LSD - musiki Albert Hofmann. LSD-25 raitongwa. Psychological migumisiro nemigumisiro kushandiswa LSD

In eSwiss Alps, apo mhepo rakanyatsojekesa, muna rinoshamisa kunyarara, ushoma uye renje kurarama makore ake, murume, kutanga synthesized LSD.

Musiki mushonga pasi kukurukurwa munyika Professor Hofmann C pauduku aida kuziva hunhu uye maumbirwo nyaya. Kuongorora makwenzi, akavhomora tifunge zvinovhiringidza pfungwa zvinhu kuti pave fungidziro muoni mhando. chikuru kuvamba ake akaita makore 80 apfuura, izvozvo zvakaita makore 60 munyika dzokuMadokero iyi Psychedelic chimurenga.

About musayendisiti munhu

Mungauya purofesa wekemisitiri pakati mhandara kunaka makomo ari oga, kukurukura nevavakidzani chete kuumbwa ane tsika dzakanaka. In mhuri yangu, Albert Hoffman chete akararama kusvika makore aya. Harahwa haana kushandisa kunzwa rubatsiro, uye havana kupfeka magirazi. Pasinei nezera rake, akataura pachena, ane jeko pfungwa, aigara kunyemwerera uye kugamuchira. pfuma yake akabvumira kuronga unodziya yokurenda ane pool, patsangadzi uye tenuka.

Sezvineiwo, vasara centenarians Albert Hofmann pachake akatora LSD. The musiki zvinhu vakaziva sezvo mishonga zvakaoma, zvichiita panguva nenguva. Uye kokupedzisira nyanzvi irrepressible yakamedza munhu "chishamiso piritsi" mumakore matatu asati afa.

The kemisiti aiva nechivimbo muna tarisiro yake zvakawanikwa, muchitenda kuti XXI remakore, zvaakasika achava kunyanya kukosha. Aidavira kuti azvino wepfungwa, dzekugadzirisa dambanemazwi rokufunga, hazvo Anonunura naieffektivneyshee venhumbi alters kuziva kwevanhu, kureva. E. LSD-25, synthesized navo.

Pakati penyanzvi anozivikanwa chinosekesa pamusoro Hofmann: muti, mumwe kemisiti akatsvaka mushonga migraine, uye vakwira nemusoro vose vavanhu - munhu chakaita zvokugadzirwa zvinodhaka zvakasimba. Zvisinei, pakanga pasina mukana pamberi ...

Swiss, kutsvakurudza kwake akatungamirira zvakanyatsorongwa

Akava aifarira kunozivikanwa Psychedelic ehupfumi zvaishandiswa Ages vanoporesa ergot. Saka akadana chakuvhe, mumwe chisvetasimba pamusoro Spikelets ezviyo. basa ravo kwetunhu kemisiti akaona analoginen ergot fuma, zvakananga rinobaya tsinga.

Albert Hofmann akatanga kutsvakurudza ake, inobva kwokutanga zviitiko. Pamberi pake, masayendisiti British kure ergot alkaloidosoderzhaschy zvinodhaka ergotoxine. A Rockefeller Institute Vanotsvakurudza vakabudirira nevamwe pangoro, chinoumba ergot alkaloids, achihudana lysergic acid.

Albert Hofmann akataura kuti ergotoxine ine alkaloids siyana, uye tora navo mumwe nomumwe kubereka. By zvakaitwa lysergic acid nomukaka pamwe amoniya (amines) musayendisiti muna 1938 godu successively synthesize izvi zvinhu. Twenty-cheshanu alkaloid akatendeuka lysergic acid diethylamide. In German rakatumidzwa Lyserg-saure-diaethylamid kana rakapfupikiswa - LSD. Kemisiti akapa zvichiguma zvinhu zviri yunivhesiti murabhoritari uye vakasimudza zvimwe zvidzidzo. Akanga akatsunga ne Murabhoritari samolecular payakavakirwa LSD mashoko fuma iri kuongororwa.

