Madimikira: mienzaniso. Madimikira vemazuva pakutaura Russian

Shoko "euphemism" rinobva rechiGiriki rokuti yakaoma, iine mashoko maviri: "zvakanaka" uye "taura". Zviri stylistically zvematongerwo mashoko kana pfungwa dzakashandiswa nesu panzvimbo mitauro Unit, iro kwakafanana, izvo sokusaremekedza, kungopotsera mashoko kana kunaka mutauri. Madimikira, mienzaniso izvo ratinoparidza munyaya ino, kazhinji masiki musimboti wenyika Chiitiko, vanofukidza izvozvo, somuenzaniso: kushandisa pane "kufa" - "kufa" pane "nhema" - "taura chokwadi", iro yokutsiva rokuti "mutengo kuwedzera," "mutengo mazvake" . Tinogona kutaura pamusoro mabhomba bhambu, vachishandisa shoko "chigadzirwa".

Nhoroondo volatility kuti madimikira

Madimikira, mukusiyana kune vanhuwo duramazwi, zvamugere hanya nokufungidzira-siyana ruzhinji zviitiko se "kunaka" kana "vakadzikama". Izvi inotsanangura nhoroondo volatility pakati dura kwemashoko, chii chimwe chizvarwa sokuti euphemistic zita, zvinotevera zvinogona sechinoitika haushandi uye pasina mubvunzo unhu, vachirayira, akavapindurawo, euphemistic kutsiviwa. Somuenzaniso, nhoroondo French mashoko uye garce fille. Munguva dzekare, wokutanga akanga chete hadzi enzanirana gars, izvo anomirira "mukomana, mukomana" Saka - mumwe euphemism shoko "slut" asi nokukurumidza akatanga kuona sei tsika uye akatsiviwa mune basa iri, shoko fille (rimwe tsika), izvo, akavapindurawo kwayo, , mumutauro French nhasi hakuchisina vaiona womutariri uye rinoshandiswa vachipika. madimikira kwakadaro muhurukuro zvakafanana mumitauro yakawanda.

A zvakafanana ari kuchengetwa munhoroondo zviratidzo pfungwa iyi pakati Slavs. Somuenzaniso, kuRussia rokuti "imhombwe" (enzanisa uyewo Belarusian, Ukrainian uye Bulgarian "mhombwe", Czech kurva, Polish Kurwa) raireva pakutanga "huku", uye akatanga kushandiswa senzvimbo euphemism kuti unhu mashoko mukati zvinoreva yokudeura vakadzi (enzanisa cocotte French - kutanga " huku "uye" Ho "). Panewo akafanana Chirungu madimikira.

Ukama nedzimwe nzira kutaura

Sezvo nzira periphrastic, zvisina kunanga uye panguva imwe chete kunyoroveswa mazita ehupfumi ane chinhu kana chiito, naivowo kurondedzera vamwe kutaura unyanzvi, zvikurukuru ine litotes chii zvinonzwisiswa ave nzira rwekutaura, mujinga chiri miviri kunaka ( "kwete nemaune" "nebesspornoy" ) kana zvaizopedza yokuramba chikamu modus pakati sokukumbira mashoko ( "Handifungi kuti ndizvozvo" - cf.:. "Ndinofunga uri zvakaipa"), uye nedzimwe nzira - meiosis - unyanzvi rwekutaura, musimboti iyo - ndeimwewo zvokuzvidza Institute .. Ensivnosti ehupfumi siyana pamusoro penyaya kutaura, pezvakaitwa, zviito, nezvimwewo ( "Zvakaoma kudana vakachenjera" - mukadzi zvoupenzi, "Iye muchadya zvakanaka zvakanaka" - mirayiridzo yakanaka).

Kukurukurirana pamwe nomination

Evfemizatsii mutoo ane ukama hwepedyo nevamwe - kuti nomination. Uyu ndiwo mumwe nhatu dzinokosha mananara kuti kuumba munhu kutaura basa (mamwe maviri - Kukoshesa uye predication). Maererano netsika, yetsika, zvepfungwa kana zvimwe zvikonzero anozivikanwa nokutamburira kana kwete zvachose anozivikanwa zvinhu zvinoda euphemistic izita. Update mazita nokuti aifanira vanofukidza kana kupfavisa zvakare uye zvakare musimboti chii anonzi kunaka, zvakanaka mune tsika munharaunda. Kune, zvikurukuru, zvematongerwo madimikira, muenzaniso zvatakaona vatopa (the yokutsiva rokuti "kuwedzera mitengo," "mutengo mazvake"). Unogona kuwana nevamwe vanoverengeka.

