Ancient Hurumende Midia: guru, vanogara. mutauro evaMedhia. History of Iran

EvaMedhia umambo, kamwe aumba kubva madzinza pamwe, ane nzvimbo zvinzvimbo mune zvematongerwo enyika, tsika uye upfumi nhoroondo kare. Uyu ndiwo mumwe Where rakapararira cheZoroastrianism uye muviri, chokuita zvakananga naro. It yaiva nguva kubva 670 BC. e. 550 BC. e., asi panguva yacho ichatonga zvine mbiri nayo akatambanudza vakwanise zvikuru pane kwakajairika dzinza miganhu.

nzvimbo

Kamwe huru yekare dzokuMabvazuva nyika, yataurwa sezvo vaMedhia, zvino riri kumadokero ethnographic nzvimbo, izvo anazvo ne Iran. Pamepu yenyika yekare vakafukidza anoyevedza nzvimbo iyo rakatenderedzwa kuchamhembe kwaiva rwizi Araks uye Elbrus, uye muna West - nhare kupfuura ano neZagros wemakomo eJudhiya. Kumaodzanyemba mamiriro vaMedhia aihuitira kweGungwa reCaspian. Kumabvazuva nharaunda kunosvika munyu gwenga Dasht-e Kavir, zvino chinokosha Iran.

The kwaita ehurumende

Kutaurwa avaMedhi kuonana vari muAsiria renhoroondo dzamadzimambo yechipiri yezana remakore rechi9. BC. e. Muzvinyorwa ake Herodotus anodana marudzi muna Media, CARCHI. Sezviri pachena, zvakanga vaizvitora izita. Magwaro ekare mamiriro kutaura "Aryan nyika."

Kana marudzi kubva Central Asia Iranian akapinda nharaunda Iran ano, haina kuzivikanwa. Vazhinji dzekare vanowanzomuitira kudavira kuti zvakaitika kumativi 2000-1500 BC. e. Kunenge kuti pakutanga vakaumba yedzinza chibvumirano ravaIndia, kungova nzvimbo madzinza. Zvisinei, kare muna 9-8 emakore. BC. e. kuchinja anotanga kuitika. Vakanga chokuita pakasvika yemadzinza matsva. The State of Media iyi kunoratidzwa intensification wevechitendero vaitaura nhengo akazova koshesa.

C 8. BC. e. pamusoro munharaunda masimba ramangwana dzinotanga kubuda songaniro yokutanga duku. Zviri mhando wehurumende-nharaunda, ramakagadzwa rinonyatsooneka ndiye Mans. Zviri ramangwana akava zvoupfumi uye tsika pakati avaMedhi. Saka, pane imwe nguva munharaunda iyoyo paiva kwemadzinza mibatanidzwa uye State munda. Maererano zvinyorwa Herodotus, vanhu vakabatana navo, kuti ndiye muvambi Midia wehurumende - iri Deioces.

Deioces (Dayukku)

Deioces pakutanga aiva mutongi, uye anenge 670 647 makore. BC. e. Aiva mambo avaMedhi okutanga. Maererano nouchapupu kusiiwa Herodotus, akanga simba guru pakati vaainamata anokudzwa kururamisira uye wachi, anofanira kusarudza nharo iri widest mupfungwa, apo munyika yakanga mutemo wakakwana. Chikonzero ichi iye akasarudzwa mutongi. Izvi unhu Deioces vaiziva mussel yose, saka pashure kumusangano waitevera, iye akasarudzwa mambo. Chinhu chokutanga chakaitwa mubati - a aibatanidza marudzi matanhatu: N'anga, mabhazi, struhatov, arizatnov, budiev uye paretakenov. On mirairo ake, vekare mamiriro akawana rayo guru iri muchimiro guta dzichangobva kuvakwa pamusoro Ecbatana.

Zvakazoitwa madzimambo evaMedhiya

About madzimambo ushe avaMedhi vanyori vekare kumbotipa zvinoverengeka dzinopesana mashoko. Nokuti muronga yabuda pamusoro zvinyorwa Herodotus nguva refu, vaiona chakavimbika kupfuura zvinyorwa.