Achinzwa kuti pakutanga yakabereka LSD-25 raitongwa kwakanga kwakakundikana, Hoffman akaita makore mashanu kuti kuitisa tsvakurudzo zvakare. Zvisinei, wokupedzisira pavaipfuura kwetunhu, akamanikidzwa kumisa chiitiko ake. Chikonzero ichi chaiva kubata alkaloid pamusoro muviri, kukonzera zvisipo uye ruvara mifananidzo. Nguva dzose akashambidzika kuti ruzivo remasayendisiti akashamisika: Aizoita chikonzero ichi chaiva miserly yakawanda nyaya vasiyana kumuromo kwematanda eminwe yenyu?

bhasikoro zuva

Yaiva April 19, 1943.

Raiva II World. The chirongwa mudenga panguva yehondo mudenga kurwa pamusoro Kuban akapfuura kuti vafambisi vezvikepe Soviet. In Warsaw, mu cram vechiJudha vanhu akakwira kwehondo dzisakarurama pamwe SS vaurayi. American uye British mauto vakarwa adzoka Tunisia. Zvichakadaro, mune zvematongerwo enyika European nyika kemisiti Albert Hofmann rakabudisa kuedza kufarira saka kure chete masayendisiti mashoma.

Purofesa yakarondedzera ongororo zvivako zvinoshamisa alkaloid mu netsamba dzake. Zvakanga wokutanga Psychedelic kuedza zvenyika.

Scientific akagamuchira 250 micrograms vavo synthesized sezvo lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). The musiki Psychedelic zvinhu vakaona kuti chidzoke mwoyo, ziso kururama, giddiness, vakaratidza zviratidzo rutivi.

The matambudziko zvinodhaka zvishoma nezvishoma kunowedzera pamusoro tsinga. Psychological migumisiro akaratidza ari kudzvinyirira kutaura nzvimbo uropi. Wapurofesa akaona kutadza aro coherently kuzoumba vaitaura.

Ipapo Hoffmann achiperekedzwa navo vakaenda kumba nebhasikoro. Chiremba akafunga kuti aigona kufamba, asi akaenda zvakanaka nokukurumidza. Okruzhayuschee experimenter sevakanga ukavandudzwa mufananidzo Salvador Dali: netsoka, haana kuona mugwagwa vakadedera uye yakavhiringidzwa sezvo ari kukanganisa mugirazi, uye dzimba pamwe pacho vakanga akaremara uye dimpled.

Depression, euphoria

Pavakasvika Professor akabvunza mutevedzeri kudana chiremba uye kutora mukaka kubva muvakidzani uyo akasarudza kupedza kubata zvinodhaka. Yasvika chiremba kunze dilated vadzidzi, hapana zvimwe vasiri zviratidzo simba LSD pamusoro muviri Hoffman akaona. Zvichakadai, mupfungwa Migumisiro kutarisana delirium vaisanganisa experimenter vakauya mukadzi mukaka akazviratidza kwaari chinhu achinyengera zvakaipa muroyi ari masiki nemavara.

Zvairatidzika kwaari kuti iye nemadhimoni, uye akararamazve nenhumbi dzeimba yake pangozi upenyu hwake.

Zvadaro, delirium uye kuzvidya mwoyo Hoffman akapfuura. Vakatsiviwa mifananidzo yakajeka chitsvuku chiri muchimiro oma spirals uye madenderedzwa kuputika muna matsime chitsvuku. Kunyange maziso akaramba Visualization inoshamisa pasi pokudzora LSD. Musiki zvinodhaka vakawira mugomba yomufaro mukuru ine hope mamiriro. Uchimuka, purofesa akanzwa vamwe kuneta uye akacherechedza inonakidza chokwadi: munguva inotevera zuva rayo akagunzva nehanya yakawedzera ndarayira.

The nezvainoita psyche

The ehupfumi pamusoro synthesized zvinhu zvokunyama Hoffman vaibudirira unremarkable: kusavapo chipi kuravidza uye kunhuwidza zvinoita asingaoneki. Kushandisa rinokudza girazi chinogona kuonekwa kuti LSD mhinduro crystallizes sezvo prisms. Pano, zvichida, uye zvose.

Sezvo chikazozikamwa, ari samolecular payakavakirwa LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) ndiko chimiro C ₂₀ H ₂₅ N ₃ O.

Its yakasiyana pharmacological ehupfumi achibvumira panguva kunyora nezvavo mishonga vanotsamwisa simba uye zvinonakidza zvinhu zvisipo. Ngationei kutsanangura mashandiro pamusoro inotungamirwa yavo.