Specificity kuti madimikira

Madimikira, mienzaniso zviri zvakadzama, vane chaizvo dzavo. Unoratidzwa kwavo mitauro chaizvo uye mune zvidzidzo vanowanzobatwa pasi iyi, dzine kushandiswa akagamuchira mashoko yesangano mhando uye nzira yavanofanira vakasikwa mutauro siyana nokufungidzira kwakaitwa kambani mune dzimwe madimikira .

Musimboti euphemism

Evfemizatsii muitiro zvinokosha zvinotevera pfungwa dziri pazasi:

1. Qualification kuti mukurukuri unobereka kutaura chinhu yakadaro, zvakananga chiratidzo izvo zvinogona kuonekwa (kunyanya addressee kana pasocial ezvinhu) sezvo kukodzera, hasha, roughness, uye zvichingodaro. D.
2. Selection zviratidzo zvakadai, kuti mechidzitiro, masiki musimboti Fani iyi, uye kwete nenzira kupfavisa mashoko ake. Kunyanya zvakajeka zvinooneka muenzaniso zvokurapa madimikira kujeka semantically, semuenzaniso, "neoplasm" pane shoko "bundu" kana nokukwereta nezvimwe mitauro (uye saka haana zvachose pachena ruzhinji) - izwi akadai "pediculosis" panzvimbo Russian "inda", kana zvimwe madimikira mumutauro Russian, mienzaniso iyo inogona kuwedzerwa.
3. Kushandisa mashoko anoenderana mamiriro ezvinhu uye mashoko akapoteredza, pamusoro evanhu kudzora munhu kutaura mamiriro ezvinhu uye kuzvidzora oga kutaura achitaura makasimba, kwakondiko ndiyo chimiro madimikira. Asiwo, pane mamiriro ezvinhu umo rinodzorwa havaratidzi, pane ayo yakakwirira automatism (kushamwaridzana neshamwari, nemhuri, uye zvichingodaro. N.). Madimikira, mienzaniso izvo isu takasiya anogona kutsiviwa ne "zvakananga" izita rinoreva.

usanganidzo zvinangwa mumatauriro madimikira

1. The chinangwa chikuru kudzingirirwa nokushandisa mashoko akadai achiti - chido kudzivisa kukurukura kupokana, asike nezvevashumiri wacho harizonzwi kusagadzikana. Tichitevera ichi chinangwa madimikira mu "manyoro" chimiro, tichienzanisa nedzimwe nzira nomination, yainzi hwezvekuita chinhu pfuma. Somuenzaniso, sezvo munhu wokutsiva shoko "matsi" rinoshandiswa "zvakaoma kunzwa" pane "mapofu" - "mapofu", pane "nhema" kana "nhema" - "kwete yechokwadi", shoko "kudhakwa" kuchatsiviwa "kudhakwa", "mafuta" - "azere", uye zvichingodaro .. A euphemism Tsanangudzo iri kazhinji haana zvikuru dambudziko, nokuti isu kuzviita intuitively, mune zviitiko izvi kunotipa kukurukura pasina kusanzwa.
2. Kamafurashi, veiling zvemashoko - Chimwe chinangwa chinokosha, dzinoshandiswa uye izvi inotsiviwa. Izvi ndizvo kuti utongi vanhu, chii chave Somuenzaniso, Russia kusvikira pakuguma 1980s. Mienzaniso akafukidzwa euphemistic mashoko vanovanza kusingafadzi interlocutor muri zviito uye pfungwa: pachinzvimbo shoko "mujeri" - "sangano", "mucheri" - "zvakanaka-wisher", uyewo dzakawanda kudzidziswa une chikamu shoko morpheme "spets" yokutanga (chaiwo vatama, chaiyo contingent, spetspoliklinika, Special Branch, spetsraspredeliteli, spetskhran nevamwe), "yokudzora kana mutemo mitengo" (zvichireva chaizvoizvo woupenyu), "vasingadzikurudzire matanho" (mutero kunowedzera, somuenzaniso) uye dzimwe madimikira zvakadaro. Mienzaniso mashoko uye anogona kukonzera vamwe. In Russian, vaviri vaviri ava wandei.
3. Ndizvo kwete zvose zviitiko apo euphemism angashandiswa. Definition of yokupedzisira, wechitatu, nyaya haisi pachena kudaro, zvisinei, uye zvinokwanisika kuti zvokufungidzira. Madimikira angashandiswa nechinangwa chokuvanza vamwe kuti mukurukuri anoda kuzivisa imwe nzvimbo. Chokwadi, ichi "encryption" ihama, izvozvo nokukurumidza inova pachena, kunyanya kana ari mashoko anobudiswa, uye haana huri tsamba vemapato maviri, uye nokudaro akava dziripo kududzirwa chero muteereri kana muverengi. Somuenzaniso, zviri kwese kuti pepanhau shambadzo, dingindira iyo - nzvimbo mekamuri Exchange ( "Ndaiva nemakamuri maviri furati pamusoro matatu-nzvimbo chibvumirano"), basa ( "musikana aida pasina zvivako pamusoro mabasa anobhadhara"), etc. Kukosha madimikira, saka regai. kurerutswa.

