwe kukuvadza zvikuru kuvanhu.
• Lymphocytes vari ropa masero machena uye vokutanga kutambura pamigumisiro wetsanga gasi. Somugumisiro, masoja emuviri kunova nyore.
• Uyezve maererano mwero inokanganisa vari nhengo ari hematopoietic ino, kuti intestinal mucosa.
• Kwetsanga gasi anokwanisa kushandura maumbirwo DNA.

Chepfu kunoita kwetsanga gasi mumuviri uri sezvinotevera:

• Panguva kwokutanga nevanhu vaduku mishonga wetsanga munhu haagoni pakarepo kuchengeta matambudziko gasi paganda pamusoro kana kufema turakiti. The Isimba rakadini rinogona kubudiswa nguva - maawa 6-8. Chete nokuwedzera gasi wevasungwa munguva zvakatipoteredza zvinotungamirira sneezing, kana kwazvo huro.
• Muchetura rinoungana mumuviri, nokudaro kuwedzera murwere ezvinhu.
• Nokuti ani nezvainoita pemvura mucous zvinyama uye anotanga muchitokisi rufu, zvichiita kuti rufu mugove zvaparadzwa.
• Zvinyama kugadzira pashure kukuvara anononoka chaizvo.
• Munzvimbo muviri damage chepfu fuma, pane vesicants ronda. Somugumisiro chichiburutswa kutapata reinfection zvimwe zvirwere zvinogona kuitika, izvo zvaizoita kuomesa mwoyo murefu kupora kana kuguma rufu.
• Kune kunotouraya.
• It anowedzera muviri aikanganiswa utachiona.

Yemasitadha: zvakaipira kukundwa chimiro chepfu gasi

The chikuru mugumisiro kwetsanga gasi ane pamusoro pameso, kufema maitiro uye ganda. Kana mushonga mumiririri iri sprayed muchimiro gasi, kwetsanga gasi kuona vanhu kazhinji kuburikidza nhengo nokuona, ipapo kufema mapazi uye ganda zvishoma. Liquid droplet chimiro kwetsanga gasi kunonyanya kunokanganisa ganda. Migumisiro zvakaipa Kurwisa gasi nani pane mvura siyana zvine chepfu.

Nyoro siyana kukuvara nhengo inomuka panyaya pfupi-rokuti kugara munhu ari mapazi ane chepfu chete chiduku pfungwa imwe gasi (0.002 MG \ L) uye mvura chimiro (0.01 MG \ cm2). Svikiro - pamwe yakawanda mamorekuru zvine chepfu ari zvakatipoteredza: Gas - 0015 MG \ L, nemvura-donhwe - 0.1 MG \ cm2. Heavy wetsanga gasi chepfu, izvo zvinogona kuuraya, kunoitika apo wevasungwa zviri pafuma iri mhute wehurumende - 0,07 MG \ L. Photos migumisiro kwetsanga gasi pamusoro munhu anogona kuonekwa munyaya.

mhando Matatu kufema maronda:

• A nyoro chimiro kukuvara: kuzvimba huro uye mhuno. It akaratidza ari zhinji secretions kubva mhino, achinetseka kumedza, kwazvo huro. Mushure memazuva 10-12, zviratidzo kuenda.
• Average chimiro: kukosora pamwe purulent zvinoyerera, mukuru muviri tembiricha, kurwadziwa muchipfuva nzvimbo. With kukwana kurapwa kunotungamirira nemabayo. Nguva ushandiswe kurapa kunoita kuporesa mwedzi nehafu.
• A zvakakomba chimiro: nomuchetura zviratidzo kuitika akawanda maawa pashure kugara masitadhi gasi. Kudhaka - chikosoro pamwe purulent zvinoyerera flue, mukuru tembiricha, mabayo hwapedyo pazuva rechitatu, izvo zvinogona mberi necrosis pamusoro mapapu uye rufu. Recovery wevarwere pashure zvikuru nomuchetura anoenda zvakaoma.

mhando Matatu kukuvara nhego:

• Meso zvikuru hanya migumisiro wetsanga (negasi). Kunyange panguva yakaderera kuwanda (0.005 MG \ L) hafu yeawa - matatu o'clock vainzwa anopedza, nokutsva, kunzwa jecha mumaziso, mucous ziso achazvimba zvakasimba kumhanya misodzi. Vanechitsama Mavhiki mamiriro iri normalized.
• Kana ocular zviratidzo mwero zvakaoma kwazvo, sezvinorondedzerwa pamusoro, vari yakakura, zvimwe corneas anorwadza kuonekwa pus. maronda kwakadaro zvinogona kurapwa, kupora kunoitika pashure pemwedzi mitatu.
• Kwazvo marudzi kuparadzwa kuitika kana nemvura droplet wetsanga gasi opinda meso ako. Achitambura zvikuru cornea, kuzvimba kunoitika pakutanga, uye zvino turbidity, pashure porufu corneal zvinyama, kazhinji kunotungamirira upofu.

mhando Matatu ganda maronda:

• Munyoro chimiro kukundwa pamusoro nzvimbo ganda kuonana uye hunokachidza fuma pane kuzvimba, pane rima makwapa, peeling. Mushure vhiki nehafu zviratidzo kunyangarika, chete pigmentation anogona kugara kwenguva refu.
• In mwero migumisiro iri paganda ngapaonekwe matema duku, izvo zvino aibatanidza kupinda rimwe dzinokaroparuka kuvhura subcutaneous akaturikidzana. Izvi zvinogona kuitika zvimwe zvirwere kuti kuwedzera chirwere. Uyewo, chimiro ichi kunoratidzwa zvikuru kuvaviwa uye marwadzo. Zviratidzo inonyangarika mukati mwedzi.
• Wakakura zvikuru chimiro - wechitatu. It kunoratidzwa maronda yakadzika munyama kuti kuva hardhealed necrotic maronda. Recovery kunoitika pashure 4 months.

Kwetsanga gasi angapinda uye gastro-intestinal turakiti nezvokudya kana mvura ine muchetura. Chepfu kuchinja akanyorwa nemumuromo mhango, yegurokuro uye dumbu. Muna ura, kazhinji hapana kuzvimba zvauya kubva chokwadi kuti muchetura anopinda muropa kubva mudumbu. Zviratidzo: fivha, kurutsa, manyoka, atadze kushanda zvakanaka mwoyo, zvachose Kuparadzwa muviri. Kwazvo marudzi nomuchetura chinourayisa.

rwekutanga

Pakutanga, kudzivisa hunokachidza mugumisiro kwetsanga gasi pamusoro munhu, zvinokosha kudzivirira ganda uye kufema gadziriro, maziso inokosha rinoreva - gasi chifukidzo uye unodzivirira sutu.

Pashure kuonana kwetsanga gasi anodonhedza kuti neutralize ganda zvinogonawo kushanda kunoita zvinhu chinokosha kubva munhu Anti-gasi pasuru, kana kwete, ipapo kushandisa doro mhinduro kuti kuiisa chlorine chibi. Kana akakanganisa ziso nemvura inoyerera kana simba pasoda mhinduro. The kupinda kuti kwetsanga gasi ari zvomudumbu turakiti iri nemutemo gastric lavage ane simba mhinduro kuti potassium permanganate.

kunyoresa

Kokutanga kushandiswa wetsanga gasi kubudikidza vokuGermany zvakaitika munguva yehondo pakati Quadruple Alliance uye Entente. In mabhuku, kupesana ichi zvombo inowanzonzi kunzi nemakemikari hondo, nekuti iyi, akaedzwa uye vakashandisa rakawanda chepfu inouraya zvinhu.

The muchiuto German vaishandisa kwetsanga gasi kumisa kufambira mberi weuto muvengi pedyo netaundi Ypres. Pausiku July 13, 1917 vokuGermany vakarwisa nevarwi Entente wetsanga gasi. Migumisiro kushandisa gasi rinouraya rokutanga vaiva chaityisa: sei vanhu vanenge 2,500 vakaurayiwa vanenge 100. Vazhinji vakafa mushure rechiuto kuvhiyiwa panzvimbo, nekuti chinouraya gasi kwepasi hakuitiki pakarepo. Pashure kurwisa uku vokuGermany vokuBritain, vokuAmerica, French akasarudza kutevedzera netsanga zvakare.

Zviuru akafa, akakuvadza magumo, muviri, vanotarisana varwi uye vanhuwo zvavo, kusvibiswa nyika uye mvura - nemigumisiro kushandiswa kwemakemikari zvombo munguva yehondo. The yakabudirira nyika haigoni kutadzisa dzokororo zvinotyisa zvakadaro mune ramangwana. Somugumisiro, muna 1925 nayo akasaina Geneva Protocol irambidzwe kushandiswa kwemakemikari zvombo, zvombo zvoutachiona munguva yehondo.

Pasinei nokurambidzwa, nyika zhinji vakashandisa makemikari yomuchipatara kuti paundi nemuvengi wake pakona uye kuhwina hondo.

Mussolini haana kuzeza kushandisa kwetsanga gasi muhondo yokurwisa Italian State weEtiopia (1935-1936). Chinangwa chikuru - kuti vabatane pasi flag Italy, kuchamhembe kweAfrica, saka ari kosi vaiva nechisimba nzira muchiuto, kusanganisira himataki. Somugumisiro, Italy akanga yakatora Ethiopia uye pamwe Eritrea uye Italian Somaliland ari munzvimbo itsva.

Muna 1943, kwaiva dambudziko, izvo zvakakanganisa kwete chete muchiuto asi vanhuwo zvavo Bari chiteshi. The dzechikwata German wakabhombwa zvikepe American, mumwe yaiva akatakura anoshongwa makazara masitadhi. Pasinei nokuti mabhomba akanga zvifambiswe pasina fuses, mhepo amurove yakanga zvakakwana kuita Activate kuti chepfu mukati. Paiva makemikari kurwisa kuti vakauraya 90 vanhu.