• Fravartish kana Phraortes (munenge 647-625 BCE ...) - mwanakomana Deioces (mambo wokutanga), uyo nhaka kubva simba rake. mutongi chinzvimbo uye zvehondo, vakanga vaenda kundorwa nevaPezhiya uye vakavakunda. Akunda nedzimwe ndudzi, pakupedzisira rakaparadzwa nevaAsiriya.
• Cyaxares, kana Cyaxares (munenge 625-585 BCE ...) - ngaatarire pashure mambo yapfuura. Ndiye akauya arayire muchiuto, unogovera parutivi mhando zvombo uye zvinhu. Nokuti nguva rokutonga Cyaxares Falls nechisimba VaSitiya yechipiri Mushandirapamwe Asiria.
• Ishtuvegu kana Astyages (munenge 585-550 BCE ...) - mwanakomana Cyaxares, uye mambo wokupedzisira evaMedhia. Kana Midia pashure ropa hondo-gore matatu yakakundwa nevaPezhiya.

evaMedhia vanhu

Pari, vanyori venhau vane kukwana uwandu matongo uye mamwe mashoko zvaizoita mundotarisisa magariro uye mamiriro mamiriro avaMedhi. In matongo nemashoko, rakachengetedzwa akadzidza zvishoma, uye matsime vakawanda (yamabhuku guta) haisati chakafukunurwa. Zvisinei, pane mazano kuti muna 9-8 emakore. BC. e. VaMedhia akagara rechiuto hweruzhinji. Kutaura zvazviri, izvi nguva chinomirira achichinja kubva chinyakare muvanhu kusvika mangwanani muranda. The chikuru Mbiru upfumi vari zvokurima uye mhuka minda, kunyanya maberekero, uye kukura ndege.

Strong simba pamusoro pokumuka vanhu vaiva kubudirira rechiuto, nekuti yakanga tsvarakadenga ngwizhingwi mamiriro. Mussel mune hondo dzokukunda ne "vavakidzani" ake kuonana zvikuru ekare dzomunyika East. Somugumisiro, kutanga, kumadokero kwenyika yacho, uye ipapo kwose kwose vakatanga kuwedzera nhamba muranda wechibharo, rinoshandiswa kwete chete muimba youmambo, asiwo temberi mudzimba kwamachinda. Zvadaro, zvichida pane yakawedzera vanoparadza vemunharaunda uye somugumisiro, kuti nokudzamisa kirasi antagonisms. Iri raiva rimwe zvikonzero kwakaderera ehurumende wayo Accessibility kuti kukunda nyika pedyo.

Guta guru rehurumende Midia

Guta guru vaMedhia Ecbatana (zvino Hamadan) yaiva rakaorera mumupata. Vanyori venhau dzakaitika vanofungidzira kuti rayakavambwa kumativi 3000 BC. e., pasinei nokuti zvinyorwa muAsiria anoratidza 1100 BC. e. Kupfuma kuna Ecbatana vaiva kunozivikanwa. Ancient wenhoroondo poliby rondedzero inotaura youshe 7 nzendo dziri sekamufarenzi wenhare uye makange zvizere kusavapo masvingo eguta. All zvidimbu huni dzakavakwa cypress omusidhari, mbiru, matanda uye ceilings taisa nendarama nesirivha ndiro, uye nemakadhibhokisi mapuranga dzinoitwa zvesirivha chaiyo. Gold mbiru vari mutemberi Aisne. The guta rave dzichapambwa Aleksandrom Makedonskim.

Vaimbove Ecbatana, zvino Hamadan (yaifananidzira pamusoro) nderimwe remaguta ekare kwete chete muna Iran asi munyika yose. Aiva uye achiri akapoteredzwa mitema nemakomo. Kunaka zvakasikwa uye emakore-kare kare zvinokwezva vashanyi vakawanda.

Culture Media

Muzana 7th remakore. - yokutanga yezana 6 remakore BC. e. Midia mamiriro yaiva musimboti wevechitendero tsika, iyo gare gare vakakwereta uye vakava nevaPezhiya. Unonzi nezvazvo zvishoma. Munguva ichangopfuura, zivo shoma chete kuponesa mufananidzo pamusoro Bhanabhasi-reliefs weAsiria. The mwero Data vakawana somugumisiro matongo Zvakafukunurwa kubvumira kutonga pamusoro mavakirwo yekare wehurumende. Saka, vanochera matongo German vacherera yaiva 70 Km from Hamadan mutemberi moto kufambidzana kudzokera rechi8 remakore. BC. e. Ane nedhaimani chimiro. Inside, aritari hwaponeswa kureba 1,85 m, zvinosanganisira matanho mana chivharo.