Spheres uye shinda evfemizatsii

Kuongorora mashoko wetsika / kutsvinyirwa, undere / unzenza nemaonero nezvezvandaifanira munzvimbo yakananga uye dzinotaura mabasa evanhu (uyewo ukama pakati vanhu). Ivo vakajaira kuonekwa zvinotevera:

1. Vamwe vasiri inoti uye pezvakaitwa ( "Loose mhino" panzvimbo "kuvhuvhuta mhino yako," "zvakawanda zvive" (pamusoro nevakadzi kumwedzi), "vakamirira mwana" pane "nepamuviri" uye vamwe.).
2. Related kuti "kurovedza pasi" chikamu muviri - izvi zvinhu zviri zvokuti euphemistic, kunanga rokuti yavo kunonzwisiswa pakutaura kwezuva nezuva nevakurukuri vakawanda sezvo tisina akanaka (somuenzaniso, akariposhera uye kwezuva nezuva mazita yemukomana, "tsvimbo", "midziyo", "turusi "and said.).
3. The ukama pakati pavo, "kuti tiwane kuonana" uyewo emimwe kuti "kundosangana", kureva kuti "avate", etc ...
4. Rufu uye chirwere: pachinzvimbo "kurwara" - "unonetsekerei" panzvimbo "njovhera" - "French runny mhuno", shoko "vakafa" pane kuti "akafa" uye vamwe.

Ndiyo euphemism - kureva shoko, asi mumwe rinoreva kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro zvarinoreva. Topics uye zvezvinotaurwa dzavo kushandiswa, sezvamunoona, muri zvikuru vazhinji.

Madimikira mundima uye matauriro

In madimikira chinyorwa, mienzaniso zvakanga akaratidzwa nesu kazhinji dzinounzwa Via prices uye kunogona pamwe siyana metalinguistic mashoko. Munyori anogona buritsa mazita uye avatungamirire inofambirana inofambirana. The Kutaura madimikira uyewo kumiririra mumwe manyorero nzira. Vanobvumira kuti siyana kutaura kutaura, zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana-siyana, chifukidziro uvande vavariro dzavo, kana zvichidikanwa, kuti tidzivise pakukurukurirana nokurwisana ingamuka yepakarepo nomination dzakasiyana-siyana nezviito, zvinhu uye zvivako.

Euphemism change dysphemism

Culture Kutaura Russian hakungoitwi kushandisa madimikira. Kunze izvi, pane dysphemism - zviri zvinonyadzisa kana unhu rokuti pakutanga kwazvakarerekera pfungwa kuitira kupa zvapedzisira akaipa zvinoreva, kana kungoti kushandiswa dzikurukure expressiveness kutaura. Somuenzaniso, pane kushandisa "kufa" shoko "kufa", uye pane "munhu" - "tomu" uye vamwe.

Dysphemism uye kakofemizm

Izwi iri rinoshandiswa dzimwe nguva kureva imwe pfungwa - "kakofemizm". Kushandiswa kwavo, zvisinei, iwe haufaniri kungoitirwa incivility uye kutsvinyirwa. In chinyakare tsika (semuenzaniso, Asia) dysphemism nevakawanda mukutaura asi broadly kuitira kudzivisa zvakaipa ziso: pamusoro vakadzi, vana kana zvinokosha zvinhu. Kazhinji, kuchinja kwakadaro pakushandisa yokunyengera muganhu kuti aripo pakati nokuzvidzora Kuderedzwa kwakadini tsika uye mashura.

Takurukura zvinhu zvakadai somunhu euphemism Myung dysphemism uye kakofemizm. Vanomira zvinhu uye zviitiko zvinoshandiswa mashoko nokuda mumwe nomumwe wedu, isu kuzviita pasina kunyange kufunga. Zvino munoziva kuti kudana mutauro Russian vokutsiva akadaro, uye tichakwanisa zvikuru nokungwaririra kuzvishandisa.