VokuJapan Munopfuura zvose chikamu kuedzwa uye kushandiswa kwemakemikari zvombo China. Mukutanga thirties remakore rechi20 vakanga akatengwa kubva michina German kuti kugadzirwa gasi rinouraya iri muindasitiri akamboona. Mauto Japanese yakavakwa dzakawanda namakemikari zvinomera mu China vamativi enyika dzamambo. Miedzo zvine chepfu zvinoitwa pamusoro vasungwa vehondo uye zvavo kuvanhuwo zvavo! Masoja Mare zuva vakatenda Chinese consumable. Mauto Japanese "wakarega" zvombo namakemikari muhondo muna China (1937-1945). Pashure kuguma hondo yeChina neJapan, Japan, kutanga kuparadza "uchapupu", akavigwa kana vakanyura mumvura hombe zvenyukireya kwemakemikari zvombo. Mumakore 90 remakore rechi20, maiva zviitiko apo kudzidzinga zvishandiswezve himsnaryady dzaparadzwa, uye hunokachidza mugumisiro kwetsanga gasi vakasangana vanhuwo vagari. Muna 2010, muchina wokudhinda yakashuma kuti kuvaka chirimwa chichaitwa muna China kuti tsvina akavigwa pedyo Japanese makemikari zvombo.

Kurambidza Chemical Weapons

September 3, 1993 kwave aronga nemasaini Convention on kurambidza kwemakemikari zvombo. Chaizvoizvo, iye pamwe April 1997, pashure pacho akasaina 65 inotaura. Pasi chibvumirano ichi, nyika kuparadza nharaunda yose makemikari zvombo zvenyukireya uye zvirongwa chokuchengetedza kukura uye okusuma mhando itsva chepfu. To musi, nyika 190 akasaina pagungano, nhengo yeUnited Nations. About 60% matanda ose kwemakemikari zvombo kuraswa.

iyezvino chaizvoizvo

Gungano chakatsigirwa nyika zhinji, asi zvine chepfu kuramba kushandiswa kwete chete panguva mukurwisana nezvombo asiwo bombardment Maguta sevhiriyeni. Sezvo Muchirimo 2017 zvinobudisa nhau raputika nemishumo kushandisa wetsanga gasi muna Iraq zvehondo. Himataki initiators vaiva vamiririri kwechiIslam State (rarambidzwa Russia). Uyewo, kushandiswa kwemakemikari zvombo muSiriya akakunda uye maguta (2016-2017 gg.). Kurwisa chepfu yakaipisisa inobata kwete chete muchiuto asi vanhuwo zvavo. Kunyange zvazvo hurumende reSiriya yave rinoziviswa kuti azvino batch mangé kwemakemikari zvombo yabviswa muna June 2014. Laboratory nokuti kugadzirwa wetsanga gasi yokuIraq, mauto akawana vokuAmerica. UN Commission akaita kuferefeta imwe neimwe nyaya kushandisa zvine chepfu.

Yemasitadha - mushonga?

Njodzi yaitika muna 1943 mune Italian chengarava Bari, vatsvakurudzi vakaongorora chitunha. Somugumisiro Kuedzwa, kwakaonekwa kuti ropa-Anoumba nhengo uye node nodes ndisipo leukocytes. Kuwana uku chakaita masayendisiti kuti kwetsanga gasi inogona kushandiswa kurapa pahosha kenza. Vaongorori kubva America Goodman uye Gilman nokuda wetsanga gasi zvakagadzira pfuma kuti mishonga diki raitongwa kuti murwere rwekenza yelymphoma. Pakutanga, mumwe mushonga mwoyo kukanganisa bundu inotungamirwa. It yakaderera kukura. Asi pashure dzimwe nguva kenza vafambira mberi. A vaunganidza mumuviri mumwe fuma pahwaro wetsanga hakutangi kubatsira muviri, asi kuchetura naye. Murume akafa kudhaka.

Yakaderera kuwanda, kwetsanga gasi inoshandiswa kurapa psoriasis chamaperembudzi. Pahwaro akasimbisa kwetsanga mafuta apo muRugwaro zvirimo imwe nhamba 1 kusvika 20 000 kana 40 000. Asi okupedzisira 20 apfuura, mushonga haawanzopiwi akareva yakakura nzira kurapa kwakadaro.

Panguva nezvehondo iri kosi ndivo nzira dzakasiyana-siyana, dzimwe nguva noutsinye zvinangwa avo. Asi kwete nguva dzose, mugumo anoruramisa nzira. Saka chii chakaitika kushandiswa kwemakemikari zvombo. Migumisiro kushandisa zvine chepfu nehana (kusanganisira migumisiro wetsanga gasi pamunhu). Kusvikira zvino, vanhu vave vachiedza kurarama nemigumisiro kushandiswa kwemakemikari zvombo. Pari, chikuru basa iri yakabudirira nyika kusazvidzokorora zvikanganiso zvakadaro.