It kutora chikamu chinoshanda uropi hwomunhu hurongwa chokuita kuitwa kuti "mufaro kemikari" (kweserotonin). Last inogadzirwa muuropi sezvo tinofanira kugadzirisa kushushikana kwevanhu.

In ayo mamiriro, wa25 iri semhosva ane alkaloid Hoffman indolalkilamin, imwe pfuma rakafanana kweserotonin. LSD -25, achipinda mumuviri womunhu, "kubiridzira" chakakodzera receptors muuropi, achitora kuvamba Hoffman nokuda kwake "mufaro kemikari". Mumutauro neuroscientists, pane kunobatsira nemadhiragi pamusoro uropi mubayiro system (receptors mufaro kudzikamisa kunetseka).

The Chakundikana chinzvimbo zvinodhaka

Masayendisiti ari Zurich University vakadzidza ehupfumi rokutanga Hoffman synthesized alkaloid. Somugumisiro, akanga ane zvikuru pasi toxicity, t. E. Man dzinenge vaisagona kufa zvikashandiswa zvakapfurikidza. (The yokupedzisira kunosimbiswa nhamba ano: ivepo nyaya dzakadaro haina wakaiswa kwemakore 70). Vamwe vasayendisiti ngozi dose pamusoro LSD aingova nzvimbo, zviri kakawanda kupfuura dzose.

Kwakati kwatemwa kuti sei muviri LSD rinoenderera 1/3 hafu zuva. Mushure memazuva matatu pashure kugamuchira zvinhu zvinonzi yabudiswa chose kubva muviri, uye wayo pamberi haisi dzakaonekwa zvisaririra.

Vaongorori vakawana: mishonga nesimba havasi muropa munhu kwaari, uye akanga asina sei utano hwake. Zvinoitawo asingadi kutsamwisa kupenga.

Tichifunga zviri pamusoro apa, nokuti anoda kusvika maviri emakore (kusvikira pakuguma 60s) LSD akanga asina kurambidzwa. Mumakore 60, masayendisiti akaedza kwake rubatsiro vaitire udhakwa, nokuora mwoyo. Nokuti chinangwa ichi isu akashandisa alkaloid pfuma - kumutsa simba mupfungwa siyana rakafanana catharsis.

LSD muna USSR

MuSoviet Union acids tiguu akasvika kugadzirisa. Kuvhiringidzwa zvinodhaka ichi vakaona vamiririri vaviri unyanzvi muBohemia: Barry Alebasov uye Boris Grebenshchikov. Zvikuru netsaona mutungamiriri boka "Aquarium" akasika rwiyo zvakajeka Psychedelic "Pasi rebhuruu guta yendarama ..." Vateereri zvinokanganisawo mavara akatamisa mifananidzo mairi.

Mubvunzurudzo pamwe nemakurukota kubva Pop akaudza nezvechiratidzo maringi chitsvuku uye spirals. Ivo akasimbisa kuti kuva pasi pokudzora LSD, anogona, pasina vakacherechedza motokari, zvakadzikama kuyambuka vakabatikana mugwagwa.

Heano mazano aimbova Mugadziri "Na-Na" anorondedzera manzwiro ake: "Gravity anonyangarika, vanhu kunyangarika, kunyangarika zvinhu, uye vanhu vanogona kuenda nyore nepahwindo munhu multistory chivakwa, muchitenda kuti iye anogona kubhururuka."

Sezvo LSD inoitwa kuedza uye mishonga Soviet kuti haashambadzwi. Chiremba wepfungwa Vladimir Pshizov akati nezvavo pachena. Mumakore 60 vaaishanda navo havana vasade kwacho kwevanhu. bhururu wake (hatidi kutaura zita) Aiuya jekiseni LSD mapoka maviri varwere, iro experimental psychosis kuipa. The acho saka kuwana yaiva nyaya yokuti dissertation ake.

Kunorambidzwa pamusoro LSD

By pakuguma 60s US hurumende uye ipapo dzimwe nyika vakaisa kurambidza chero kushandisa maviri namashanu alkaloid Hoffman: zvokurapa, kuzvivaraidza, pakunamata. Lysergic acid (LSD) kwava nengozi mumagariro nekuda mufashoni pamusoro wake.