Vaongorori vanodavira kuti nyika yekare, kuti vanhu vakanga vagere wekare mamiriro, vaiva nenzira dzakawanda akafanana vaPezhiya, muna Vol. H. Uye hunhu netsika. Men vaipfeka ndebvu refu uye bvudzi. VaMedhia vakapfeka pfupi bhurukwa uye majombo (kufanana vaPezhiya), uye yakareba nokusazvibata nguo ine unzenza maoko yakasungirirwa nebhanire, apo akanga akatasva akinak - munondo pfupi. Marines chiwuno pfupi mapfumo vakanga uye wakagadzirwa nembariro nhoo akafukidzwa ganda. NevaMedhiya vaiva kwazvo vamabhiza. Mambo vengoro, yakamira pakati kuhondo. Nadzo, kufanana nevamwe vakawanda Iranian vanhu vakanga ndiro, vakafukidza kwete chete vatasvi asiwo mabhiza.

Chitendero mu Media

Zvakaoma kufungidzira, asi mu Media (Iran ano panyika mepu) kwakapararira, mumwe mukuru zvitendero - cheZoroastrianism, uye Islam munyika idzi vakauya zvikuru gare gare. It rinobva pakuratidzwa muprofita Zarathustra Spitama, dzidziso iyo hunoita hwaro zvose kuzvisarudzira sarudzo murume akanaka mashoko, ndangariro nezviito. Zvinofungirwa kuti wokupedzisira evaMedhia mambo Astyages cheZoroastrianism akawana mamiriro chitendero mamiriro. Zvino hwaponeswa chete duku Nzanga India, Iran, Azerbaijan uye Tajikistan.

The mussels aiva kanosvota Ardvisura Anahita - mwarikadzi wembereko. In huru muguta ehurumende yakanga temberi yaro.

Language Media

Pakati masayendisiti vakaumba maonero mbiri mutauro evaMedhia. Vamwe vane chokwadi chaizvo ivepo, vamwe - kuramba, muchitenda kuti vekare vanhu vakataura tumitauro vanoverengeka, iyo pamwe chete vanoumba chete mutauro Persian - yekare Iranian. .. kurdish, Tat, Talysh, mbavha, zvichingodaro Asi chero zvakadaro tinogona kufungidzira kuti mutauro nevakawanda unotaurwa Media Ekbatanskogo County remutauro: The nharo vachida rechipiri shanduro ndiyo kusavapo runodiwa dhigirii ukama pakati pavanakomana avaMedhi. Zvichida, zvaionekwa mamiriro.

Chokwadi, pane akanga akanyorwa, asi urombo akasawanikwa sezvivako ayo. Cherechedza kuti runyoro checuneiform kuti rakashandiswa vaPezhiya, iri akaderedzwa Urartu ecuneiform. Iyewo, vaigona kuwana navo chete kuburikidza avaMedhi.

Fall mamiriro

Sezvo mamiriro Midia vakaguma kuvapo anenge 550 BC. e.

EvaMedhia mambo Cyaxares mushure kudzingwa munyika vaSitiya yaita uto kubatana Bhabhironi Asiria, iyo yakavharwa muchato muzukurusikana ake uye mwanakomana mutongi kuBhabhironi. Muna 613 BC. e. hondo yakabatana yaaigara uye sacked Ninivhe. The hweAsiriya wakawira, uye kuparara kwayo yakakamurwa pakati vatsigiri. VaMedhiya akaenda kuchamhembe chikamu. hondo miganhu Uyezve kwakavhiringidza nhare Union. Somugumisiro, mambo weBhabhironi akaita sungano mutongi muduku uye chinzvimbo yakakunda Persia, uyo muna 553 BC. e. Akamutsa kumukira evaMedhia utongi. Hondo rwakatora makore matatu. King avaMedhi, maererano Herodotus, akanga atengeswa kwake mukuru. Ecbatana akanga dzichapambwa, uye naKoreshi of Achaemenid youmambo, akava mutongi hwePezhiya. People Media rakaramba vamwe ropafadzo mariri, asi kubvira nguva nenguva akamutsa kumukira pamusoro kukwirira mitero.

Nanhasi haina akachengetedzwa hapana uchapupu zvakanyorwa pamusoro dzaimbova yekare mamiriro takapoteredzwa kweGungwa reCaspian uye Dasht-e Kavir murenje, uyewo evaMedhia muvanhu uye vatongi vayo. Kucherwa maguta Mussels kumbotaurawo nzvimbo, uye guta rayo Ecbatana refu avigwa pasi ano Iranian Hamadan. Kurondedzerwa chete Herodotus asi kujeka uye ichangopfuura emakore masayendisiti akaisa mubvunzo yakawanda uye kakawanda.