Mumazuva ari Beatles «chipo Hoffman" edza woga anenge mamiriyoni maviri vokuAmerica, rakava zvikuru gakava zvinodhaka munyika. Vanoburitsa pakukura LSD, vokuAmerica Picard uye Eperson anopa hondo yose hippies. Mushure nepfari kwavo uye kutorerwa ari turnover iri midziyo zvinodhaka rakadzika 90% munyika.

Mumakore 60 chikuru nditsigire LSD akava Harvard zvepfungwa muzvinafundo Timoti Liri.

Followers akamuti "mupristi mukuru." Akanga zvechokwadi rerunziro munhu. Mudzidzisi kuvaraidzwa "vepamusoro" vadzidzi mushonga pasina kutanga kuzivisa navo nezvazvo. Akanga akadzingwa Harvard aine chinyadzo, asi hippies vakamira zvakasimba kwaari, tichifunga zvaanotenda. Timoti Liri akava scandalous munhu: akaramba asungwa, akatiza.

Panoperera oupenyu "Mupristi Mukuru", nokusaziva, akaita simba kupfuura Anti-kushambadza lysergic acid. Timoti Liri akaita vachirarama kuzviuraya, bequeathing kwaari kuti "aparadze musoro pamwe uropi, ngura ne LSD." It is eerie kuona kwakakonzera makumi emamiriyoni evanhu kusemeswa uye kuramba zvinodhaka.

zvinopesana chipingaidzo

Pashure makumi amakore mushure tiguu of 60 kuti LSD musika yakaderera nezvikamu kagumi. Zvisinei, "inopisa chinokosha" ndiko lysergic acid, uye mumazuva edu. Zvinonzi wenyama mishonga zvidiki (75 kusvika 250. MG) mu-siyana:

• "Brand" kana "pukuta" (pepa akaiswa mushonga wokuuraya LSD mhinduro);
• gelatin mashizha;
• gel (kushandiswa ganda);
• Mahwendefa.

Zviri ngozi chaizvo kutora mushonga vasingazivi pamusoro ehupfumi ayo.

Pakati vanoshandisa mushonga chigamuchirwe kuzviita munhu "anoti" vanhu - murume anogara kwaye uye kugadzirisa behavior've rinotaurwawo wa25 alkaloid Hoffman.

Celebrities uye LSD

Munzanga yanhasi hapana yunifomu nemafungiro kuvamba Swiss. Supporters Psychedelic Ndokusaka: "Kana pasina muropa, chii zvinodhaka ichi" Kunze - pane kushandiswa kwayo sechinhu doping njere (mienzaniso iyi hatina kare kutaurwa).

It nharo kuti lysergic acid (LSD) ndiye mushonga kwete chaizvoizvo, asi chete zviri pamutemo. (Izvi vakanochengeta UN Convention pamusoro 1971).

Waitsigira nokuti kunyoreswa zviri pamutemo kwete chete kudzivirira chikonzero Timoti Liri, akarumbidza maviri Nobel laureates maviri Chisel kombiyuta Hardware uye software.

Zviri Francis Crick uye Kary Mullis, uyewo Bill Gates uye Steve Jobs. Uyezve, maererano vapedzisira, kuedza LSD muupenyu hwake "mumwe zvitatu zvinonyanya kukosha."

mhedziso

Vanyori nefuma oumhizha. Zviri nani kuteerera vatinonamata vagari vanenge dzakaona kwazvo zvinodhaka LSD pamusoro pachake. Vanoti chii?

Maererano navo, inopenya mifananidzo uye vakanakidzwa akacheneruka pamberi chokwadi kuti vakapindwa muropa nezvinodhaka kwenguva refu "inova romuriwo," inowira kubva mutinhimira upenyu, "rikawira nenguva."

Kana iye anomuka pashure Chishanu dose, ipapo mazuva maviri calibration akapfuura, uye muchivanze - neMuvhuro. Panguva iyoyowo, Chokwadi, hapana mubvunzo haagoni kuva chepfungwa. Migumisiro zvinodhaka ndivo zvakatimirira: vanhu vanozviwana muchipatara chepfungwa.

Zvinofanira kuteerera laconic yambiro, aripo mune wongororo akawanda ekare muropa zvinodhaka vagari vemo: "LSD kunounza muuropi!".